Isazinzulu senza isayensi.I-Pixabay Kwi-1997's sci-fi hit, IGattaca , umntu ongafezekanga ngokwemfuzo ufuna ukuba ngusomajukujuku nangona uluntu luye lwamgweba ngenxa yokuzalwa kwakhe kwendalo. Ukwala okungadityaniswanga kwakudlalwa ngu-Ethan Hawke, kuba iHollywood yiHollywood. Ifilimu yenzeka kwikamva elingekude kakhulu, apho bonke abantu bayilelwe esibelekweni ukuba bafezeke njengo-Uma Thurman eneminyaka engama-27 (njengokuba wayenjalo, edlala ngokuchasene neHawke).
Oososayensi banomyalezo kuwe namhlanje, nangona: yeka ukucinga malunga nokuguqulwa kofuzo lomntu njengentsomi yesayensi. Kuza. Izazinzulu zase China zenze njalo sele kwenziwe ulungiso kwiimbumba ezingabantu. NgoLwesibini, i-National Academy of Sciences (NAS) ikhuphe i-a Ingxelo ende yokuvumelana Ukulandela ingqungquthela yonyaka ophelileyo nge imigaqo yokuziphatha yokuguqula imizila yemfuza yabantu , Njengamavenkile amaninzi axeliwe ngaxeshanye.
Intetho entsha ye-TED yaya bukhoma kwiwebhusayithi yombutho nakwiphepha le-YouTube ngolwesiHlanu ebamba ingxaki yoososayensi. Kunye neentetho ezintathu zangaphambili, abemi abachaphazelekayo banokufumana ingxaki kwimiba ephakanyiswe ngokulungiswa kwe-DNA yabantu kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweyure.
Ingxelo ye-NAS ixhasa ukusebenzisa ukuhlela kwemfuza ukuthintela izifo, isilumkiso sezilumkiso ngezinye iindlela kwaye iyakugweba ukuphuculwa kwemfuzo. Nantsi i-crux yengcebiso, njengoko kucatshulwe ngu Intambo :
Ikomiti icebisa ukuba ukuhlela i-genome kwezinye iinjongo ngaphandle konyango okanye ukuthintela isifo kunye nokukhubazeka akufuneki kuqhubeke ngeli xesha, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba ezi ngxoxo zoluntu zandulele naziphi na izigqibo malunga nokuba zilandelwe okanye zenziwa njani na izilingo zekliniki kwezi zicelo.
Itekhnoloji yokukhawulezisa ingqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba IMBAMBANO . Kukhawulezise ngokukhawuleza ukubanakho kwethu ukwenza ulungelelwaniso oluthile kwi-DNA yezinto. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uninzi lwabafundi luya kuba nokuva ubuncinci ukukhankanywa kweCRISPR, enokuthi ingene kwiseli, ifumane kanye le ndawo ifuna ukuyitshintsha kwaye iyitshintshe ngekhowudi entsha yemfuza. I-CRISPR ihlala ichazwa (mhlawumbi kancinci kakhulu) njengeprosesa yamagama yesoftware yeselfowuni.
I-CRISPR, ngasendleleni, sisichazi sokuphindaphindeka rhoqo phakathi kwindawo ephindaphindeneyo ye-palindromic. Akukho mntu uya kulindela ukuba uyazi oku-nanini.
Ingasombulula ezinye zezona ngxaki zinkulu zoluntu, kodwa iphathwe ngokungalunganga inokuba yinjini enika amandla ikamva elinokuthi lenze uninzi lwethu lube lukrwada, yiyo loo nto ezi zithethi ziphikisa ukuba wonke umntu kufuneka athathe inxaxheba kwincoko yehlabathi malunga nendlela itekhnoloji esetyenziswa ngayo . Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iirhafu zethu zerhafu zazihlawulela ukukhula kwazo.
Sinesiseko esivumela ipesenti ethile yabantu ukuba bachithe lonke ixesha labo besenza uphando, u-Ellen Jorgensen, umseki-mbumba welebhu ye-biotech yoluntu, uxoxa intetho yakhe . Oko kusenza bonke abasunguli beCRISPR, kwaye ndingathi oko kusenza sonke ukuba ngabelusi beCRISPR. Sonke sinoxanduva.
I-TL; i-DR: akukho mntu waziyo ukuhlela indlela yemfuza yomntu kunye nokwenza usana oluphezulu okwangoku. Kuninzi okunokufuna ukuba kusebenze, kodwa okwangoku kungumba wobunjineli. I-CRISPR ibonelele ngezixhobo ezisisiseko. Ngoku kulinga nje kunye nephutha ukufunda indlela yokuyisebenzisa.
Inkqubo ye- imoto yokuqala yaya kuphela i-7 mph. Siphila kwiminyaka ngoku apho kungekho mntu uthandabuzayo ukuba xa unokwenza into, ungayenza ngcono. Khawufane ucinge ukuba ngomso umntu uyile indlela yokuhambisa isitena ngapha kwegumbi, kodwa lafika laziingceba. Ngokuqinisekileyo ekugqibeleni siya kulungelelanisa ukuthumela isitena emngxunyeni. Eli nyathelo lokuqala lelona candelo linzima.
