UJudith Slaying Holofernes , Artemisia beeNtlanga.Uyilo oluqhelekileyo Imbali yobugcisa inokuvakala njengepati ye-sausage. Aphi onke amanenekazi? Zikwimizobo, ewe, nokuba inguhlobo lwazo ngokwazo (kwimifanekiso esesikweni), njengezinto zomnqweno (nudes), njengezinto zokuhlonelwa (iNtombikazi kaMariya), njengezinto ze-sado-masochistic, umdla wenkolo (ukufela ukholo kwabangcwele abangamakhosikazi), njengoothixokazi bakudala (uVenus okanye uDiana), okanye njengeethagethi zesondo zoothixo bakudala (imizekeliso evela ku-Ovid's Ukuguqulwa kwemizimba ). Kodwa kuthekani kwelinye icala leseyile? Misa nje malunga nabani na esitratweni kwaye ubacele bathiye igama lomculi obhinqileyo obalaseleyo, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba bakunike igama langoku, uMarina Abramovic okanye uTracey Emin, mhlawumbi. Kodwa ngaba banokuthiya umntu owakhe waphila ngaphambi kweMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi?
Ndibuze oogxa bembali yezobugcisa, kwaye banengxaki yokuza namagama angaphaya (kwaye bavumile ukuba bayawakhumbula amagama, kodwa bangayiboni imisebenzi yamagcisa). Ngombulelo, kukho imiboniso ephambili eye yazisa amagcisa ababhinqileyo bangaphambi kwale mihla.
Abantu baseNew York baya kuba nethamsanqa lokuzimasa unyaka ophelileyo UVigée Le Brun: IGcisa loMfazi kwiRevolutionary France KwiZiko loLondolozo lweMbali laseMetropolitan . Kodwa elona gama likhulu, kwaye mhlawumbi kuphela libhinqa lobugcisa be-Renaissance onokuthi uve ngalo, okwangoku libonakalisiwe kumboniso we-blockbuster eRoma: Artemisia beeNtlanga kunye nexesha layo KwiMyuziyam yaseRoma ePalazzo Braschi.
UArtemisia Gentchi (1593-1656) udumile, kodwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yezizathu ezingalunganga. Amabali akhe ngawesini esisebenzayo kunye nobundlobongela — ubomi bokwenyani bokuziphindezela kuJacobean, obuhlala busibekele kwimizobo yakhe. Umntwana omdala womzobi owaziwayo, u-Orazio Gentchi, wakhawuleza wakhanya njengetalente ekhokelayo yosapho, esebenza kwisitudiyo sikayise ecaleni kwabantakwabo. Kungenxa yokuba utata wakhe, njengamagcisa amaninzi ase-Roma kwii-1600s zakuqala, wamangaliswa ngumsebenzi kaCaravaggio -yakhe emangalisayo, enokwenyani, enobundlobongela, enamandla, ekhanyise amabala ngokuthetha ngeRoma, engakhange akhangele njengawo nawuphi na umsebenzi phambi kwabo-naye, wathatha le ndlela, kwaye unokuthathwa njengesizukulwana sesibini seCaravaggisti.
Uhlobo lukaCaravaggio lwalulutsha kwaye ludumile kangangokuba amagcisa ayethontelana ukuza kumxelisa-nditsho nabo baqeqeshiweyo kukhuphiswano, isitayile esisekwe ngakumbi kwezemfundo esikhuthazwa yiCarracci Academy eBologna-into angakwaziyo ukuyithobela. Uye wamangalela, okanye wasongela kwaye wenza ubundlobongela nxamnye nabantu, abaphembelela isimbo sakhe (okanye abagqithisa ii-artichokes, njengomntu olindelwe lilishwa wafumanisa). Ukanti kubo bonke abalingisi, zimbini kuphela (ubuncinci engqondweni yam) ezibonakala ngathi zilingana okanye zigqithile kuCaravaggio ngokwakhe. Nangona luluvo oluzimeleyo (kodwa olunye kwabelwana ngalo ngabaninzi), ndicinga ukuba uArtemisia wayekwinqanaba laseCaravaggio, mhlawumbi u-A kuye ku-A + (ndikhetha yena UJudith Beheading Holofernes kuye, kuba ivakalelwa ngathi kukuphindezela ukuziphindezela, nto leyo elithetha ngayo eli bali leBhayibhile). Kwaye kuphela komculi owamgqogqayo yayinguRibera ophantsi kakhulu.
