Ngorhatya lwakamva nje kwigumbi elikhanyayo kwindawo yamajoni, oomatiloshe, Marines 'kunye neAirmen's Club, ebekwe kwindlu yedolophu ene-shabbily genteel ejonge i-Lexington Avenue, intlanganiso yeSahluko sePeter Minuit seNtombi zoHlaziyo lwaseMelika lwalugcwele jika. Iiseti zokubhukuda kunye neeperile zilawulwa, itshizi kunye neephuli zihanjiswe kumacwecwe ephepha, kwaye abafazi abazilungise kakuhle bafaka i-napkins yamaphepha ephethe iflegi yaseMelika njengoko iipeyinti ezimnyama zeoyile zijonge ezantsi ezindongeni.
Kwakuyixesha lokuqala likaLisa Wood Shapiro kwiNtombi zeNtlanganiso yeAmerican Revolution, nto leyo engothusiyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba umntu oneminyaka engama-34 ubudala wakhuliswa kwisikolo samaHeberu, iinkampu zokulala zamaYuda kunye neYoung Judea.
Ndacinga ngokungalunganga ukuba ngenxa yokuba ndingumJuda, andinakukwazi ukujoyina, yatsho i-blonde ezi-5-unyawo-9.
Ukuze ujoyine i-DAR, umfazi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ungowomnombo wegazi ovela kwilungu le-American Revolution. Amalungu abalulekileyo afake uClara Barton, uMakhulu uMoses, uSusan B. Anthony kwaye phantse onke amaLadies okuqala omhlaba, kubandakanya, kumaxesha akutshanje, uRosalynn Carter, uNancy Reagan, uBarbara Bush kunye noLaura Bush (kodwa hayi uHillary Clinton).
Emva kokwenza uphando ngeminombo, UNkosazana Shapiro, umbhali wesimemo esingezantsi esithi Indlela Amabele Am Alisindise Ngayo Ihlabathi: Izinto ezingalunganga zoMama Ongumongikazi, wafumanisa ukuba ukulungele ukufundela iD.A.R. ubulungu kumacala omabini omthi wosapho.
Isahluko se-regent yethutyana, u-Lisa Brown, umfazi okhulelwe kakhulu kwi-30's enxibe i-headband kunye ne-smock dress, wabiza intlanganiso ukuba i-odole. Eli qela laphakama laya kucengceleza iSithembiso sokuThobela kunye ne-D.A.R. isifungo, I-American's Creed, eyabhalwa ngo-1919 nguWilliam Tyler Page, unobhala weNdlu yabameli baseU.S. Kuhamba ngoluhlobo:
Ndiyakholelwa e-United States of America njengorhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, wabantu; amandla abo afanelekileyo afunyanwa kwimvume yolawulo; idemokhrasi kwiriphabliki; Isizwe esizimeleyo samazwe amaninzi azimeleyo; Umanyano olugqibeleleyo, olunye kwaye alunakwahlulwa; esekwe phezu kwale migaqo yenkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa, kunye noluntu apho amazwe aseMelika ancama ubomi babo kunye nethamsanqa. Ndiyakholelwa ke ukuba ngumsebenzi wam kwilizwe lam ukulithanda; ukuxhasa uMgaqo-siseko wayo; ukuthobela imithetho yayo; ukuhlonipha iflegi yayo; kwaye ndiyikhusele kuzo zonke iintshaba.
Ngelixa amanenekazi ambalwa eminyaka ethile ayekhona, uninzi lwamalungu entlanganiso yayingabantu ababhinqileyo abakwiminyaka yabo yokuqala yama-30 ababesebenza kwimithombo yeendaba emitsha, ukupapasha kunye nefilimu.
Ndicinga ukuba eyona mbono iphosakeleyo kukuba i-D.A.R. Iqulethwe zizityebi zase-Episcopalian, abafazi baseRiphabhlikhi, kwaye lolunye uhlobo lwe-faux aristocracy, utshilo uMolly Ker Hawn, 32, isahluko esidlulileyo somlawuli osebenza kupapasho lwabantwana. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwamalungu alucebile kakhulu. Ukulunga kuyazi ukuba ndingumKatolika kwaye ndinesiqingatha seNtaliyane, kwaye sasingenamali ingako ekukhuleni kwam. Ukongeza kwi-30 D.A.R. Izikhonkwane eziboniswe kwibhanti yebhatyi yakhe emnyama, UNks Hawn wayenxibe umnqamlezo wedayimane entanyeni yakhe.
