Titan: Ubomi bukaJohn D. Rockefeller Sr., nguRon Chernow. Random House, amaphepha angama-774, iidola ezingama-30.
Ingenzeka njani le ndoda ihloniphekileyo, iqulunqe izibonelelo zeli ziko kwaye iphila ngokwemithetho engqongqo yokuhamba icawe, ukungazenzi, ukusebenza nzima nokunikela ngesisa, kwangaxeshanye iqhube imicimbi yayo yeshishini ngenkohlakalo engathethekiyo? Ubomi obunomdla bukaRon Chernow buhlola omathathu amacala obomi bukaJohn D. Rockefeller Sr. buqu-buqu, ishishini, ububele- kwaye uhlala edidekile koku kungangqinelani. Kuyo yonke le ncwadi, uhlafuna ingxaki. Ndinikezela ngesifundo sembali: Ukuzinikela ngokunyanisekileyo kunokuxhasa iindlela ezimbi.
Njengenkwenkwana, uRockefeller wafundiswa kwigumbi elinye lesikolo selizwe. Ngeminyaka eli-16, wafumana umsebenzi wokuba ngumgcini-zincwadi kwinkampani yabarhwebi. Usebenzise amandla angapheliyo kwimicimbi yakhe. Umsebenzi umonwabisile, umsebenzi wamkhulula, umsebenzi wamnika isazisi esitsha, ubhala watsho uMnu. Ngenye imini, uRockefeller wathi kusomashishini osele ekhulile, Ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndibe sisityebi.
Ukusuka kweyokuqala, wanikela ngesisa, nangona wayenemali encinci kakhulu. Kwiminyaka engama-20, wanikela ngaphezulu kwipesenti ezilishumi zengeniso yakhe, kubandakanya nesipho kumntu omnyama eCincinnati sokuthenga umfazi wakhe ebukhobokeni. Xa wajoyina i-Erie Street Baptist Church Church eCleveland, wancedisa ukukhupha iiholo, ukuhambisa abanquli kwiindawo zabo nokuhlamba iifestile. Wayezimasa iintlanganiso zomthandazo wangoLwesihlanu-ngokuhlwa kunye neenkonzo ezimbini ngeCawa. Wayekucekisile ukusela, ukudanisa, amakhadi kunye neqonga.
Utata kaJohn D., uWilliam A. (uBill oMkhulu okanye uBill Bill) uRockefeller, wayengumculi we-flimflam owayezula ngokubanzi, ethengisa unyango lomhlaza kunye nezinye iimpumlo kwinqwelo. Wanika abafazi amajikijolo afana neepilisi, ebalumkisa ukuba ukuqhomfa kungakhokelela xa bekhulelwe, nto leyo ivuselele ukuthengisa. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, uBill omkhulu utshatile ozinikeleyo,. U-Eliza Davison wayengakhathali kwaye wamngenisa kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uNancy Brown. Abafazi babini baqala ukuba nabantwana ngokutshintshana. UJohn D. wazalwa ngoJulayi 8, 1839, kwigumbi lokulala elilinganisa i-8-by-10 yeenyawo. Kungekudala iBill enkulu yaqala ukuphila ubomi obumbaxa njengo-Doc William Levingston. Ngaphantsi kwesiphatho, watshata intombazana entle eneminyaka eyi-17, uMargaret Allen, emva koko wabhadula ngokungaqhelekanga ukusuka kusapho olunye ukuya kolunye.
Kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, uJohn D. wamchasa ngokupheleleyo utata wakhe. Mhlawumbi ke ubungqongqo bakhe babuphendula kwiindlela ezimbi zikayise. Umntu angalishwankathela ishishini lomsebenzi kaRockefeller ngokujonga ukuba ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1880, i-Standard Oil Company yasulungekisa yaza yathutha iipesenti ezingama-85 zeoyile yaseMelika, eyayisetyenziswa njengeparafini yokukhanyisa, kungekuphela eMelika naseYurophu, kodwa nakwiChina, Japan. naseIndiya. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, ioyile esemgangathweni yangena kwimveliso yeoyile, yafumana isithathu semveliso yase-U.S. Kwenzeka njani oku? UMnu Chernow ucacisa ngeenkcukacha ezinkulu. URockefeller wayeyingqondi kwezoshishino, nangona iindlela zakhe zazingaphezulu kokuqhatha. Ukuqala ngo-1879, uRockefeller waqalisa umsebenzi weminyaka engama-30 njengembacu kwezobulungisa – okt. Inkqubo-iiseva kunye nesamani zecongress.