Ngelixa ibali lobomi likaCaravaggio lelinye lokubulala kunye ne-mayhem, uArtemisia ubumnyama ngokufanayo. Umama wakhe wasweleka eneminyaka elishumi elinambini, kwaye wayelixhoba lomona ngenxa yesakhono sakhe esimangalisayo, ehlala etyholwa ngokuncedwa ngutata okanye ngabantakwabo. Kodwa umzuzu ochazayo wobomi bakhe yayingu, yeha, eyoyikekayo. Umzobi obizwa ngokuba nguAgostino Tassi, oqeshwe nguyise ukuba amfundise, wamdlwengula, kunye nomnye umhlaseli, uCosimo Quorlis. Umhlobo kaArtemisia, umqeshi wosapho ogama linguTuzi, weva ukukhala kwakhe efuna uncedo, kodwa akabahoya.
Kodwa ibali lakhula ngakumbi. Ukuba uTassi, sele etshatile, wayezakutshata uArtemisia, ngoko ubuso bunokugcinwa (gcinani engqondweni ukuba le yayili-17thInkulungwane). Baqhubeka nobudlelwane babo bezesondo, iTassiing iArtemisia kunye nolindelo lomtshato. Utata wakhe, u-Orazio, wayeyazi le nto kodwa wagcina umama, ukugcina imbeko yosapho. Oko kukuthi, de kwacaca ukuba awuyi kubakho umtshato. Ngelo xesha u-Orazio wamangalela uTassi, kwaye ityala elatsala umdla omkhulu laliya kuthatha iinyanga ezisixhenxe.
Ityala lalingumboniso owoyikisayo, kokubini ngokoqobo nangokwamabali awavuselelayo ngaphezulu. UTassi, waphuma, wayenze izicwangciso zokubulala umfazi wakhe kwaye wayenabanye abathandi ngelixa eqhubeka noArtemisia. Kwisenzo esigwenxa ngokugqithisileyo, uArtemisia wangcungcuthekiswa ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bakhe- ingcinga yokuba wayeza kumelana nokungcungcutheka egameni lenyaniso, okanye avume ukuxoka ukuze abaleke. Ngenxa yemithetho yelo xesha, iiNtlanga zazingenatyala ngaphandle kokuba zingangqina ukuba uTassi wayethathe ubuntombi buka-Artemisia, nto leyo eyayifana nokonakalisa usapho lweeNtlanga ngezezimali, ngokunika intombi eyayinokuthwala ikhazi ingatshati.
Ityala liphele ngokunganelisiyo, ukutsho nje okuncinci. UTassi wagwetywa unyaka entolongweni, kodwa akazange asebenze usuku. Kodwa ibali likaArtemisia liphuculwe ukusuka kuloo ndawo emnyama ukuya phambili. Kwinyanga nje emva kwetyala, u-Orazio walungisa umtshato olungiselelwe intombi yakhe eyayiza kungqina ukuba inesiqhamo. Wathuthela eFlorence kunye nomyeni wakhe omtsha, uPierantonio Stiattesi, umzobi ongaziwayo, kodwa umntu oxhasayo. Babenentombi, kwaye umsebenzi ka-Artemisia watyatyamba, ngoku uphuma kwisithunzi saseRoma kunye nosapho. Ufumene iikhomishini ezivela kuMedici eFlorence noCharles I waseNgilani. Wathandana noGalileo, kwaye waba ngumfazi wokuqala owangeniswa kwiAccademia delle Arte del Disegno yaseFlorence, eyasekwa ngo-1563 ngokunyanzelwa ngumculi we-Renaissance, umakhi kunye nomlando-mlando uGiorgio Vasari.
Ukuba kungengenxa yeVasari, ngesele siphulukene nomkhondo wegcisa elincinci labasetyhini boKuvuselelwa. UVasari waziwa kakhulu ngokubhala iqela lebhayoloji yamagcisa, kunye nohlelo lowe-1550 nowe-1568, ekuthiwa Ubomi babona Bapeyinti baBalaseleyo, abaSikroli kunye nabaCwangcisi beZakhiwo . Oku kuthathwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala wembali yobugcisa, kunye neembono zakhe kubugcisa ubukhulu becala umbala ngendlela esijonga ngayo ubugcisa unanamhla. Nangona uVasari wayephila kwisizukulwana ngaphambi kukaArtemisia, kuyabulela kuye ukuba siyabazi amagcisa ababhinqileyo abathandekayo besiNene.
