Umfazi ongena khaya utyhala inqwelwana yakhe yezitrato esitratweni eLos Angeles, California ngoAgasti 25, 2015. Ngokwengxelo ekhutshwe namhlanje yi-Economic Roundtable, iqela elingenzi nzuzo eLos Angeles, abantu abali-13,000 bawela kumakhaya rhoqo ngenyanga. Isithili saseLos Angeles (Ifoto: FREDERIC J. BROWN / AFP / imifanekiso kaFetty) Enkosi kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezibonelela ngokutya kunye namanzi kubantu abasweleyo, phantse akukho bantu baseMelika babulawa yindlala okanye lunxano , njengokuba ukufikelela kwezi zinto zisisiseko kujongwa njengamalungelo abantu. Indawo yokuhlala ayiboneleli ngokwahlulwa ngokufanayo. EUnited States, ngaphezulu kwabantu abazizigidi ezi-3.5 bafumana ukungabi namakhaya minyaka le. I-284,000 yabo bantu amava yokungabi namakhaya eLos Angeles County.
Iminyaka iLos Angeles ibikhona ebizwa ikomkhulu elingenakhaya leLizwe. Ngokwe- isifundo esitsha, Abantu abayi-13,000 bengenamakhaya inyanga nenyanga eLos Angeles County. Ayisiyongxaki yokuba abahlali baseLos Angeles, ngokwe-avareji, bachitha phantse isiqingatha somvuzo wabo kwirente kwimarike yezindlu eye yathintela izindlu ezifikelelekayo ngenxa yeekhondomu ezinengeniso. Ezi ntsingiselo zikhona kwilizwe liphela njenge ukurenta eMelika kubiza kakhulu kunakuqala . Kwimigangatho yomanyano, yaseburhulumenteni, kunye neyasekhaya, izindlu ezifikelelekayo ziye zanyamalala ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuphumelela kokugaya abaphuhlisi bezindlu.
Izindlu ezisisigxina, ezixhaswe ngemali zabakho eUnited States njengenxalenye yeNew Deal kaFranklin Roosevelt. Isihloko II, iCandelo lama-202 le UMthetho weSizwe wokuBuyisa amaShishini , waphumelela ngoJuni 16, 1933.
Ngo-1949 uMongameli uHarry S. Truman wasayina umthetho UMthetho weZindlu ka-1949 , wamiselwa ukuseka ikhaya elifanelekileyo kunye nemeko efanelekileyo yokuhlala kuyo yonke usapho lwaseMelika.
Lo mthetho unyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba aqinisekise izindlu, imveliso yorhwebo eveliswe lushishino olunempembelelo kwezopolitiko, wanikwa wonke umntu waseMelika ongafuna uncedo ekulufumaneni. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, urhulumente usebenzise uxanduva lolawulo lokuqhuba izindlu zikawonke-wonke, kude kube ngo-1973, xa uMongameli Richard Nixon wakhupha urhoxiso kwiinkqubo zenkxaso yomanyano lwezindlu zoluntu. Ukutshintshiselana, icandelo le-8 lenziwa, elibonelela ngoncedo lukarhulumente kubantu abafanelekileyo ukuhlawulela izindlu zabucala zabanini. Oku kuqale umkhwa oqhubekayo; Utshintsho kulawulo lukarhulumente kwiipropathi eziqeshisayo zisiya kubunini babucala / bezorhwebo.
Uxanduva lokujongana nemiba efana nokugula ngengqondo kunye neziyobisi, ethi yandiswe kukungabi namakhaya, iwele emagxeni amasebe amapolisa endawo.
Iziphumo zolu tshintsho ziye zayintlekele kubantu abanemivuzo ephantsi. Icandelo le-8 lithanda kakhulu umnini-mhlaba ngaphezu komqeshi. Ngaphantsi kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke, umbutho wabaqeshi abazimeleyo wawufuneka ukongamela nokuthethelela amalungelo abaqeshi. Phantsi kweCandelo le-8, abaqeshi bashiyeke ngokwabo ukuseka okanye ukujoyina umbutho wabaqeshi. Phantse akukho projekthi intsha isekwe Izindlu zeCandelo lesi-8 zivelisiwe ukusukela ngo-1983, kodwa iivawutsha ezisekwe kumqeshi ngoku sesona sixhobo siphambili sendlu yoncediso lwezindlu kwaye le nkqubo iye yanqunyulwa ngokuthe chu ukusungulwa kwayo. Abanini mhlaba banikwa ubulumko nokuba uyalamnkela iCandelo 8, angala ukuwamkela nanini na, kwaye angahlawula ngaphezulu ngentlawulo, anyuse amaxabiso entengiso, kuba urhulumente uyayixhasa imali.