Ke siyaphi apha?
IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia e-Davis biologist intetho kaPaul Knoepfler evela kwi-TEDxVienna ngo-Okthobha ophelileyo ushwankathela eyona miba isemngciphekweni wengxelo ye-NAS: zeziphi iingxaki zokuziphatha ezivela xa izazinzulu zimisele ukuphucula abantu?
Uvula ngebali eliqikelelweyo le-15 okanye elinjalo kwiminyaka ezayo: usapho olunye lunosana oluzelwe ngokwendalo kwaye olunye lunomntwana ophuculweyo, nto leyo eye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo yosuku nobudala. Ubeka iimeko ezahlukeneyo apho azibuze ukuba ingaba abazali baya kuhlala bekhululekile na ekuchaseni ukuphuculwa kwemfuza kwinzala yabo xa abamelwane nabahlobo babo beqala ukuyenza. Umntwana wakho unempumlo esihambisayo, uyekile ukuthetha kwaye uhlala egula. Ummelwane wakho oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wenza imathematika kwinqanaba lokuthweswa izidanga kwaye unebhanti elimnyama. Ngubani onokuqhubeka ukuxhathisa?
Ndibona i-eugenics entsha iqhuma phezulu, utshilo uKnoepfler.
I-Eugenics iseti yeenkolelo ezijolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho wemfuza yoluntu, njengoko i-Wikipedia ichaza. Abaxhasi be-eugenics banezimvo ezingaphazamisiyo ngobuhlanga.
Ifanele ukuba nobubele, ubumnene, ii-eugenics ezilungileyo, yahlukile kunazo zonke izinto ezidlulileyoUtshilo uKnoepfler. Nangona ijolise ekuzameni ukuphucula abantu, inokuba neziphumo ezibi.
Kwintetho yesayensi, eguqulela kwi: sorta freaking out you guys.
Ngotshintsho lokuqala olwenziwe eTshayina, kunye namazwe afana ne-United Kingdom evula ucango kulingo olulinganiselweyo , UKnoepfler ukholelwa ukuba iPandora's Box ivuliwe. Wanika intetho yakhe njengendlela yokujonga kuqala imicimbi eza kuxoxwa yi-NAS kwingxelo esandula ukuphuma.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba eyona ntetho ibalaseleyo kolu luhlu ayizukuvela kwisayensi, kodwa ngumseki wendawo yophando yoluntu. Intetho kaKnoepfler ibeka itafile, kodwa uJorgensen ukhonza isidlo. Uyalathisa Indawo yolwazi eBrooklyn, kwaye uyayazi indlela yokunxibelelanisa iikhonsepthi ezinzima zesayensi kubantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nokufikelela kwimiba ephambili. Uthethe kumsitho we-TED ngoJuni 2016.
I-CRISPR iya kuba yinto emangalisayo, ngokwenani leenkqubela phambili zesayensi eza kuthi zibangele, utshilo uJorgensen. Into ekhethekileyo ngayo yile nkqubo yokujolisa kwimodyuli. Ndiyathetha, besisusa i-DNA kwizinto eziphilayo iminyaka, akunjalo? Kodwa ngenxa yenkqubo yokujolisa kwiimodyuli, sinokuyibeka ngqo apho siyifuna khona.
Kodwa kuye kwagqithiswa kancinci.
UJorgensen uyangqina ukuba uqalile ukufumana i-imeyile ebantwini ebuza ukuba bangafika ngelebhu yakhe na kwaye baguqula iingxaki zabo kude. Inkqubo ye- umbono we-transhumanism sele iqalile ukubamba. Okwangoku, uJorgensen ulumkisa ukuba ayibizi kakhulu kwaye ayilula kangako. I-CRISPR ifuna ilebhu epheleleyo kunye noochwephesha abaqeqeshiweyo ukuba basebenze. Awungekhe uyenze kwitafile yakho yasekhitshini, kwaye akukho mntu unawo umkhondo wokuba ungamguqula njani umntu okhule ngokupheleleyo.
Kwisitya sePetri, ayisiyonto inzima leyo, kodwa ukuba uzama ukuyenza yonke into ephilayo, kuya kusiba nzima, utshilo uJorgensen.
Nangona iingcali zinokuhlela uhlobo oluthile ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi kwiseli, oko akuthethi ukuba siyayazi indlela yokuhlela ufuzo ukulungisa iingxaki zabantu abaninzi. Kukude apho, kwaye ukufika apho kukhangeleka kukoyikisa. Masithi siyayazi indlela yokutshintsha iijeni kuwo wonke umzimba womntu ukuze iinwele zentloko yendoda ziqale ukukhula kwakhona. Kukho okuninzi esingakwaziyo, nokuba ingaba ukulungisa iinwele zakhe okanye ukungazilungisi kungonyusa ubundlongondlongo bakhe okanye kuyonyuse uxinzelelo lwegazi. Okanye umjike abe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngubani owaziyo?