Enkosi kakhulu kwinkuthalo yokuzimisela kukaNks. Hawn yokuhlaziya umfanekiso we-D.A.R., ISahluko sikaPeter Minuit sitsala isizukulwana sabasetyhini esincinci, esahlukileyo. Isahluko ngoku sinamalungu angaphezu kwe-100, phantse i-400 yepesenti inyuke ukusukela kuJanuwari 2000. Amashumi amathathu anesihlanu eepesenti angaphantsi kwama-40; U-Meredith Roscoe, umgcini-bhanki otyalo-mali othatha indawo njenge-regent yencwadi evela kuNkosk. Brown, uneminyaka engama-27. Imali yesi sahluko ayibalulekanga: $ 37 ngonyaka.
Ubulungu buyancipha kuba uninzi lwamalungu ethu aluphele, utshilo uNkskz. Hawn, ophethe ikomiti yobulungu. Ukugcina umbutho uqhubeka, kufuneka sizise abafazi abancinci. Indlela ekukuphela kwayo yokuhlala isebenza kukuba abantu baqonde ukuba samkela abantu bazo zonke iintlanga neenkolo.
Yimbono eguqukayo ye-DAR, eyathi kwiminyaka emininzi yaxhonywa kulwazi lwaseMelika njengombutho wephiko lasekunene oqulethwe ziigazi eziluhlaza-gazi ezichasene neZizwe eziManyeneyo, i-Peace Corps, amakhadi eKrisimesi e-UNICEF, rock 'n' roll, fluoridization yamanzi kunye nokudityaniswa, kwaye ngubani owalayo ukuvumela uMarian Anderson kwaye kamva uJoan Baez ukuba enze e-Constitution Hall, kwiholo yekonsathi ye-DAR yaseWashington, DC.
Abantu bacinga ukuba xa usithi ungalilanda ilifa lakho ubuyele kwinkulungwane ye-18, uthetha ukuba ungazibuyisela kumntu obaluleke kakhulu, utshilo uNkskz. Ndivela kumgca omde wabantu basePennsylvania abalimi abagcina iirekhodi ezilungileyo, kodwa akukho namnye kubo owenza nantoni na ebalulekileyo. Andiqondi ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokuba neqhayiya ngelifa lakho elithile. Isizathu esinye sokuba ndililungu loMbutho weSizwe wamaTaliyane aseMelika aseMelika.
Iinjongo zeqela zihlala zingaguquguquki ukusukela oko yasekwayo kwi-1890: ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa kwembali, imfundo kunye nokuthanda ilizwe. Ukongeza ekukhuliseni imali kwizikolo ezixhaswe yi-DAR kunye neengxowa-mali zokufunda, bapapasha i-D.A.R. Incwadana yemigaqo yobumi kunye nephetshana elimalunga nekhowudi yeflegi.
Ngesiquphe, emva komhla we-9/11, ukuthanda ilizwe kwaphola kwakhona, xa i-D.A.R. yayithanda ubuzwe ukusuka kwangoko. Abantu ngequbuliso babezibuza, 'Uzifumana phi iiflegi, kwaye uzixhoma njani ngokufanelekileyo?' Utshilo uNksz Hawn, okwalilungu leJunior League yaseBrooklyn.
Nangona i-9/11 yenze ukuba yamkeleke ngakumbi kubabemi bedolophu yenkululeko ukuveza ukuthanda izwe, i-D.A.R. isekude kupholile.
Isenokuba sisinqe ngendlela i-rodeo i-hip okanye i-cotillion i-hip, ngenxa yakudala kunye ne-retro-wow, kodwa awusoze utshintshe isithethe sayo, utshilo umbhali kunye nowayekade engumcuphi uLily Burana, umbhali IStrip City: Uhambo lweStripper lokuHamba eMelika iphela. Nangona usapho lukamama wakhe belukho kweli lizwe ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1600, uNkosk. Burana uthe akazange acinge ngokuzibandakanya ne-D.A.R. kude kube kutshanje.
Ndandihlala ndicinga, 'Kutheni kumhlaba oluhlaza kaThixo besiza kufuna umbutho onje kule mihla?' Utshilo uNks. Burana, osebenza kwisicelo sakhe. Luhlobo lokuvukela umntwana wangaphambili we-punk-rock onjengam ukuba ajoyine i-DAR, kodwa ngaxa lithile ebomini bakho ufikelela kweli nqanaba lokuvuthwa apho ucinga ukuba inqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso li malunga nokujonga ngasemva kwesihogo wena are.
