Ndithetha ngo-1932, hayi ngo-2008.
Musa ukuyicinga njengembali yakudala. Kwincwadi yakhe entsha, Ukhetho lwe-FDR, uDonald Ritchie ubonelela ngesifundo esinentsingiselo ekufuneka abaviwa banamhlanje basithobele. Umbhali-mbali kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-U.S., Umsebenzi omhle kaMnu Ritchie uchaza ngokucacileyo iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zolo lonyulo-uhlengahlengiso olusisiseko lokukhetha kwabavoti kunye nokuchazwa kwakhona kwento eyayilindelwe ngamaMelika kurhulumente wabo.
Ngo-1932, uHerbert Hoover wayesebenza kwikota yesibini njengo-Mongameli. Okokuqala wanyulwa ngo-1928 emhlabeni ngokuchasene nerhuluneli yaseNew York, uAlfred E. Smith, uHoover akazange akwazi ukuphakamisa uhlanga kudandatheko. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, ngokuka Mnu. Ritchie, 'uHoover waqonda ukuba ukuzithemba koluntu kuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuvuseleleni uqoqosho, kodwa woyisakala kuyo yonke imizamo yokuyibuyisela.'
UFranklin D. Roosevelt wayekhonza kwikota yakhe yesibini njenge rhuluneli xa wayeqala iphulo lakhe lokuba ngumongameli. U-Al Smith wakhetha u-Roosevelt ngo-1928 ukuba aphumelele e-Albany, kwaye nangona u-Hoover waphumelela kakhulu eNew York, uRoosevelt wanyulwa kancinci. Okothusayo nokuphoxeka kukaSmith kukuba, uF.D.R. Wenza ukuba kucace ukuba uzakulawula yedwa.
USmith uphulukene nenqaku lokuba uRoosevelt wayeyindoda yakhe kwaye akazukuxhaswa; yimpazamo ayenzileyo amatyeli aliqela kule minyaka izayo, kwaye waya esiba nomsindo ngokuchasa into nganye awayesandula ukuyenza.
USmith walwa ne-FDR. Ukutyunjwa kweDemokhrasi ngo-1932 ekholelwa ukuba ufumene ithuba lesibini lokulwa noHoover. Nangemva kokuba uRoosevelt ekhusele abathunywa bendibano kwivoti yesine, uSmith wala ukukhulula abaxhasi bakhe kunye nokwenza ukuba unyulo lube ngazwinye. Yayisisenzo esingenambeko iFDR. ungaze ulibale.
U-Al Smith wayengenguye yedwa wezopolitiko owamjongela phantsi uRoosevelt. Umnumzana Ritchie ubhala ukuba uHoover wayevuya xa iiDemokhrasi zenza ukhetho. Ukuphuma kwindibano yeDemokhrasi, iingcali zazingaziva, nkqu kubunzulu bokudakumba, ukuba uRoosevelt wayeyintandokazi yokuphumelela ngo-Novemba.
I-FDR. ikhule ngesiqu ngexesha lephulo kwaye ekugqibeleni yaxhamla kwiphulo likaHoover loloyiko. Umnumzana Ritchie ubhala athi 'unyulo ibingaphezulu kukhuphiswano phakathi kwamadoda amabini okanye amaqela amabini; Yayingumbambano phakathi kweentanda-bulumko ezimbini zikarhulumente. ' Oko kwadlala kwizandla zeF.D.R. URoosevelt wenqabile ukwamkela iimeko zezoqoqosho njengezingenakuphepheka okanye ezingaphaya kolawulo. Akwanelanga ukuthi izinto zisenokuba zimbi kakhulu, 'ngokuka Mnu. Ritchie.
Ngaphezu koko, uRoosevelt waqonda ngokukhawuleza kunabantu abaninzi bexesha lakhe amandla eradio. Ilizwi lakhe lenzelwa le ndlela, kwaye wayisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo, ehambisa ngaphezulu kweedilesi zesizwe ezingama-20 ngexesha lomkhankaso, amanqaku ka-Ritchie. Kungaphelanga neveki phambi koSuku loNyulo, uRoosevelt uxelele abaphulaphuli kunomathotholo kwilizwe lonke, 'Nanku umahluko phakathi kukaMongameli kunye nam-ndiyaqhubeka ndithembisa inyathelo lokwenza izinto zibengcono.' U-Hoover wagqiba ukuphumelela amazwe amathandathu kuphela ngo-Novemba.
Umnumzana Ritchie uthi unyulo aluzange luphelele nje kulawulo lweDemokhrasi ngobuninzi obukhulu kwiCongress, luye lwayitshintsha ngonaphakade indlela amaMelika awayeyijonga ngayo indima eza kudlalwa ngurhulumente ebomini babo. Ubundlongondlongo boxinzelelo olukhulu lwanyanzela abantu baseMelika ukuba baphinde bahlole okulindelweyo kurhulumente kunye nokunyaniseka kweqela labo, ubhala. 'Nangona izilumkiso zikaHoover ezichasene noorhulumente omkhulu ziqhubeka nokuvakala, umbono kaRovelvelt worhulumente ophendulayo uphumelele.'
Kuze kube loloyiso lukaRonald Reagan kwiminyaka engama-48 kamva apho kwenziwa uhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo lokunyaniseka kwabavoti kumdibaniselwano weF.D.R. yakhiwe. Kude kube namhla, urhulumente akakancitshiswa ngobukhulu.
Kulo nyaka, inokuba ingu-1932 kwakhona. Nangona uHillary Clinton engahambi ngendlela ekrakra njengoSmith, uJohn McCain kufuneka anike ingqalelo kumava kaHoover: Iphulo elisekwe kuloyiko alinakusebenza.
Ngoba? NjengoRovelvelt, ukunyaniseka kukaBarack Obama kuye kwathathelwa ingqalelo. Ngokuqinisekileyo uyayazi indlela yokwenza intetho eyoyikisayo ekhuthazayo, kwaye iphulo lakhe liyincutshe ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi-kodwa kukho okungakumbi kuye kunobugcisa bokuthetha kunye nobutsha. Njengoko uBob Kerrey wabhala kutshanje kwiThe New York Times, UMnu Obama ungumgqatswa onobuchule obukhulu kakhulu kunokuba sibonile kwisizukulwana. Mhlawumbi hayi ukusukela nge-FDR, uDonald Ritchie usenokuthi.
URobert Sommer ngumongameli weQela leMedia Media. Unokufikelela kuyo rsommer@observer.com.
