I-JRR Imizobo eneenkcukacha zikaTolkien ityhila uMhlaba ophakathi ngokuchanekileyo kanye njengoko wayekucinga

Ke ucinga ukuba uyazi iJR.R. UTolkien (1892-1973). Ubonile iifilimu zeefilimu, kwaye ufunde iincwadi ezazingabantwana abathandekayo abamkelweyo kwiminyaka yobudala be-psychedelic yaseMelika. Usenokuba ububonile iipowusta ezihombise iindonga zeekholeji. Kodwa ngaba uyazi ukuba wayengumculi, naye? Kwaye ukuba uninzi lwale mizekeliso yantlandlolo yayisesandleni sakhe?

Ukutyelela eTolkien: UMenzi woMhlaba ophakathi kwiThala leeNcwadi laseMorgan kunye neMyuziyam ngoMeyi 12 udonsa kwi-Tolkien. Izinto kwifom yokubonisa luhlobo lomzobo obonakalisiweyo kwilizwe elimangalisayo aphuphileyo kwaye wabuyisela ebomini ngaphezu kwamagama.

Bhalisela iNcwadana yeendaba yoBugcisa

Umboniso owenziwe okokuqala ngqa ehlotyeni kwiBodleian Library yeYunivesithi yaseOxford, enelona lizwe likhulu liphethe amaxwebhu eTolkien kunye nemizobo. IBodleian ikwanogcino lweTolkien, uCatherine McIlwaine, owayeququzelela umboniso kwaye ungumbhali wekhathalogu yayo enkulu.

EMorgan, emva kokungena kwiigalari ezikumgangatho ongasentla nge-portal eqingqiweyo engaqhelekanga evusa indawo yokuhlala yaseBilbo Baggins, iindwendwe zilandela ubomi bukaTolkien kunye noncwadi eludongeni. Amava afuna uhlengahlengiso kuye nabani na odibene noTolkien ngokuhambisa imifanekiso. I-Tolkien: UMenzi woMhlaba ophakathi ayisiyi-Imax okanye iCinemaScope. Isitudiyo sika-HJ Whitlock & Sons Ltd., eBirmingham, I-JRR Tolkien , NgoJanuwari 1911. Ifoto emnyama nomhlophe.Amathala eencwadi eBodleian / iTolkien Trust

Kuyamangalisa indlela encinci ngayo yonke into kulo mboniso, kodwa yenziwe kakuhle, utshilo umgcini kaMorgan uJohn McQuillen, emi ngomzobo wendawo yesiNgesi, isifundo esiluhlaza esenziwe nguTolkien xa wayekwishumi elivisayo.

Abaphulaphuli bokuqala bakaTolkien kwimibono yakhe, ngaphandle kwakhe, yayilusapho lwakhe. Eludongeni kukho amakhadi eKrisimesi avela pha koo-1930, apho iTolkien ibonakalise imiboniso yeedemon ezincinci, iibhere ezimhlophe kunye noFather Christmas. Bajongeka ngathi ngumxube phakathi kweekhathuni kunye nemibhalo yesandla yamandulo. Iskripthi sibonakala sigungqi, uBawo weKrisimesi uyacacisa, kuba kuyabanda kwiNcam yePhondo. (Ngokwesiqhelo, ukubhala ngesandla kukaTolkien kwakungangqalanga, nokuba kuncinci.)

Uqala ukubona amasuntswana e-Hobbit engena ngaphakathi, utshilo uMcQuillen. Kufuphi uyilo lokuqala lwebhatyi yothuli eyatyalwa nguTolkien ngokwakhe ukupapashwa kwale ncwadi ngo-1937, umbono wolungelelwaniso ozolileyo neentaba ezigqunywe likhephu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eziphakama ngasemva komhlaba ongaphambili.

Komnye wemizobo kaTolkien ayithandayo IHobbit, kubizwe UBilbo uza kumaPhunga e-Raft-elves, Ngo-1937, ichibi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lakha izityalo ezazifunxa ukukhanya ngokungathi zazineglasi. Ezinye izigcawu zelo xesha zikhanya kwiorenji kunye nobomvu obomvu, ngokungathi iphalethi ivela kuMzantsi-ntshona waseMelika.

Yeyamhlanje kakhulu-Wayengoyiki ukuzama umbala kunye nezitayile. Kwakucacile ukuba akazange abambelele nakweyiphi na imizobo yamandulo, utshilo uMcQuillen. Bubuchule obungenakho nokugcina ulawulo.

UJohn Ronald Reuel Tolkien wazalelwa eMzantsi Afrika, wafika eNgilani xa wayeneminyaka emine. Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, uya kuthi aqhotyoshelwe kwiinduli eziluhlaza ngaphandle kweBirmingham, edweba ubume bomhlaba ukusukela ebuntwaneni, ekhetha imozulu yesiNgesi kwilanga elitshisayo kwindawo yakhe yokuzalwa. Ezi ndawo ziluhlaza ziluhlaza ziya kuba ngumhlaba ophakathi, imeko yeencwadi zakhe. I-JRR Tolkien, Uyilo lwebhatyi lothuli 'lweHobbit , ’1937. Ipensile, i-inki emnyama, i-watercolor kunye ne-gouache.Amathala eencwadi eBodleian / iTolkien Estate Limited 1937

Utata webhanki kaTolkien wasweleka eMzantsi Afrika kungekudala emva kokuba usapho luye eNgilane. Umama wakhe waguqukela kubuKatolika (kakhulu kukungoneliseki kwezihlobo) ngaphambi kokuba asweleke xa unyana wakhe wayeneminyaka eli-12, emshiya eyinkedama. UTolkien uya kuba ngumKatolika ozinikeleyo kubomi bakhe bonke.