Unksz Hawn uthe izihlobo zakhe ngamanye amaxesha ziyamhlekisa ngokuba kwi-D.A.R. Umyeni wam uyandingcikiva ngokuba ndineiglavu ezimhlophe, esizinxiba xa sifumana imigca kwimisitho esesikweni. Kodwa ndiyamhlekisa ngokuya eBurn Man, utshilo.
Intlanganiso ivaliwe ngokungeniswa kwamalungu amathathu amatsha, athe ayalelwa ngokunyanisekileyo, Njengokuba unxibe i-Insignia, ungakhunjuzwa ukuba ngumfuziselo kungekuphela welifa elingcwele lookhokho bakho, kodwa nokuba ngummi welizwe olithathayo njengelungu loMbutho.
Amen, iqela libhengeze ngokudibeneyo.
Intlanganiso indinike uluvo olukhulu lweenqanawa, okanye uvuyo. Ukuthanda ilizwe ngaphakathi kuvuke kum. Andiqondi ukuba ndenze isibhambathiso sokuThobela kwiminyaka engama-25, utshilo uNksk Shapiro. Kwakukho imiba yentlanganiso eyayiyinxalenye yokuthumela ngoMgqibelo ebusuku kunye nenxalenye yeentlanganiso zeBrownies zingahambi kakuhle, kodwa akukho mntu wazithatha kakhulu. (Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kwentlanganiso, UNks Shapiro ugqibezele isicelo sakhe-kungathatha ixesha elide, kuba abafaki-zicelo kufuneka babhale izinyanya zabo-ngaphambi nje kokuba baye kwikonsathi ye-klezmer.)
Phakathi kwabokugqibela babafazi ukuphuma entlanganisweni yayinguJane Fulton, umlawuli wesithili se-D.A.R. kwisiXeko saseNew York. UNkosazana Fulton, ojongeka ngokungathandekiyo njengoRuth Gordon ongasekhoyo, ubonakalise ibhegi yesipaji enomfanekiso weBoston Tea Party ngaphezulu.
Ndiyavuya ukubona bonke aba bantu abatsha bejoyina i-D.A.R. Sifuna ukuba uluntu lwethu luqhubeke, utshilo uNkskz. Fulton. Wongeze ngelithi baninzi abantu ababhinqileyo abanobuchule kulo mbutho kunokuba waye wajoyina ngo-1970.
Amaxesha atshintshile, utshilo. Sasidla ngokudibana ngoLwesine, kuba yayilusuku lokuphumla kwezicakakazi.
-Paula Bernstein
Ayisiwo umthetho
Kufuneka siyijonge njengokulala isilwanyana esigulayo. UKerry Max Cook ulahlekelwe lilungelo lokuhamba phakathi kwethu…. Simele siyibeke le ndoda kwimfumba yenkunkuma yoluntu apho ikhoyo. Ke masazise zonke izinto ezigwenxa kunye nokugqwetha kunye nokufa kwabantu besini esinye behlabathi bazi ukuba senza ntoni nabo kwinkundla yezomthetho. Ukuba sithathe ubomi babo!
Ngexesha lokuqala uKerry Max Cook weva la mazwi, wayeneminyaka engama-21 ubudala kwaye wayehleli esihlalweni sommangalelwa eTyler, eTexas, enkundleni yamatyala, etyholwa ngokubulala unobhala oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala. La magama aphantse amlahlekisela ngobomi bakhe-amnceda ukuba amthumele emgceni wokufa isithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini- kwaye ke ucinga ukuba ngekhe afune ukuwava kwakhona. Kodwa ngeCawa, nge-Okthobha ye-19, uMnu. Cook wadlala indima yakhe kwi-The Exonerated, umdlalo we-Off Broadway nguJessica Blank kunye no-Erik Jensen malunga namabanjwa amathandathu agwetyelwe ukufa. Ngaphambili, indima esekwe kuMnu Cook yayidlalwe nguRichard Dreyfuss, uGabriel Byrne, u-Aidan Quinn, uPeter Gallagher kunye noChad Lowe. Ngeli xesha, wayeyenza ngokwakhe.
Batsho ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwa ligorha, indoda engamanyala neyayithiyile abantu basetyhini, uxelele abaphulaphuli kwihlazo lakhe laseTexas. Umtshutshisi wandityhola ngokuba yi-bein ’ifanasini.
