IMassachusetts yabulala abaphambukeli ababini base-Italiya kwiminyaka engama-90 eyadlulayo — Kutheni ibalulekile nje?

Kwiminyaka engama-90 eyadlulayo, nge-23 ka-Agasti, 1927, kwabulawa abaphambukeli ababini base-Itali.

Ukusweleka kukaNicola Sacco noBartolomeo Vanzetti kwintolongo yaseCharlestown eMassachusetts kwaphawula ukuphela komlo weminyaka esixhenxe wezomthetho kunye nezopolitiko ezazithimba abantu eMelika nakwihlabathi liphela.

Ngokwabaninzi ababephila kuyo, asikho esinye isiganeko ukusukela oko kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yamakhaya eyayineembono ezahlukileyo zaseMelika. Umbhali U-Edmund Wilson wakholwa ukuba ityhile lonke uhlobo lobomi baseMelika, nazo zonke iindidi, ubugcisa, kunye neembono, kwaye yaphakamisa yonke imibuzo esisiseko kwinkqubo yethu yezopolitiko neyentlalo. Ngokuphikisanayo, akukho msitho wumbi de yabakho iMfazwe yaseVietnam ekhuphe imvakalelo yokulwa iMelika kwinqanaba lehlabathi.

Ndabhala incwadi malunga nokuba kutheni ityala likaScoco neVanzetti lavela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elingaqondakaliyo ukuya kwisigculelo sikazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe. Ndibhekisa kuyo encwadini njengotshintsho ukusuka kwinto iye kumcimbi wokuthandana.

Inokusixelela ntoni ngezopolitiko zethu namhlanje?

Amabanjwa adumileyo kwihlabathi

Ekuqaleni, uScoco noVanzetti babengabaphambukeli abangaziwayo abangabaphambukeli kwityala lesenzo sokuphanga. I-Sacco yayingumsebenzi wefriji wezakhono kunye nendoda yentsapho enabantwana ababini abancinci. UVanzetti wayeyintlanzi enkulu. Kodwa abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni babatyhola ngokuba yinxalenye yemigulukudu eyathi ngo-Epreli 15, 1920 yadubula yabulala umphathi wefektri kunye nomlindi wakhe eBraintree, eMassachusetts, beba malunga ne-US $ 15,700. Omnye umlobi wentatheli wathumela ukumangalela ityala labo wabhalela umhleli wakhe, esebenzisa igama elihlazo lamaTaliyane, ukuba akukho bali… zimbalwa iiwops ekudibaneni.

Kodwa kungekudala, kwavela ukuba la madoda mabini yayingengombono kabani ngezihange eziqhelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, babekhuthele kwizangqa ze-anarchist zase-Italiya ezazikholelwa ukuba ubungxowankulu kunye namazwe ayacinezela kwaye kufuneka abhukuqwe ngohlaziyo-kwaye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, ubundlobongela. Ngelo xesha, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bahlala koloyiko lwee-anarchists kunye nezinye i-reds, njengoko i-radicals ephiko lasekhohlo yazo zonke iintlobo zazisaziwa, kwaye nxamnye nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe (ngakumbi ngokuchasene nama-Italiya) yayikwincopho yayo. Akumangalisi ukuba ityala labo lithathe inxaxheba kwezopolitiko.

Ubungqina ngokuchasene nabo ubukhulu becala yayiyimeko ethile, buxhomekeke kakhulu kwinto abasemagunyeni abayibiza ngokuba sisazela. Utshutshiso lwenza ukuba imeko yabo yezopolitiko ibe ngumcimbi, ngokungathi oko kuyabanceda ukuba babenetyala lokuphanga nokubulala. Kwaye, ngenxa yokuvulwa kwabo, abatyholwa babengenazintloni zokuchaza izimvo zabo enkundleni, ezingabancedanga kwijaji. Abantu abaninzi abeza ku-Sacco kunye no-Vanzetti bezokuzikhusela bathi ngamadoda amsulwa aloliwe hayi ngayo nayiphi na into ayenzileyo, kodwa ngenxa yabo nokuba bayakholelwa entwenini.

I-Sacco ne-Vanzetti baqhankqalaza ngokunyanisekileyo ukungabi namacala kwabo ukususela ekubanjweni kwabo de kube ngumzuzu ababethelwa ngawo. Ngokuthe ngcembe baqinisekisa inani elikhulu labantu. Njengokuba ityala labo laliqhubela phambili, bafumana ukuxhaswa kunye nenkxaso kubantu abaziwayo, iingcali zomthetho, izifundiswa, iinkokheli zopolitiko nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Abaxhasi babo baquka unjingalwazi wezomthetho uFelix Frankfurter, imbongi u-Edna St. Vincent Millay, igorha lemoto uHenry Ford, umbhali wase-Bhritane u-HG Wells nditsho nozwilakhe wase-Italiya u-Benito Mussolini.