Ngaphantsi kolawulo lukaClinton kwi-90s, Ithemba IV ixhase ngemali ukutshatyalaliswa kwezakhiwo zoluntu, kwaye bafudukile abaqeshi, kubangela ukungalungelelani kwezentlalo yoluntu oluthembele kulwakhiwo loluntu ukubonelela ngendawo efikelelekayo kubahlali bayo.
Kutshanje, ulawulo luka-Obama luyile Inkqubo yoPhuhliso loNcedo lokuQesha , yona, nasemva koqoqosho lwango-2008, eyacebisa ngokubambisa izindlu zoluntu ngeebhanki ezinkulu. Sebenzisa imali yabucala ukonga izindlu zoluntu kubonakala ngathi kukupha, kodwa ukuba inkxaso-mali ikhe yanqunyulwa, yithi, umongameli weRiphabhlikhi ozayo kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu izayo, kwaye ezo mboleko zibekelwe bucala, emva koko ubunini bezindlu zikarhulumente zinikezelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiibhanki ezinkulu.
KwiLos Angeles County, California's Ellis Act kunye neCosta Hawkins Act batyise intlalontle yequmrhu kubaphuhlisi bezindlu ngaphezulu kwamalungelo abaqeshi.
Umthetho ka-1985 ka-Ellis ibonelela abanini-mhlaba yindlela esemthethweni yokugxotha abaqeshi, kaninzi ngenjongo yokuguqula izindlu ziye kwiikhondomu zokunethezeka, ezikhokelela ekufuduselweni kwabaqeshi abagxothiweyo kunye nokunyusa ukungabi namakhaya njengoko i-gentrification inciphisa izindlu ezifikelelekayo. Kule Julayi iphelileyo, uSihlalo we-Arhente yezeziNdlu eCalifornia, uMatthew Jacobs, okwangumnini wenkampani yophuhliso lwezindlu, iBulldog Partners LLC, wehla phakathi kwempikiswano yokuba uceba ukusebenzisa i-Ellis Act ukugxotha abaqeshi kwirenti elawulwa yindawo yokuhlala e-LA ukuze axhase izakhiwo kwaye amise i-condos yezigidi zeedola
Ngo-2014, i-California Housing Partnership Corporation ixelwe isithili sasilela kwimizi engama-490,340 yamakhaya anengeniso ephantsi. Ukuze ufikelele kwigumbi lokulala kwigumbi lokulala eLos Angeles, umvuzo wakho wekhaya kufuneka ubekhona phantse i-70,000 yeedola, okanye i-33 yeedola ngeyure , ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini isindululo sokunyuka kwemivuzo ephantsi ukuya kwi-15 yeedola kwi-County ngo-2020 .
Inkqubo ye- Umthetho weCosta Hawkins Ukuthintela ulawulo lwerente endaweni yozinzo kwirente, ukunika abanini-mhlaba ulawulo lwasimahla lokunyusa amaxabiso erente kangangoko banqwenela ukuba nje umqeshi aphume. Lo mthetho ugxotha amakhaya anengeniso ephantsi angenakho ukuhlawulela ukonyuka kwaye wandise amandla abanini-mhlaba ukuba bahlaziye ubumelwane. Ityala lika-2009, IPalmer v. Isixeko saseLos Angeles , inkundla igwebe ukuba ukunyanzela abanini-mhlaba ukuba babandakanye izindlu ezifikelelekayo kuphuhliso bekungekho semthethweni, ishenxisa ekuphela kwenkuthazo ekhoyo kubaphuhlisi yokwenza izindlu ezifikelelekayo.
I-Los Angeles County ikwafumene noMthetho weZindlu eziLungileyo izikhalazo zokusebenzisa amaqhinga ocalu-calulo ukuyekisa abantu abanemibala ngeeVawutsha zeCandelo 8 ekubeni bafudukele kwiindawo ezithile. ISebe leSheriff County laseLos Angeles lalikhona federally uphando ngo-2013 Ngokusebenzisa la maqhinga, kwaye uyaqhubeka nokufumana izityholo zokuba uqhubeka nazo.