Enkosi kwinxalenye yobungqina obusandul 'ukufunyanwa be-DNA, uMnu Cook, oneminyaka engama-46, wakhululwa ngo-1999. Wafudukela e-New York kunyaka ophelileyo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe nonyana wakhe kwaye uzenzele igama njenge-crusader ngokuchasene nesigwebo sentambo. Unamagxa abanzi nobuso obomeleleyo nobubanzi.
Kodwa eqongeni kwi-Bleecker Theatre, waqatsela ngokubonakalayo ukuba umtshutshisi, odlalwa ngumlingisi uLarry Block, wambetha. Umbulali uhleli kanye phambi kwakho kule nkundla! Wakhwaza uMnu. Njengokuba umtshutshisi egqibile ukuthetha, intloko ka Mnu Cook yaguqa kwaye umfazi owayehleli ndaweni ithile ku Row F wakhupha iJeeeesus ende….
Emva komboniso, uMnu. Cook uxelele uMbonisi ukuba imeko yayinzima kuye. Yimvakalelo eyoyikisayo, ukugwetywa ngoluhlobo kwakhona, utshilo. Kufana nokuba ndibuyile kwelo gumbi lenkundla, ndibukele umtshutshisi emi apho phambi kwelo tyala kunye nemithombo yeendaba, kwaye wonke umntu ufuna ukuba ndisikwe kwisiqwenga sesigidi. Kwakunzima, ndoda.
Awungekhe ubaleke kumazwi akhe, utshilo umlingisi kunye nomlawuli oxolelweyo uBob Balaban. Uyakwazi ukuvakala ngokuchanekileyo njengaye, ngelixa ethetha ngokuchanekileyo amagama awathethileyo xa [ababhali bemidlalo] bejikeleza iteyiphu-bemrekhoda, kwaye yinto enzima kakhulu ukuyifeza. Abaphulaphuli babufumana ubukho bakhe buhamba kakhulu. Ukuba uMnu Cook uthatha isigqibo sokuba uyayilungela, uya kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengaye amaxesha ngamaxesha ngeempelaveki.
Kwiminyaka emine ekhululwe-kwaye, ngakumbi, kwiinyanga ezili-12 okoko u-Exonerated debuted-Mnu. UCook uzifumene ekwimeko engaqhelekanga, hayi kwaphela imeko engathandekiyo yokusuka kwibanjwa liye kudumo. Abahlobo abasenyongweni noMnu. Lowe kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uHilary Swank; Unenyanga entsha eneenyanga ezine ubudala uJack Russell anikwe nguBruce Springsteen (wamthiya igama lokuba nguRosalita); utyikitye isivumelwano sencwadi kunye noHarperCollins; uvele kwiThe Today Show, C-Span kunye neFox. Yindlela ende ukusuka kumqolo wokufa.
Khange ndicinge ukuba ndingasinda-andisindanga, utshilo. Ngoku, zonke ezi zinto zinomdla zixhonyiwe ebusweni bam, kwaye ndinjengomntwana omncinci kwivenkile yeelekese. Ndiya kuzo zonke ezo zinto ziyonwabisa kum.
Uninzi lwabantu abadumileyo banomdla kuye, okwenzeka kwizinto ezinje, utshilo uMnu Balaban. Ndicinga ukuba ikhona ingozi kuyo, kodwa kufuneka nditsho ukuba andinaxhala kangako, kuba ulumkile, ulungile kwaye unomdla kakhulu ekukhokeleni ubomi obunemveliso. Kwaye eyona nto ndiyicingayo xa ndicinga ngalento kukuba nakuphi na ukroba olunye lokonwaba anokulufumana emva kwento athe wadlula kuyo-nakuphi na ukomelezwa okuhle akufumana naphina-kufanele ukuba yinto elungileyo.
Njengokuba uMnu Cook eziva izinto ezintle ebezisenzeka kuye, kungalula kakhulu ukuthi ithamsanqa lakhe langoku lisule elidlulileyo. Njengoko esitsho emdlalweni, Umbuso waseTexas wandibulala ngaphezulu kwewaka amaxesha, kwaye basaqhubeka nangoku.
Indlela endiziva ngayo entlokweni yam, ndibugcina ubomi bam bukwindawo eqinileyo, ekhawulezayo kuba yiyo kuphela kwendlela endinokukuphepha ngayo ukuxakaniseka kuko konke ukwenzakala, ndoda, utshilo uMnu Cook. Andisoze ndonwabe xa ndicothisa, kuba emva koko ndinexesha lokukhanyisa kuzo zonke ezi zinto zandehlelayo. Kwaye nje ukuba ndihamba iikhilomitha ezingama-95 ngeyure, andinalo ixesha lokuhlalutya ezo zinto. Kwaye nantso intliziyo yayo.
