Abafundi eMadison, eWisconsin.Ifoto nguScott Olson / Getty Izithombe Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo, uGeorge W. Bush watyikitya umthetho waba bipartisan Akukho Mntwana ushiye ngasemva umthetho , ethembele kakhulu kuvavanyo olusemgangathweni olusemgangathweni. Nangona umthetho oyilwayo uthathelwe indawo nguMthetho woPhuculo lwaBafundi Bonke, ezo ziqobo ziphakamileyo zovavanyo olusemgangathweni zisenokuphinda zikhumbule kwinqanaba likarhulumente. Kodwa ngaba lonke olu vavanyo lusemgangathweni luyayiphucula intsebenzo yomfundi?
Akukho Mntwana ushiye ngasemva umthetho
Umthetho i-No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act ubize inani lotshintsho kunye nohlengahlengiso, kodwa into yayo yokutyikitya ibingumgangatho wokuvavanywa okumiselweyo. Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lwalukhona phambi kwe-NCLB, kodwa umahluko omkhulu yayikukuba oogunyaziwe be-NCLB banokusekela izigqibo zabo kubo; Amanqaku ovavanyo awasetyenziswanga kuvavanya intsebenzo kuphela kodwa nokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngaba isikolo sizogcina iingcango zaso zivulekile.
Abaxhasi beNCBB baqala uvavanyo ngo-2005 kwaye babanga ukuba kukho inkqubela phambili phakathi kuka-2000 no-2005 (ukungahoyi u-2003, ngenxa yesizathu esithile). Abaphandi uThomas Dee noBrian A. Jacob ifumene inzuzo ukuba 4thizibalo zebanga (malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 zokuphuculwa kwazo kungabangelwa yi-NCLB) ukusukela ngo-1997 ukuya ku-2007, izibonelelo ezincinane kodwa ezingabalulekanga ngo-8.thizibalo zebanga, kwaye akukho lutshintsho kumanqaku okufunda kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi kubafundi bebanga lesine okanye lesibhozo. Nokuba ukubeka ibha phantsi akuzange kuncede.
Thelekisa iZiphumo: I-NCLB vs. uLawulo lweNgingqi
IZiko loPhando lePew nje idatha ekhutshiweyo ukusuka kuVavanyo lukaZwelonke lweNkqubela phambili yezeMfundo (NAEP), ebizwa ngokuba yiKhadi leNgxelo yeSizwe ukusukela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2015 kwizibalo, indawo enye apho i-NCLB inokubala khona nayiphi na impumelelo ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo ezidlulileyo. Nantsi into esiyifundileyo.
Phakathi kwe-4thkwizifundo zezibalo, besineepesenti ezintlanu siqwalasele ukuqhubela phambili ngo-2005. Namhlanje, zisixhenxe ekhulwini. Ngo-2005, iipesenti ezingama-31 zahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Namhlanje, iipesenti ezingama-33 zinobuchule. Emuva ngo-2005, iipesenti ezingama-44 zazithathwa njengesiseko kwimathematika. Namhlanje, elo nani ngama-42 eepesenti. Okokugqibela, iipesenti ezingama-20 zagwetywa njengezingaphantsi kwiziseko zezibalo. Ngoku, elo nani lihle laya kwiipesenti ezili-18.
Libali elifanayo lesi-8thizidanga. Ngo-2005, iipesenti ezintandathu zazihambele phambili; in 2015, ezisibhozo ekhulwini. Ngowama-2005, ama-24 eepesenti ayenobuchule; ngowama-2015, ngama-25 epesenti. Amanqaku asisiseko aphuma kwiipesenti ezingama-39 ukuya kuma-37 ekhulwini. Okokugqibela, kwabo bangaphantsi kwesiseko, iwile ukusuka kwiipesenti ezingama-31 ngo-2005 ukuya kwipesenti ezingama-29 ngowama-2015. Ngamanye amagama, kubekho utshintsho oluncinci kakhulu.
