Kukho isizathu sokuba amanye amagama okanye amabinzana angamkelekanga kwinkampani ephucukileyo. Bayacaphuka, banoburhalarhume nentiyo, kwaye abanabukrelekrele okanye ubuhlakani.
Thatha, umzekelo, igama elithi shyster. Ngokwe-Oxford English Dictionary, eli gama linemvelaphi engacacanga, kodwa intsingiselo yalo ayaziwa ncam. Isekwe kwigama lesiJamani elithi scheisser, ligama elihlazo nelithobayo eliqhele ukulayishwa ngokuchasene nobuJuda. Ungacinga ukuba abahleli boPhononongo lweLizwe babenokucinga kabini ngaphambi kokusebenzisa igama kwisihloko. Kuyabonakala ukuba akunjalo: Kwiphephancwadi lika-Epreli 21, uphononongo lwencwadi kaWalter K. Olson, Umthetho wamagqwetha, wawunesihloko esithi Shyster Heaven. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba abahleli bakufumene oku kubukrelekrele kwaye kuyahlekisa. Yayingeyonto yoluhlobo-yayikukujonga okungakhathaliyo okanye i-anti-Semitic innuendo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo abasebenzi boHlaziyo lweLizwe babenolwazi ngemibutho yamagama amakhulu. Ezinye iingcali ze-etymologists zikholelwa ukuba i-shyster sisimilo somlingiswa kaShakespeare uShylock kwi-Merchant yaseVenice, esetyenziselwa ukuchaza umntu onobuqhetseba, onobuqhetseba onemvelaphi yobuJuda oya kuthi azame nabuphi na ubuqhophololo kule ncwadi ukwenza imali. Ngo-1895, iFunk’s Standard Dictionary yachaza umntu oneentloni njengegqwetha elisebenza ngendlela engenabuchule okanye enenkohliso; ngakumbi umntu ohlasela iintolongo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi ukuba zixhaphaze izaphuli-mthetho ezincinci. Kumdlalo kaShakespeare, abanye abalinganiswa bambiza uShylock umYuda okrelekrele oneminqweno yobukrwada, enegazi, elambileyo, neyirhwaphilizelayo; utyholwa ngokuba ungusathana ngokufana nomJuda.
Nokuba yeyiphi na i-etymology esesikweni yelizwi elikhubekisayo, abantu abangazi nto abayisebenzisayo ababhekiseli kubaphathiswa abanenwele zesilivere kwiifemu zomthetho wezihlangu ezimhlophe. Xa badumzela igama elithi shyster, bathetha ngamagqwetha angamaJuda abo ezingqondweni zabo awahlukanga kubuqhinga, ubuqhetseba bukaShylock.
Umseki kunye nowayesakuba ngumhleli oyintloko kuVavanyo lukaZwelonke, uWilliam F. Buckley Jr., ngokuqinisekileyo ngewayebuqondile uburhabaxa begama kunye nobubi beemvakalelo. Okulusizi kukuba, abalandela emva kwakhe abanawo umgwebo nobulumko.
I-FI U
Ayisiyo i-typo-ligama lengxowa-mali esekwe eTokyo, i-Eifuku Master Trust, umsunguli wayo, uJohn Koonmen, osandula ukulahleka phantse yonke imali yabatyali zimali kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa. Nangona intsingiselo ye-eifuku kukuchuma okanye ithamsanqa, umntu unokuzibuza ukuba ingaba umnumzana Koonmen ozalelwe eMelika ukhethe eli gama ukubonisa into eza kwenzeka kubatyali zimali abamnike imali yabo.
Kwaye abanye babatyali zimali babengaxakekanga kakhulu. Njengengxelo yeThe Wall Street Journal kaHenny Sender noJason Singer, abo babeka imali yabo kwi-Eifuku babandakanya uGeorge Soros, iintsapho ezizizityebi zaseKwaiti kunye nabaphathi abasebenza eTokyo kwiibhanki zotyalo-mali ezinje ngeGoldman Sachs kunye neDeutsche Bank. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi akukho namnye kubo okhathazekileyo ngokujonga uMnu. Koonmen, kwaye ke zange bazi ukuba wayecelwe ukuba ashiye umsebenzi wokurhweba kwiLehman Brothers emva kokuba ebenonyaka ombi kakhulu ngo-1998. Iingxelo, uMnu. Koonmen uphulukene nemali eninzi kangangokuba ichaphazele iibhonasi zecandelo lonke lezabelo zeLehman. Ukongeza ekulahlekelweni yimali, uMnu. Koonmen wayebonakalise ukufaneleka kokuyichitha: Wayehlala e swank eTokyo apartment, waqhuba u Aston Martin kwaye ngebhongo wayihombisa iofisi yakhe ngetafile ye pool eyayifudula ingeye long-Term Capital Management. Ndaduma ngo-1998.
