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ubhale malunga namava Ndemka eChicago kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, kodwa ndisazibona ezi ngxaki kwidolophu yasekhaya endiyithandayo. Kodwa ke ndandizibuza ukuba ngowuphi umzi ayenzi ndinoluhlu lokuhlanjwa kweempazamo ezithile.
UThomas Dyja, oyinzalelwane yaseChicago, akazimiselanga kutshintsha umbono weChicago wangoku ngencwadi yakhe yamva nje, Unxweme lweSithathu . Endaweni yoko, iitshathi zencwadi xa iChicago Yakha iAmerican Dream ngokujonga okunenkcukacha kwiChicago yasemva kwemfazwe kunye nendlela iSixeko seSibini esitshintshe ngayo ikhosi yaseMelika ngokulungileyo.
Kubo bonke abalinganiswa odibana nabo kulo lonke Unxweme lweSithathu (kwaye zininzi kakhulu kunzima ukugcina umkhondo wazo), umyili wezakhiwo waseJamani uLudwig Mies van der Rohe ngoyena mkhulu, ukusukela ekuqaleni kobungangamsha bakhe ukuya kwinqanaba apho wayefana no-abbot wamandulo… ezama ukucinga indlela yakhe eya ezulwini kwii-1960s zokuqala. Kwisixeko esakhiwe kwimizi-mveliso kwaye sichazwe ngumatshini wezopolitiko weDemokhrasi (wonke usodolophu ukusukela ngo-1931 ebenguMdemokhrasi), ukugqibelela kwe-Mies's Modernist, awayeyivuma ngokwakhe ngamanye amaxesha kwakubonwa njengokubandayo nokungqongqo, ukulunga ngokugqibeleleyo kwisakhelo sedolophu kwaye kuguqulwe indlela izixeko ezikhulu kwihlabathi liphela ezibeka ngayo izakhiwo. Wayengumlawuli wokugqibela weBauhaus kwaye wayekhethe iChicago ngezizathu ezibonakalayo, ngakumbi imithetho yelizwe yokuyekelela kwimfundo yobungcali xa kuthelekiswa neNew York okanye iMassachusetts. Kodwa wafudukela kwisixeko esinelifa lobugcisa esele lisisityebi, ethatha isikhundla sokuba ngumlawuli weArmor Institute (eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiIllinois Institute of Technology) ngo-1938. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini, isikolo sasisiba luhlobo lweemonki yezakhiwo , Sivelisa ubuzalwana obuqeqeshelwe ukusasaza ilizwi [likaMies].
Mies pops up up kuyo yonke Unxweme lwesithathu, nokuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye njengempembelelo njengoko isixeko sihlanganisa isibhakabhaka sayo. Kunye naye lihlokondiba labantu, elidityaniswe ngokukhululekileyo yijografi, egrogrisa ukugcwalisa incwadi esele inkulu: umbhali kunye nembali Studs Terkel, imvumi yevangeli Mahalia Jackson, i-avant-garde jazz icon uSun Ra, igcisa langaphandle uHenry UDarger, i-Chess Brothers kunye ne-Muddy Waters, uninzi lwabantu abaphezulu bezopolitiko, abaphathi beewadi abakwinqanaba eliphantsi, abakhi bezakhiwo, abapapashi bamaphephancwadi kunye nabanye abaninzi kakhulu ukuba bangabalula apha. Kodwa esi sihlwele singalawulekiyo sisizathu esipheleleyo: IChicago yiyo nantoni na eyenziwe ngaba bantu-isixeko esigcwele amasana ukuxhaphaza, indawo elula yokwenza imali, indawo enye endala, njengoko uRobert Johnson wayeza kuba nayo, isixeko sabafuduki egqunywe ngengubo entle ye-Midwestern isigxina, isixeko sabangaphantsi kwezinja ezenza kakuhle.
Incwadi kaMnu Dyja izuza ngakumbi kumadoda azenzele esi sixeko, njengoSodolophu uRichard J. Daley, Umdlali odlalayo umseki uHugh Hefner kunye Ebony umpapashi uJohn H. Johnson. Kodwa intliziyo yayo yinto ephantsi koxinzelelo lobuhlanga onokuziva ushukuma phantse kuwo onke amanye amaphepha. Igama elithi hypersegregation lenziwa kunye neChicago engqondweni. Inani labamhlophe ngokwembali lalimi kwicala elisemantla lesi sixeko, kwaye abantu base-Afrika nabaseMelika batyhalelwa emazantsi. Kuyamangalisa ukuba esinye sezahluko zencwadi senzeka eMississippi: ukubulawa komhlali waseChicago oneminyaka eli-14 uEmmmett Till ngelixa wayetyelele izalamane eMalini, indawo engabandakanywanga eDelta, encedisa ukumisa intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu xa Imifanekiso yomzimba kaTill owonakeleyo yapapashwa ngamaphepha-ndaba ase-Afrika-aseMelika kunye neemagazini ezazinesihloko esithi uMnyama waseMelika umanyene ukuze ungqinele umzimba ka-Emmett Till.
Nangona ukubulawa kukaTill kwenzeka phantse kwiwaka leekhilomitha kumazantsi eChicago, umngcwabo wakhe wabanjelwa kwisixeko sokuzalwa kwakhe, kwaye ibali laba WaseMelika Ingxaki. Umzekelo ogqibeleleyo wendlela idolophu yasemathafeni enendawo engamanzi, njengoko uSaul Bellow wayibiza njalo, nefuthe kwisizwe siphela. Nokuba iziqendu ezimbalwa athe uMnu Dyja wazinikezela kwinguqulelo ekhutshelweyo yendlela uRay Kroc ayiguqula ngayo indawo yokutyela enye kaMcDonald kwidolophu yaseChicago yayenza i-behemoth yehlabathi emele uninzi lwehlabathi konke okubi ngeMelika, nayo yonke into abayifunayo, ibonisa indlela isixeko yiMelika kwi-microcosm.
Kwi-Bellow, yayisisixeko esibuhlungu, kodwa nangona wayengacacanga ncam kwinto emele yona. Kwaye ke into yokuba ummeli wombhalo weChicago kaMnu Dyja nguNelson Algren, kunokuba abe nguBellow odumileyo, kufanelekile. Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi ka-Algren kubhalwa ngenxa yokuphoxeka kwakhe emsebenzini kunye nesigwebo sokufa kunye noSimone de Beauvoir. Nangona u-Algren wayengumlobi okrelekrele kunye nencwadi yakhe Indoda enengalo yegolide wayiphumelela i-National Book Award ngo-1950, wayehlala esiza okwesibini komnye umntu: U-Bellow wayedume kakhulu, u-Beauvoir wayengazukushiya uJean-Paul Sartre ngenxa yesithandwa sakhe saseMelika, kwaye abantu ababephila naye njengo John Fante no Charles Bukowski basebenzise ngokufanayo iifomula ezineziphumo ezibhetele. U-Algren, njengesixeko esikhulu awakhulela kuso, wadlala kwindawo yesibini kuninzi. Kwaye nangona uMnu Dyja esenza eso sikweko sicace gca kulo lonke Unxweme lweSithathu , Ushiywe ukuba uzibuze ukuba kutheni kanye kanye aba bantu betyholwa ngokwakha iphupha laseMelika, gcina inyani yokuba bonke babiza isixeko esinye esineziphene kunye neqhayiya .
umhleli@observer.com