Kunzima koosopolitiki ukujongana nemicimbi yezindlu efikelelekayo, kwezopolitiko nakwezomthetho. Abapolitiki basekuhlaleni banento eninzi abanokuyenza ngaphandle kotshintsho kwimithetho yelizwe okanye ukonyuka kwenkxaso mali. Izinto abanokuzenza, nangona kunjalo, zichasene nomkhosi ngabaphuhlisi bezindlu, abanikela kuninzi lwezopolitiko zaseLos Angeles. Utshilo uWilliam Przylucki, UMlawuli oLawulayo waMANDLA (aBantu abaCwangciselwe ukuvuselelwa kweWestide), kudliwanondlebe ngomnxeba. Umbutho osisiseko uqhuba uvoto lwendlu ngendlu ubuza ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto ikhathalele abantu, kwaye ukusukela ngo1999, umba wezindlu ezifikelelekayo ikwindawo yokuqala kwi-ajenda yabo. Akukho mgqatswa weBhunga okanye umgqatswa kasodolophu owayeneqonga elomeleleyo elijikeleze izindlu ezifikelelekayo kunyulo oludlulileyo, kungoko akumangalisi ukuba ukuvota kubi eLos Angeles. Kwakungekho mntu wayekhokele intlawulo njengentshatsheli kwimiba eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaninzi. Ngumjikelo okhohlakeleyo, kuba xa abavoti bengaphumi, kuthathwa njengophawu lokuba banokungahoywa. Omnye wabacebisi abaphambili bezopolitiko kwizindlu ezifikelelekayo, iCongresswoman uMaxine Waters, wayenjalo ukuphinda umiselwe kwi-2011 , ethathe uninzi lwezindlu zikawonkewonke ezaziphantsi kolawulo lwakhe ngokuka Mnu. Przylucki. Amanzi, kunye ne-Democratic Congresswoman uKaren Bass, ubhale ileta ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti ukuya kumthetho welizwe laseCalifornia ukumisela ukunqunyanyiswa komthetho i-Ellis Act ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa ngobuninzi komthetho okuye kwalungiswa.
Ngaphandle kwezithintelo ezibekwe kubo, imibutho yezindlu efikelelekayo, efana NAMANDLA, ifumene ukubambeka mva nje. Umnumzana Przylucki wongeza, abantu sele beqalisile ukutyhala ukuba kwenziwe okungakumbi ukudala izindlu ezifikelelekayo. Ngo-2014, amatshantliziyo atyhala iBhunga lesiXeko ukuba libhengeze ngokusemthethweni nge-22 ka-Eprelind, Usuku lweRenters, ukufuna umgangatho wobomi obungcono kubaqeshi baseLos Angeles County. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabemi bommandla oqeshisa amakhaya abo. Ngokwethiyori, kwidemokhrasi, abezopolitiko kufuneka bajongane namalungelo abaqeshi, kodwa abaphuhlisi bezindlu bayaqhubeka nokuyalela i-ajenda zopolitiko zasekuhlaleni. Kukwakho nokubekwa esweni okuncinci nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abaqeshi. Kungenxa yoko le nto uSuku lweRenter lwalubaluleke kakhulu: Sinamandla kwaye siza kuyenza ivakale kwiHolo yeSixeko. AMANDLA ancede ekubhukuqeni izaziso ezingama-99 kwezili-100 zokukhutshwa kwezindlu ezazifunyenwe ngamalungu alo mbutho ngo-2014. Umbutho lowo ungomnye wemininzi efuna ukunyanzelisa abanini-mhlaba abanamandla ukuba babhekise kwindiza engafaniyo nabaqeshi.
Njengokuba iindleko zokurenta zonyukile kwaye izindlu ezifikelelekayo zithe shwaka eLos Angeles County, ukungabi namakhaya kwenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye uxanduva lokujongana nemicimbi efana nokugula ngengqondo kunye neziyobisi, ezonyuswa kukungabi namakhaya, iwele emagxeni amasebe amapolisa endawo.
Ngoku ka imimiselo emibini yemizi , eqale ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2015, amapolisa anegunya lokuthimba impahla yabo bangenamakhaya kwaye bahlawulise okanye babambe abangenamakhaya ngokugcina ipropathi yabo kwipropathi kawonkewonke. Endaweni yokujongana nemicimbi yezindlu ezifikelelekayo kunye nokwenza izindlu zikawonkewonke ezinxulunyaniswe neenkqubo zentlalo, iLos Angeles County yenze ukungabinamakhaya njengesiqhelo njengeendlela zokudala inkohliso yokuba iingxaki ezisingqongileyo ziyasonjululwa. Phambi kwemicimbi efana nokungabi namakhaya, ukuvalelwa kakhulu kwabagula ngengqondo nabahluphekileyo , kwaye iziyobisi zinokuqwalaselwa, zifikeleleke kwaye izindlu zoluntu kufuneka zenziwe ngaphakathi eLos Angeles County ukuze abantu abalwa nale micimbi babe nokuzinza, indawo esempilweni ukuqala unyango olufanelekileyo, ukucebisa ngeziyobisi, okanye amanyathelo okufumana ingqesho.