Ijaji kwityala labo, uWebster Thayer, wayethetha phandle ngokuchasene nabo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayecele ekuqaleni ukuba abelwe ityala ukuze aqiniseke ukuba uScoco noVanzetti bafumana oko kufanelekileyo. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala, uThayer ngokuqhayisa wabuza ilungu leklabhu yakhe yentlalontle ukuba uyibonile into endiyenzileyo kwabo bachasayo benye imini?

Emva kokuba uThayer ebagwebele ukufa ngo-Epreli 1927- kodwa hayi ngaphambi kokuba esi sibini senze intetho evuselelayo enkundleni yamatyala sibhengeza ukuba abamsulwa-ityala lenza ingxaki yozakuzo e-United States. Iintloko zamazwe eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo zibhenele kuMongameli wase-US uCalvin Coolidge nase-Gov. eMassachusetts u-Alvan Fuller ukuzama ukuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu - ngelize. Oorhulumente baseArgentina, eFrance, eBritani, eBrazil nakwezinye iindawo banyanzelwa ukuba bajongane imiboniso enomsindo , uqhushululu olukhulu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabahambi baseMelika, iinkampani kunye noonozakuzaku.

Kutheni iSacco kunye neVanetti baba, njenge IRiphabhlikhi eNtsha ukubeka, awona mabanjwa mabini adumileyo ehlabathini? Ababonisi eLondon baqhankqalaza ukugwetywa kukaNicola Sacco noBartolomeo Vanzetti, ngo-1921.Wikimedia Commons

Ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yemeko yehlabathi kunye neyezopolitiko. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-United States yaba ligunya lehlabathi okokuqala ngqa. Kwangelo xesha, amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu ahlangabezana nobunzima kunye nokwehla, kwaye baba namatyala kwiibhanki zaseMelika kwaye Ukuxhomekeka kumandla aseMelika . Ngelo shumi leminyaka, iUnited States nayo yavala iingcango zayo kubaphambukeli abafuna kakhulu ukufuduka, ngakumbi abo basuka kwiindawo ezithwaxwa bubuhlwempu njenge-Yurophu eseMpuma neMpuma, kunye neMexico.

Kukho iingxoxo ezininzi kule minyaka idlulileyo ukuba ingaba uScoco kunye noVanzetti babenetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho na abo bohlwaywa ngalo. Ababhali abaninzi baphikise ngamandla omabini amacala. Kodwa le mpikiswano, engenakwenzeka ukusombulula amashumi eminyaka emva kwenyani, iphosa inqaku lokuba kutheni uScoco kunye noVanzetti befumene, emva kokubhubha kwabo, inqanaba elipheleleyo.

Njengoko ndicacisa kwincwadi yam, uScoco kunye noVanzetti babonwa njengempawu zaseMelika ezazinikele umva kubantu bamanye amazwe, zayishiya imigaqo yayo yezobulungisa, kwaye zasilela ukuthobela oko uThomas Jefferson, kwiSibhengezo senkululeko, akubiza intlonipho efanelekileyo kwizimvo zoluntu. Ityala labo belingenaziphene, ezopolitiko zinetyala elinobuzaza, ukubulawa kwabantu ngendlela eyoyikisayo, kangangokuba ibikukugwetywa kobulungisa kungakhathalelwanga ukuba netyala okanye umsulwa.

Ukusuka eSacco-Vanzetti ukuya kwixesha likaTrump

Iminyaka engamashumi alithoba emva kokubulawa kweScoco kunye neVanzetti, umcimbi usinika unxibelelwano oluninzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kubantu abaninzi ngo-1927 nasemva koko, la madoda mabini ayengamaxhoba oloyiko olunzulu lwabaphambukeli. Kwabanye, babengabaphuli-mthetho kunye nabanqolobi abaxhamlayo kwiphulo lehlabathi lonke elalikhokelwa ngabantu ababedelela iMelika kunye namaziko ayo.

Namhlanje, i-United States ibandakanyeka kumzabalazo okrakra phakathi kwezi mbono zimbini, kunye nemikhosi yokucinezelwa kwabantu ngoku ikwipolitiki, ngakumbi kwi-White House.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ukuba iMelika yanamhlanje iya kuba yintlalontle, ngokwenkcubeko nangokwenani labantu abangaziwayo kubantu baseMelika ngo-1927. I-United States luluntu olunenkcubeko eyahlukileyo nolwahlukileyo kule mihla kunokuba yayinjalo xa iSacco neVanzetti babephila. Kwaye kuya kuba njalo ngakumbi.

Kwangelo xesha, iziganeko zamva nje zenze ubomi eMelika boyika abokufika kunye nabambalwa. Imiba kuluntu lwaseMelika oluzise ukubulawa kweScoco kunye neVanzetti zange ihambe kwaphela. Kwimeko yangoku enobungozi kwezopolitiko, abo bakhathalele ukulingana nobulungisa kufuneka bahlale bephaphile.

UMoshik Temkin nguNjingalwazi onxulumene noMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu e KwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard . Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala ngo Incoko . Funda ifayile ye- Inqaku lokuqala .