Umonzakalo umile ngo-1977, kumanzi asisiseko aseTexas. Umnumzana Cook wayesebenza kwindawo enesitabane kwaye wayehlala nomhlobo osisitabane kwindawo enabantu abangatshatanga ebizwa ngokuba yi Embarcadero. Umnumzana Cook wayengathandwa ngamapolisa endawo-waphakamisa isihogo kwaye wafaka iimoto, kubandakanya nosekela-sheriff-kwaye ke xa ummelwane wabulawa ngokumasikizi, amapolisa eza kuye. Ababakhathalelanga abanye abanokuba ngabarhanelwa kwaye endaweni yoko baqulunqa ibali malunga noKerry njengobungqingili obulalayo.
Ndazanywa ukuba ndikhokele 'ubomi bobufanasini,' uMnu Cook uxelele iThe Braganca. Baphikisa ngelithi kuba 'ndilifanasini,' ndandingenamdla-kwaye umntu olifanasini angayifuna ntoni emfazini ngaphandle kokumbulala? Kwaye olo lucalucalulo kunye nokukhetha kwandiphatha kum kwiminyaka engama-22 elandelayo yobomi bam.
Kwicala lokufa kwintolongo enokhuseleko oluninzi ngaphandle kwaseHuntsville, eTexas, uMnu. Cook waphathwa gadalala ngamabanjwa athi, amjolise njengomntu ogqwethekileyo ogulayo nowathiye abafazi. Umhlobo wakhe ekuphela kwakhe yayingumninawa wakhe, owathi kamva wabulawa ngaphandle kweholo leephuli ngonyaka ka-1987. Utata wakhe wasweleka, umama wakhe wamncama. Wazama amatyeli amaninzi ukuzibulala, kodwa sihlandlo ngasinye oogqirha babedla ngokumsindisa. Kumanqaku aliqela, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zakugweba ukugwetywa kwakhe ngenxa yamapolisa kunye nokuziphatha gwenxa kwezotshutshiso, kodwa kwizihlandlo ezibini ezalandelayo wafunyanwa enetyala (owesithathu waphela kwinkundla yamajoni). Ngo-1999, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa phambi kokuxoxwa kwetyala kwakhona, umtshutshisi wafumanisa ubungqina obutsha be-DNA.
Umtshutshisi wathi esi iya kuba sisikhonkwane sokugqibela kwibhokisi kaKerry Max Cook, uMnu Cook uxelele abaphulaphuli ngo-Okthobha we-19 Kwaye wenza ngokuchaseneyo. Ekugqibeleni yakhupha isikhonkwane ebhokisini yam.
Umnumzana Cook ngoku utshatile-noSandra Pressey, i-blonde yoomama enamehlo avuya. Naphi na apho ahamba khona uMnu. Cook, unyana wabo oneminyaka emi-3 ubudala, uKerry Justice (okanye uKJ), uhamba naye. Uyinkwenkwe katata, Mnu. Cook uyathanda ukuthetha.
Emva komdlalo, uMnu. Cook wehla kwisitalato iLafayette, umoya uvuthuza isikipa sakhe esiluhlaza ngelixa uK. ekhwele emagxeni akhe kunye nabahlobo base-Ulster County behamba beqhula ecaleni kwakhe. Wayekwi-giddy mood. Babesiya e-Il Buco, indawo yokutyela ephezulu yase-Italiya.
Kukuphakama kwengqondo okwenyani ukwenza lo mdlalo, utshilo. Kuba ndiyathemba ukuba ngokwenza la mazwi ngokwam, mhlawumbi ndingafundisa uluntu malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye. Ndidinga ukuziva ngathi ndiyenzile yonke le nto ngesizathu. Kodwa ndikhululekile ngokwenene xa kugqityiwe. Ifune amandla amaninzi kum, kuba ndisebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Ndenza izinto ezinomdla kwiimvakalelo zam, ndenza ukuthanda iintloni zam kunye nabaphulaphuli, ndiyazibamba ukuze bangaboni ukuba ndineentloni, kwaye ndenza nje ukuba ndibambe.
Kwaye emva koko kukho into eyenzekayo kamva, wathi, xa kufuneka ubuyele ebumnyameni beengcinga zakho kwaye uzilungise zonke engqondweni yakho.
-Lizzy Ratner