Umnumzana Chernow uvavanye amaphepha angama-20 000 eeleta ezazisiya kuRockefeller evela kumaqabane akhe. Babengenangqondo kangako kunoJohn D. ngokwakhe, owayeqaphela ukuba angabeki izinto ephepheni ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kamva enkundleni. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthengiselana kungabhalwa ukuba kwakukrokrelwa kuphela. Umnumzana Chernow uthi yena kunye ne-oyile esemgangathweni bangena ngokuzithandela kwinani elothusayo lenkohlakalo, kwaye imbalelwano yakhe iyamfaka ngqo kule ngqumbo. Umzekelo, apha ngu-Senator wase-US u-John Newlon Camden ebhalela iqabane lika Rockefeller, u-Henry Morrison Flagler: Ipolitiki iyathandeka kunakuqala-kwaye uqhagamshelo lwam oluqondakalayo ne-Standard Oil Co ayithambisi- njengokuba konke kufanele ukuba neebhasi. Ucele i-10, 000 yeedola kwizitokhwe okanye ioyile. Ngesinye isihlandlo, wabhala, Ndenze amalungiselelo okubulala amatyala amabini eMd. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ngendleko ezincinci.
Elinye iqhinga loshishino likaRockefeller yayikukuhlawula izaphulelo kumgaqo kaloliwe owawuphethe ioyile yakhe, ukuya kwinqanaba elimangalisayo lokufumana izoyikiso kwioyile ethunyelwe ngabanye abavelisi! Ewe, oku, kwenza ukuba kube nzima kubo ukukhuphisana. Ixesha elide izaphulelo kunye nokukhaba zifihliwe, nangona kurhanelwa ngokubanzi. Okokugqibela, konke kwavela enkundleni nakwiingxelo zomthetho. Ingxoxo yeNdibano yaseNew York iveze ukuba uRockefeller ukhuphe izivumelwano eziyimfihlo ezingama-6,000 ezivela eNew York Central naseHudson River Railroad nezinye ezifana nezo ezivela eNew York nase-Erie Railroad. Ngo-1907, i-Standard Oil yahlawuliswa malunga nesiqingatha seebhiliyoni kwiidola zanamhlanje. Uthotho lokubhencwa okunoburhalarhume lutshise uluntu. URockefeller wafumana izoyikiso zokufa, kwaye uTeddy Roosevelt wathatha izembe kwishishini.
Kwicala elilungileyo, uJohn D. wakha iindawo zokucoca ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenza iparafini ebiza kakhulu; ngexesha lolawulo luka-Standard ixabiso lehle kakhulu. Ishishini lokucoca i-oyile kunye nokuhambisa ngenqanawa lalenziwe ngamacandelo angasebenziyo, athe uRockefeller wawaxhokonxa ngamanye amaxesha ngokuwonakalisa, ngaloo ndlela ezisa ucwangco kwishishini.
Ngeminyaka yakhe yama-50, uRockefeller wayesisityebi kakhulu kangangokuba imali engakumbi yayingathethi nto kuye. Kwimali yanamhlanje, izabelo zakhe zafikelela malunga neebhiliyoni zeerandi ezingahlawulelwa rhafu ngonyaka. Ukufikelela kwelo nani emva kwetax ngoku kuya kufuna imali eyi- $ 40 yezigidigidi. Kuba wayekwazile ukugqithisela into ayifunayo kwinzala yakhe ngaphandle kwerhafu yepropathi, ngokukuko ngokusebenzayo inkunzi yakhe yayizokuphinda-phinda oko, ke wayenobutyebi kakhulu kunaye nawuphi na umMelika wexesha lethu. Waqala ukunika izityhwentywe zemali, elandela le minikelo ngeyona ngcaciso imfutshane ayinike ishishini. Wazaliswa zizicelo. Emva kokubhengezwa kwesipho esinye esikhulu semfundo, wafumana iileta ezili-15 000 ngeveki kwaye ezingama-50 000 ukuphela kwenyanga!