USofonisba Anguissola, kunye noodadewabo abathathu, uLucia, uMinerva, kunye no-Europa, babehlala eCremona. NgoSofonisba, uVasari ubhale wathi: Ndabona kwindlu kayise umzobo owenziwe ngesandla esikhulu ebonisa oodade bakhe abathathu bedlala umdlalo wechess, kunye nentombazana endala, benenkuthalo nengqwalaselo yokuba babonakala ngathi bayaphila kwaye abaphosi nto. kodwa amandla okuthetha. Uqhubeke wabhala ukuba ubonakalisile ukusebenza ngakumbi kunye nobabalo olungcono kunalo naliphi na ibhinqa elikwiminyaka yethu kwimizamo yakhe yokuzoba; ke akaphumelelanga ekuzobeni kuphela, ukufaka imibala kunye nokupeyinta kwindalo, ngokukopa ngokugqwesileyo kwabanye, kodwa nguye yedwa odale imizobo enqabileyo kwaye intle kakhulu. Ukunconywa kukaVasari wabazobi ababhinqileyo kuxhonywe ngenqanaba lokuziphatha gwenxa, ngokuqinisekileyo (uvakala ephantse wamangaliswa kukuba yena, njengowasetyhini, angazenzela eyakhe imizobo enqabileyo kwaye intle kakhulu). Kodwa wayeyazi italente yakhe.
Intsapho yaseAnguissola yayiziingcungcu zaseCremonese, ezinokuthi zibekho ngenxa yokuba babenexesha lokufunda ukupeyinta nokudlala ichess. Utata wabo, u-Amilcare Anguissola, wayengenguye umzobi, ngokungafaniyo neemeko zobugcisa bamaxesha amaninzi. Endaweni yokuba wayesisityebi, enothando notata owanika iintombi zakhe imfundo esemagqabini kwaye wakhuthaza ubuchule babo kwezobugcisa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokutshata kwabo-ubunewunewu obuvunyelwe bubutyebi babo kunye nobungangamsha. USofonisba wayeza kuya eRoma ayokudibana noMichelangelo, kwaye kamva waba ngumzobi wenkundla kuKumkani uPhilip II waseSpain. Wahlala ubomi obude, obutyebileyo, kubandakanya ukubamba umyeni wakhe wokuqala ukuba atshate nomphathi wolwandle, ahlala naye iminyaka engama-40. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-92 ubudala, wayehleli kumzobo ka-Antony Van Dyck omncinci ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eGenoa.
USofonisba ukhankanyiwe kwingxelo kaVasari yelinye ibhinqa eliligcisa, u-Properzia de 'Rossi wase-Bologna (mxolele uVasari ubugwenxa bakhe, ukuba uyafuna — yayililungelo lobufazi kuye ukuba afake amagcisa angabantu ababhinqileyo kwimbali yakhe): baneentloni ukubeka izandla zabo ezimhlophe ezimhlophe kwizinto ezenziwa ngoomatshini, naphakathi kokurhabaxa kwemarble kunye noburhabaxa bentsimbi ukulandela iminqweno yabo nokuzizisela udumo, njengoko wenzayo u-Properzia de 'Rossi, ibhinqa eliselula elinetalente kungekuphela nje kwimicimbi yekhaya, kodwa kwiindlela ezingenasiphelo zolwazi ezingumona wamadoda nabafazi.
U-Properzia wayenomdla othe tye, kodwa omangalisayo, wayenokukrola amanani amancinci kwimingxunya yeepesika. Omnye wemisebenzi entsonkothileyo kaProperzia wawuquka ukukrola iPassion kaKrestu iphela, eqingqwe ngowona mfanekiso mhle kakhulu, nenani elikhulu lamanani ukongeza kubapostile nakubaphathiswa bokubethelelwa emnqamlezweni. IProperzia's Passion Pit iya kwenza igama elihle kwiklabhu yasebusuku yomculi ongumfazi.