Le nkwenkwana, eyayishiywe ingenamali eninzi phantsi kolawulo lomfundisi wamaKatolika, yaxhatshazwa esikolweni ngaphambi kokuba iye kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, apho uninzi lwabantu afunda nabo babulawa. Iifoto ukususela ngelo xesha zibonisa umntu oselula mdala kakhulu kuneminyaka yakhe. Emva kwemfazwe, wafunda iilwimi zakudala zesiNgesi nesiJamani kwaye wachitha ixesha lakhe lobomi efundisa ifilosofi eOxford. Phakathi kweempapasho zakhe zabaphengululi kukho uguqulelo olunenkcazo ye Beowulf .

Ezo ntsomi zamandulo ngokungathandabuzekiyo zithathe indawo yazo phakathi kweengcambu zamabali kaTolkien. Kukho izitayile kunye neepateni, izinto zomlinganiswa, izinto zembali. Amancinci ngaphakathi IHobbit zitsalwe ngqo kwiintsomi zeNordic. Inzala yasebukhosini kwi INkosi yeeRingi zihambelana neepateni kwimbali yamaxesha aphakathi, utshilo uMcQuillen.

Akukho lungelelwaniso lomntu omnye, uMcQuillen wagxininisa, nangona kunjalo. Kukho iipateni ezinkulu kuncwadi lwakudala awayesebenza kulo, kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu izinto ezikhutshiweyo Beowulf kwaye ndangena kwi INkosi yeeRingi . I-JRR Tolkien, Induli: IHobbiton-phesheya-kwaManzi , 1937. Watercolor, umbala omhlophe womzimba kunye ne-inki emnyama.Amathala eencwadi eBodleian / iTolkien Estate Limited 1937

AmaKatolika aseTolkien ngamanye amaxesha akhankanywa njengomthombo. Ubhala amabali, akabhali phantsi iinkolelo zakhe, utshilo uMcQuillen. Kukho izinto ezinokubiza ngokuba lukholo lwamaKatolika olungena kuzo INkosi yeeRingi kwaye IHobbit . Kodwa ngokungafaniyo no-C. S. Lewis 'Narnia umjikelo, iimpembelelo zonqulo azikho ngaphezulu.

U-CS Lewis wayephakathi kwabantu abawuthandayo umsebenzi kaTolkien. Abanye abafundi baqala kuW. Uphicotho-zincwadi kuJoni Mitchell, okhuphe uTolkien kwingoma yakhe, Ndicinga ukuba ndiyayiqonda. UMitchell wadala iGandalf Publishing Company kwiminyaka yoo-1960 ukukhupha iingoma zakhe.

Udumo lukaTolkien lwalusele lusekwe ngeminyaka yoo-1950, kwaye iincwadi zakhe zathengiswa kakuhle kwi-hard-back for years before they became a paperback industry. Nangona kunjalo imibhalo yakhe ebhaliweyo IHobbit kwaye INkosi yeeRingi- imvelaphi yamaphepha athile aboniswe eludongeni eMorgan-zathengiswa kwiYunivesithi yaseMarquette eMilwaukee ngo-1957 ngeepawundi ezili-1,500 kuphela. Yayiyunivesithi yamaKatolika kwaye bafumana imisebenzi ngababhali bamaKatolika, ucacisa uMcQuillen. UTolkien wayecinga ukuba uza kufumana lukhulu. UJ. R. R. Tolkien, Incoko noSmaug , 1937. I-inki emnyama nemibala, i-watercolor, umbala omhlophe womzimba kunye nepensile.Amathala eencwadi eBodleian / iTolkien Estate Limited 1937

Esinye isikolo samaKristu esafumana ipropathi kaTolkien - idesika yakhe yokubhala, apho kubhalwa khona iinxalenye ezinkulu zeencwadi zakhe ezaziwayo - yiKholeji yaseW Wheaton, eIllinois. Eliziko lathenga loo nto kumqokeleli wangasese ngo-1987, emva kokubhubha kukaTolkien, kwaye wayenombono osisigxina.

Okwangoku, ngokucacileyo kukho umnqweno omkhulu wokusondela kuTolkien, indoda, kunye nehlabathi awayelilo. Kodwa inye into yelifa lomdali elishiywe apha bubukho bayo obuqhubekayo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko ye pop. Ngelixa eminye imiboniso yombhalo kaMorgan, njengaleyo yakutshanje Iyaphila: UFrankenstein eneminyaka engama-200, walanda intsomi yabalinganiswa boncwadi - Isazinzulu kunye ne-monster ayenzileyo - Ngomdlalo weqonga, ifilimu, iimagazini zabalandeli kunye nokwenza izinto ezinje ngobomi, Tolkien: UMenzi woMhlaba oPhakathi ushiya konke oko.

[Lo mboniso] ujolise kuTolkien ngokwakhe kunye nenkqubo yakhe yoyilo eye yasizisela imisebenzi yodumo yoncwadi. Sasifuna ukugcina ingqwalasela kwizinto zokuqala zeTolkien, uMcQuillen wachaza. Njengomboniso wethu waseFrankenstein, uhlengahlengiso olulandelayo kunye neempembelelo zeTolkien inokuba ngomnye umboniso ngokwabo (kwaye inokuba lusuku olunye kwixa elizayo).

UTolkien ngokwakhe uthe kakhulu kwi IHobbit : Lishishini eliyingozi, Frodo, uphuma ngomnyango wakho. Unyathela kwindlela, kwaye ukuba awugcini iinyawo zakho, akukho kwazi apho unokukhutshelwa khona.