Ngoku, cinga ngebali lokwenzeka phambi kwe-NCLB kunye nokuvavanywa okumgangatho ophezulu kwe-NCLB. Kwi-4thkwizifundo zezibalo ngo-1990, yipesenti enye kuphela yabafundi ababeqhubele phambili, kodwa ngo-2003, elo nani lalingama-4 eepesenti. Inani labaphumelele ibanga lesine ngo-1990 laliyi-12 leepesenti; ngo-2003, elo nani laliphindaphindwe kabini laya kutsho kuma-29 eepesenti. Ezo 4thabanolwazi olusisiseko lokuqonda izibalo benyuka ukusuka kuma-37 eepesenti ngo-1990 ukuya kuma-45 eepesenti ngo-2003. Okwangoku, ipesenti yabafundi engaphantsi kwesi-4thi-graders kwimathematika (i-50 yeepesenti engama-50 ngo-1990) yawela ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha senani ngo-2003 (iipesenti ezingama-23), xa kuthelekiswa nokwehla okuncinci ngexesha leNCB
Kwakulibali elifanayo le-8thamabanga abafundi bebanga phakathi kuka-1990 no-2003. Iipesenti ezimbini zaqhubela phambili ngo-1990, ngelixa iipesenti ezintlanu zanyuka ngo-2003. Inani labafundi abanobuchule lenyuka ukusuka kwiipesenti ezili-13 laya kutsho phantse kwelo nani (ama-23 eepesenti) ngo-2003.thabarhwebi abanolwazi olusisiseko lwezibalo bakhule kancinci (iipesenti ezingama-37 ukuya kwiipesenti ezingama-39) kule minyaka ili-13. Kodwa ezo zi-8thigraders eziqwalaselwe apha ngezantsi ezisisiseko kwimathematika zehle kakhulu ukusuka kuma-48 eepesenti ukusuka kowe-1990 ukuya kuma-32 epesenti ngowama-2003. Kubantwana be-NCLB, yayikukuhla nje kwamanqaku amabini ukusuka ku-2005 ukuya ku-2015 (31% ukuya kuma-29%).
Kutheni uVavanyo oluPhezulu oluPhezulu luvelisa iZiphumo eziPhakathi
Zininzi izizathu zoku. Okokuqala, iinzuzo zokuqala ze-NCLB ezichazwe ngo-2005 ikakhulu zibangelwa luphuculo ngaphambi kokuba i-NCLB iqale ukusebenza (ukusukela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2003) ngokweenkcukacha ze-NAEP ezibonelelwa liZiko loPhando lwePew. Okwesibini, njengoLisa Guisbond, Monty Neill noBob Schaeffer ifunyenwe , I-NCLB khange ixhase izikolo okanye ibonelele ngophuculo, kodwa inike ukhetho lokuvala izikolo ezingaphumeleli, endaweni yokuzinceda ziphumelele. Okwesithathu, njengoDiane Ravitch ikhonjwe ngaphandle kwincwadi yakhe Ukulawula kwakhona kwempazamo , izikolo zikarhulumente zithathe ukufundisa ukuvavanywa okanye ukubhangisa iikhosi ezingakhange kuvavanywe. Ezi klasi zokuyila zezona zifumaneka kwizikolo zabucala ezilungileyo (ezingeyonxalenye ye-NCLB), enceda abafundi babo ukuba baphumelele.
Kodwa zimbini izizathu ezibangela ukuba i-NCLB ibonise iinzuzo ezimbalwa, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nexesha lokumiselwa komgangatho. Njengomfundi ukusukela ngelo xesha, iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni zazindiphendula. Ukuba ndenze kakubi eklasini kwaye kuvavanyo olo, kuye kwafuneka ndiphindaphinde izinto ehlobo, ndilahlekelwe ngumdlalo omkhulu wezemidlalo, ixesha lokudlala kunye nokuphumla. I-NCLB yaluthathela kubo uxanduva abafundi yaza yalubeka kootitshala nakubaphathi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubona utitshala kunye nenqununu yokukhohlisa amahlazo ongazange uwabone, njengoko kubhaliwe liqela leFreakonomics. Kuya kufuneka uphumelele kum nokuba kwenzeka ntoni, umfundi odangeleyo uxelele umfazi wam, utitshala, kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwisikolo sikarhulumente njengoko wayezama ukumkhuthaza ukuba enze ngcono. Umthetho uthi 'akukho mntwana ushiye ngasemva.'