Kwaye kwakungekho nokuba abatyali mali bakaEifuku babesazi ukuba uMnu Koonmen, owakhulela eLong Island waphumelela iMassachusetts Institute of Technology, wayengumntu ongcakazayo owazenzela igama kwiiklabhu zase backgammon zaseNew York. Ewe, iingcambu ze-Eifuku zenziwa xa uMnu. Koonmen, emva kokugxothwa eLehman, wajoyina ipalgammon pal endala, uJohn Bender, owayebaleka i-Amber Arbitrage Fund. Kodwa xa uMnu Bender wahlaselwa sistroke waza wagqiba kwelokuba avale ingxowa-mali yakhe, uMnu Koonmen wacenga abatyali-mali abaliqela baka-Amber ukuba batshintshele kwi-Eifuku yakhe entsha.
Kunyaka nje omnye, ingxowa-mali ye-Eifuku yaxabisa i-300 yezigidi zeedola. Kwaye nangona uMnu. Koonmen ebethatha intlawulo yokusebenza ngama-25 eepesenti yenzuzo, engaphezulu ngeepesenti ezingama-25 kuninzi lwabaphathi beengxowa-mali, uninzi lwabatyali-zimali khange luzihluphe ngokudibana nale ndoda. NgoJanuwari 2003, babefanele ukuba babelumke kakhulu: UMnu. Koonmen wayesele akhe izikhundla ezininzi. Njengombhalo weJenali, wayenobuncinci be-1.4 yezigidigidi zeedola kwizikhundla ezimbalwa ngexesha apho imali eyinkunzi kwingxowa-mali yakhe yayisezantsi ukuya kwi-155 yezigidi zeedola. Iinkukhu zabuya ekhaya ukuze zilale kwakamsinyane ngokwaneleyo: Ngexesha leeveki ezimbini zokuqala zikaJanuwari, u-Eifuku waphulukana nexabiso elingama-98 eepesenti.
Okwangoku, abatyali mali banethemba lokuphinda babuyise ilahleko njengoko amaxabiso ePropewaterhouse Coopers egqibezela uphicotho lwengxowa-mali. Kodwa banetyala kuphela: Ngubani na okwingqondo yabo elungileyo onokuthi anike idenithi kwingxowa-mali ebizwa ngokuba yi-Eifuku?
ULeon Levy: Ubuchopho, isisa kunye nesidima
Xa uLeon Levy wasweleka kule nyanga eneminyaka engama-77 ubudala, iNew York yavalelisa enye yezona dolophu zazihloniphekileyo nezinesisa, indoda enetalente enkulu kunye nokuthozama, eyabeka ubuchule bayo obuninzi namandla ukuze inike izigidi zayo njengoko yayisenza ukuzenza.
Wafunda kwangethuba: Utata wakhe wayengumrhwebi wempahla eyomileyo weSixeko saseNew York kunye nomtyali mali owaxela kwangaphambili ingozi ye ’29. ULeon waphumelela kwiKholeji yesiXeko ngezobuchwephesha kwezobuchwephesha kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqala ukuba ngowuphi umsebenzi oncomekayo kwezemali. Uncede ukuqala i-Oppenheimer kunye neNkampani, apho athe waba nguvulindlela ngokusetyenziswa kwemali yeheji kwaye waba liqabane elilawulayo. Ekuqaleni kuka-1980, yena nomhlobo wakhe, uJack Nash, baqala iOdyssey Partners, ingxowa-mali yeedge yeebhiliyoni ezi- $ 3 eyathi yabangela abatyali-zimali ukuba babuye umyinge wama-22 eepesenti ngonyaka. Umnumzana uLevy ngobulumko ebengathembeki kwibhola yentengiso yesitokhwe yee-1990's, ethatha indawo yokuba amaxabiso awananto yakwenza nenyani yezemali.
U-Philanthropy wayengomnye weminqweno yakhe: Wanika i-20 yezigidi zeedola kwi-Metropolitan Museum of Art nangaphezulu kwe- $ 100 yezigidi kwiKholeji yaseBard, kunye nezipho ezininzi kwiiyunivesithi zaseHarvard, ePrinceton naseRockefeller. Into eyayinomdla okhethekileyo yayiyinzululwazi yokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala: Wayengomnye wabona bantu banomdla kakhulu kuphando lwezinto zakudala, kwaye waxhasa ngemali eyombiwa kwa-Israyeli eyafumana ithole legolide lohlobo olukhankanywe eBhayibhileni.
Isincoko awayesithanda kakhulu yayingu-Isaya Berlin iThe Hedgehog kunye neFox, apho iBerlin yachaza umhlaba njengowahlulwe phakathi kweempungutye (abantu abazi izinto ezininzi) kunye neehedgehogs (abantu abazi into enye enkulu). Umnumzana uLevy wayeyimpungutye ngokungafaniyo neempungutye ezininzi, ezifuna ukuba ziihedgehogs-zazonwabile kulusu lwempungutye.
Umbonisi udlulisa amazwi ovelwano kumfazi kaMnu. Levy, uShelby White, intombi yakhe, uTracy White, kunye nosapho lonke.