Kodwa kutheni, ngokuchanekileyo, babembalwa kangaka amagcisa ababhinqileyo ngaphambi kwama-20thkwinkulungwane? Kukho isizathu esicacileyo, kunye nesizathu esingaphantsi kwesizathu. Eyokuqala kukuba abantu basetyhini babandakanyeka kwinani eliqingqiweyo lobuchwephesha kude kube luVuselelo lwezoRhwebo, kwaye ngenene babe ngama-20thkwinkulungwane. Imisebenzi yezandla, njengokupeyinta kunye nokukrola, yayingumsebenzi wendoda phantse ngokukodwa, ngaphandle kwesizathu esivakalayo ngaphandle kwesiko. Abasetyhini boKuvuselelwa babedla ngokuba ngoonongendi, abafazi noomama, oonongogo, okanye babenezinye izikhundla (abongikazi, amantombazana, ukulinda amanina, ukuhlamba iimpahla, ukuthunga iimpahla, njl.
Esona sizathu singacacanga sinento yokwenza nenkqubo ye studio, ebisendaweni kwaye ixhaphake phakathi kwamagcisa kude kube luHlaziyo lwezoShishino, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ezingaphaya. Uninzi lwabaculi kwimbali yoqeqesho njengabafundi, bahlala beqala ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-8, behlala kwaye besebenza nenkosi. Ubudala be-16 okanye i-18, banikwe ithuba lokuhlala njengomncedisi ohlawulelweyo, okanye bazibetha ngokwabo, bazenzele eyabo studio. Ukuze umntu aqalise istudiyo sakhe, umntu onomdla omncinci kwakufuneka angenise umsebenzi wobugcisa kwisebe lendawo lomzobi, uhlobo lomanyano olwalulawula umgangatho kunye nobungakanani bamagcisa asebenza kwingingqi yabo (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiGuild of USanta uLuka, owayengumgcini wegcisa labapeyinti). Le yinkcazo efanelekileyo yobugcisa: umsebenzi omnye umgwebi agwetywayo kuwo, ukufumanisa ukuba bakulungele na ukuba babe yinkosi kwaye bavule istudiyo sabo.
Abafundi kunye nabancedisi, ukuhlala nokusebenza kunye iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, kunokuba nzima kwaye kungakulungeli ukusebenza ukuba imeko siyadibana, sithathela ingqalelo iincindi zamadlala zabantwana abaneminyaka eli-12-16 ubudala. Ngaphandle kokuba ibhinqa eliselula lalisisityebi ngokwaneleyo ukuba libe nomhlohli oqeshiweyo wobugcisa, okanye ngaphandle kokuba lalisapho lwegcisa elisebenzayo, lalingenakuba nethuba lokwenza ubugcisa. Kude kube li-19thIkhulu leminyaka, xa izixhobo zobugcisa zaqala ukuveliswa kwimveliso, ii-pigment, i-canvases kunye neepaneli zazibiza, zihlala zithintela, ngaphandle kokuba zithengiwe njengenxalenye yekhomishini ehlawulwayo. Yiyo loo nto kwakungekho siko lokwenza ubugcisa ngenjongo yolonwabo, ngenxa yeendleko ezichaphazelekayo. Ayothusi ke into yokuba kufanele ukuba kubekho amagcisa amabhinqa ambalwa ngaphambi kwexesha langoku, xa icandelo lezobugcisa, njengobuninzi bobugcisa, livulwa ngenqanaba elandayo lokulingana.
Izitudiyo zisekhona (cinga ngoDamien Hirst noJeff Koons namhlanje, amagcisa amabini athengisa kakhulu ezimbalini, abayila kwaye bajonge ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yabo yobugcisa, kodwa abayenzi ngokwabo, iqela labo labancedisi benza uninzi lwezandla Umsebenzi). Kodwa inkqubo yakudala yombutho yachithwa ngoQhushululu lweMizi-mveliso, kwaye ubugcisa abusatshixwanga kwisini esinye okanye kwenye.
Mhlawumbi kuyamangalisa, kodwa nje, ukuba uninzi lweembali zobugcisa ngabasetyhini. Nangona amagcisa amabhinqa ee-eras ezidlulileyo ayembalwa axabisekileyo, abafazi bakhokelela kufundo lobugcisa ngomgama omkhulu, ngoku, kwaye bebaninzi kunamadoda kwizindlu zeefandesi ezinkulu (nangona bezingasoloko ziphezulu phezulu). Ke mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo, siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nabasetyhini abazobi bexesha elidlulileyo.
Le yeyokugqibela kwi UbuGcisa boBukeleyo ' uthotho olutsha Iimfihlo kunye neMpawu Umbhali kunye nembali yezobugcisa uNowa Charney. Incwadi yakhe elandelayo imalunga noGiorgio Vasari kunye nefuthe lakhe, kwaye iya kupapashwa nguNorton ukuwa okulandelayo.