Ingxaki yesibini kuvavanyo olusemgangathweni kukuba iimvavanyo ezikumgangatho ofanayo sisixhobo esinye sokugweba impumelelo yomfundi kwaye kukude ekubeni yeyona ibalaseleyo kwishedi. Uninzi lwabafundi bethu luyavuma ukuba babhale izincoko ezimbalwa kunye namaphepha ngaphambi kokuza ekholejini ngenxa yokutya okuzinzileyo kovavanyo olusemgangathweni. Ukwabiwa okunjalo akuncedi kwimisebenzi yokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nokunikezelwa okusebenzayo kokufunda. Cinga ukuba bungakanani ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla buncedwa sisakhono onokubonisa kuso kuvavanyo olusemgangathweni.
Thatha imeko yaseSingapore, nayo edweliswe ngu IZiko loPhando lwePew njengamanqaku awona aphezulu kwiimvavanyo zamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yokuthelekisa, i-US ingaphantsi komndilili kwimathematics kwaye malunga nomndilili kwisayensi nasekufundeni (ngokomndilili wamazwe kuMbutho weNtsebenziswano yezoQoqosho noPhuhliso, okanye kwihlabathi eliphuhlileyo). Ukanti iSingapore ijonge umona eSilicon Valley, ingakwazi ukuvelisa eyayo. Olona qalo lobuchwephesha lubalaseleyo lwenziwe phesheya. Abantwana bafundiswa ukuba babe ngoomatshini bokufunda kodwa hayi izinto ezintsha. Inkqubo, egxininisa ekubombeni, ifunyenwe isingela phantsi ubuchule. Njengoko i-United States ifuna ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwe-Singapore kwiimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni ze-STEM, cinga ukuba zingaphi izazi zezibalo kunye nososayensi esiza kuphulukana nabo kwinkqubo.
Iindaba ezimnandi nezingalunganga malunga novavanyo oluqhelekileyo
Ekhathazwe kukugxekwa komthetho i-No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, iCongress yavotela ukuwutshitshisa umthetho oyilwayo nge-30 ka-Epreli 2015, ngendlela efanayo eyamkelwa ngayo. Ziindaba ezimnandi ezo.
Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yayo, iCongress yapasisa umthetho oyilwayo Wonke umthetho ophumeleleyo wabafundi Nge-9 kaDisemba ngo-2015, yaza yasayinwa yangumthetho nguBarack Obama ngosuku olulandelayo. Abaxhasi bathi inika ilizwe ngakumbi indlela yokumisela imigangatho yabafundi. Abachasayo baphikisa ukuba kugcina uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lusemgangathweni. Kwaye nangona isohlwayo ngohlobo lwezohlwayo kunye nokuvalwa kwezikolo azigunyaziswanga njengakwi-NCLB, zinokumiselwa ngamazwe.
Ndiyaphoxeka kukuba umthetho awunaziphumo, ndakhalaza owayenguNobhala wezeMfundo uMargaret Spellings kwi udliwanondlebe ne INew York Times . Sikwixesha lolawulo lwasekhaya kwakhona… Sizamile indlela yolawulo lwasekhaya ngaphambili, kwaye sabona iziphumo ezihle. Ngokwenyani, i-NAEP ibonise ngokuchaseneyo, njengoko kubonisiwe apha. Owona mvuzo mhle wenzekile ngaphambi kokuba i-NCLB iphunyezwe, hayi emva koko.
Kodwa inye into icacile: singcono ngaphandle kovavanyo oluphezulu olusemgangathweni esilubonileyo kwi-NCLB. Ngoku kuxhomekeke kubazali, abafundi, ootitshala nabaphathi abachaphazelekayo ukuba abameli belizwe nabezopolitiko abakwenzi kwilizwe labo into eyenziwa yi-NCLB kwilizwe.
UJohn A. Tures nguprofesa wesayensi yezopolitiko eLaGrange College eLaGrange, eGa jtures@lagrange.edu . Iakhawunti yakhe ye-Twitter nguJohnTures2.