Ekugqibeleni, wagqiba kwelokuba angamelana kuphela nokuphuhlisa inkqubo yokupha ngesisa. Umntu unokuthi ke wayiphuhlisa yonke ingcinga yokunikezelwa kweziko langoku. Phakathi kwezona zixhobo zakhe zibalulekileyo yayiyiRockefeller Institute for Medical Research, eyathi kamva yaba yiYunivesithi yaseRockefeller, eqhayisa ngeembasa ezininzi zeNobel. Enye yayiyiRockefeller Sanitary Commission, eyanceda ukuncothula i-hookworm kumazwe aseMazantsi. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuxhasa kwakhe iYunivesithi yaseChicago. Ububele bakhe obunomdla bahlala kwiijethi. Ewe kunjalo, abaRockefellers bonwabele impumelelo ebalaseleyo phakathi kweentsapho zaseMelika ezizimeleyo ekugcineni isimo sabo sengqondo sobubele kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Mhlawumbi irekhodi ekukuphela kwalo elinokuthelekiswa nelikaRockefeller kwizipho zikawonke-wonke zezikaAndrew Carnegie, owabeka amathala eencwadi namanye amaziko eMelika iphela. URockefeller, owayesoloko engazichazanga igama lakhe, wayejonga uCarnegie njengomboniso wokubonisa igama lakhe ngokubanzi. Kwelinye icala, i-dictum eyaziwayo ka-Carnegie, Indoda efa isisityebi ifa ihlazekile, ngokuqinisekileyo ayisebenzi ku-Rockefeller, onesipho kunyana wakhe, u-John D. Rockefeller Jr. zazinkulu kakhulu. Njengoyise, u-Rockefeller omncinci wachitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe ethintela izinto ezingabalulekanga, intatheli kunye neeseva zenkqubo.
Umdala uRockefeller, olungiselelwe ukufikelela kwi-100, akazange asele okanye atshaye. Ugqibe kwelokuba ukutya isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi kunciphisa imithambo-luvo, watya i-peel ye-orenji ngaphambi kwesidlo sakusasa, wayekholelwa kwipunipoon yeoyile yemihla ngemihla, kwaye wayezinikele kwi-osteopathy nakwimassage. Walinda ukutya kwakhe ukuba kuphole emva koko wahlafuna into nganye yokuluma, kubandakanya ulwelo, amaxesha ali-10. Uya kuhlala esitya isiqingatha seyure emva kokuba iindwendwe zakhe zigqibile, emva koko uchithe iyure eyongezelelweyo etafileni. Ngelishwa, iinwele zakhe zaqala ukuwa xa wayeneminyaka engama-47 kwaye wayephelile kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva. Oku kwamnika ukubukeka okungcolileyo, okumnyama, umfanekiso ababenaye abantu bexesha lakhe.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, wayelandela indlela yesiqhelo: Vuka ngo-6 A.M. Amaphephandaba kangangeyure. Zulazula endlwini nasegadini phakathi kwe-7 kunye ne-8, unikezela ngeemali ezincinci ezigcinwe kuzo. Emva koko isidlo sakusasa, silandelwa linani, umdlalo wenombolo. Ukususela ngo-9: 15 ukuya ku-10: 15, imbalelwano, ubukhulu becala becela iileta – ukuya kuthi ga kuma-2 000 ngeveki. Emva koko, igalufa kude kube li-12P. Ukususela ngo-12: 15 ukuya ku-1, hlamba uze uphumle. Isidlo sasemini kunye nenani ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-2: 30. Emva koko isiqingatha seyure kwisofa, ukumamela iileta. Ukususela ngo-3: 15 ukuya ku-5: 15, ukuqhuba. Phumla ngo-5: 30 ukuya ku-6: 30. Isidlo sangokuhlwa esi-7 ukuya kwelesi-9, silandelwa ngamanani amaninzi. Ukusuka kwi-9 kuye kwi-10, mamela umculo kwaye uthethe neendwendwe. Ngo 10:30, ibhedi. Ulandele lo mjikelo phantse ukuya kumzuzu. Uphantse wayifumana inkulungwane yakhe, ekugqibeleni, enesisindo esingaphantsi kweepawundi ezingama-90, ephumelela ngo-1934 eneminyaka engama-95, ngokuchasene nemeko enye ye-1 kwi-100,000.
Elinjani ukuba libali! Umnumzana Chernow, njengoko besilindele njalo, usinike i-biology ebalaseleyo yeshishini.