Ayisiyonto ilula leyo, kwaye kukho izazinzulu ezizama ukuyisombulula, kwaye ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni, ngethemba, zisonjululwe, utshilo. Kodwa ayifaki iplagi kwaye idlale, hayi ngokudutyulwa okude.
Iingxaki ezinkulu zisonjululwe nangona, kwaye iimpembelelo zezisombululo ziyaxaka.
UJennifer Kahn yintatheli egubungele i-CRISPR. Ukubhala kwakhe kuye kwavela kuwo onke amaphephancwadi abaluleke kakhulu ekubhaleni isayensi, kubandakanya ENew Yorker. Wanika intetho ngamandla e-CRISPR ukuba atshintshe ngokukhawuleza zonke iintlobo eLondon, ngoSeptemba 2015.
Ngokuyintloko, ugxila kwiingcongconi.
Wadibana nososayensi owenze ingcongconi ukuxhathisa isifo seengcongconi, kodwa akazange akwazi ukusasaza ufuzo. Kudala-dala, ungayiguqula imizimba yemfuza ngendlela enzima, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ufuzo lwaluza kudlulela kwaye ngamanye amaxesha alunakuba njalo. Ziziseko zendlela indalo esebenza ngayo, kwaye isebenze kakuhle kangangesithuba seminyaka eziibhiliyoni ezi-4. Ngokungaqinisekisi ukuba utshintsho luya kudlula, indalo ikhula ngaphandle kokutshintsha okubi ngelixa isenza utshintsho olufanelekileyo.
Kude kube yi-CRISPR-inokuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu ziyadlula. Ubiza lo msebenzi njengedrive drive.
Ubalisa ibali lezenzululwazi eziguqula iingcongconi ukuze zombini zixhathise isifo seengcongconi kwaye zibe namehlo abomvu aqaqambileyo (le ndlela yokugqibela yenza ukuba kube lula ukwazi ukuba eyangaphambili idlulisiwe). Kwimveli yemfuza, sinokulindela ukuba emva kokuzalisa iingcongconi zemfuza, ezinye zinokuba namehlo abomvu ezinye zibe mhlophe. NgeCRISPR yemfuza yokuqhuba, nganye nganye inamehlo abomvu. Kukwenza ube nomfanekiso wale bhokisi inkulu izele ngabantu abanyanga igazi-akukho nto ichanekileyo ngalo mfanekiso.
Iidrive drive zisebenza ngokukuko nokuba ukukhutshwa ngengozi kunokutshintsha lonke uhlobo, kwaye rhoqo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, utshilo. Kwicala leflip, enye inokusetyenziselwa ukubeka umva ekubuyiseleni umva, kodwa iziphumo ebezingalindelwanga zinokuphinda zikhawuleze kwindalo.
Sekunjalo, iteknoloji ibeka ezandleni zethu ukukwazi ukuphelisa i-malaria. Ngaba kulungile ukungayisebenzisi?
Okokugqibela, siva kumqambi we-CRISPR, ovela kwi-TEDGlobal eLondon, ngoSeptemba 2015. Kungabonakala kungaqhelekanga ukubeka ibali lemvelaphi yale teknoloji ekugqibeleni, kodwa inyani kukuba kudala sigqithile kwiintsuku zayo zokuqala. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkley kaJennifer Doudna uxelele indlela yena neqabane lakhe lophando abayifumene ngayo le ndlela yokufunda, ukucoca kunye nokuhlela imfuza. Uye wanika uluvo lwakhe malunga nokuba kuthetha ntoni kuthi ukuhlala kwihlabathi apho iprosesa yamagama emfuzo yenziwe.
Ngendlela, ityala lokuyilwa kweCRISPR liphantsi Ingxoxo eshushu kwiinkundla ngoku, ngokulwa kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza eqhubeka phakathi kweDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia kunye nombutho odityaniswe ngokudibeneyo yiHarvard neMIT.
Kodwa akukho mntu ubuza ukuba uDoudna ubeyintloko yelitye. Uvulindlela ululeke ithemba elumkileyo, esithi:
Kuya kufuneka siqwalasele ukuba itekhnoloji yeCRISPR inokusetyenziselwa izinto ezinje ngokuphuculwa. Khawufane ucinge ukuba singazama ukwenza injineli yabantu eziye zaphucula iipropathi, ezinje ngamathambo omeleleyo, okanye ukuthambekela okuncinci kwisifo sentliziyo okanye nokuba neepropathi esinokuthi siqwalasele ukuba zinokunqweneleka, njengombala wamehlo owahlukileyo okanye ukuba mde, izinto ezinje lonto. ‘Abantu abayili,’ ukuba uyathanda.
Njengo IGattaca .
Uyaqhubeka, abantu abenziwe ngobunjineli abekho kuthi okwangoku, kodwa ayisiyontsomi yesayensi. Izilwanyana ezenziwe ngobunjineli kunye nezityalo ziyenzeka ngoku.
Ikamva elikude kakhulu liphezu kwethu.
Silibhatalele eli kamva, njengoko uJorgensen wasikhumbuza. Ngoku aba babhali kunye nabaphandi basihlawulise ngokucinga nzulu ngako.
