U-Elizabeth Taylor, uGeorge Segal, uRichard Burton noSandy Dennis eMike Nichols ’ Ngubani owoyika uVirginia Woolf , imuvi eyitshintshe yonke.I-Keystone / i-Getty Izithombe Qaphela isilumkiso seholide! Ngomhla woku-1 kweyeNkanga kuphawulwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 kumzi mveliso wefilimu waseMelika esamkela inkqubo efanayo yokulinganiswa kweemovie. Ngelixa eli thuba kungenakulindeleka ukuba lifumane amanqaku kwi-PTO kuye nakubani na, alibonisi sizathu sigqibeleleyo sokujonga emva kwimbali yohlobo oluthandwayo lwaseMelika lokuthintela ukuthothisa.
Inkqubo ye- Abavelisi beMifanekiso yaBasasazi baseMelika yenziwa ngo-1922 ukuphelisa umdla kaRhulumente ekuqwalaseleni imboni yefilimu. Umzi mveliso webhanyabhanya ngequbuliso waba yi-jackpot, kunye noluntu olwalungena ukungena kwiimovie ukuze lubone nantoni na edlalayo. Umongameli we-MPPDA, ezopolitiko waseRiphabhlikhi uWilliam H. Hays, waqinisekisa abenzi bamabhayisikobho ukuba kungcono baziphendulise ngokwabo kunokuba bameme urhulumente ukuba abenzele, kwaye nezikhokelo awayezicwangcisela ii-studio zazinciphisa iimfuno zorhulumente zokucheba kunye Iifowuni ezithulisiweyo zenkqubo yomanyano. Ngo-1945, iMP.D.D.A. utshintshe igama layo waba nguMbutho weMifanekiso eMelika. Iinjongo zayo zahlala zinjalo, ngelixa ifuthe lazo lalichukumisa ngokusisiseko yonke ifilimu ekhutshwe kwiminyaka elandelayo.
Ngo-1968, iMPA.A. yayineminyaka emibini kuJack Valenti elawula. Wayekholelwa ukuba iindlela zika-Hays zamashumi eminyaka azisasetyenziswa kuluntu olutshintshayo lwaseMelika. Waziswa ukuba alawule kwifilimu emva kwefilimu eyayibonakala inobugcisa kwaye yenziwe kakuhle, kodwa igcwele izinto ezazibizwa ngokuba yi-Hays Code ezaziza kugweba. Ngubani owoyika uVirginia Woolf (Ngo-1966) yayingomnye umfanekiso onjalo. Ulwimi lwayo olunebala, i-innuendo kunye nabalinganiswa abangenakuhlawuleka banokubacaphukisa abaphulaphuli kwiminyaka ye-40 kunye neye-50. UValenti, nangona kunjalo, kuvunyelwe ukuqhubela phambili kwimidlalo yeqonga ngaphandle kokucebisa ukusika okanye ukuhlela. Ifilimu yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. UValenti wayeqinisekile ukuba iMPAA Ifuna ukuhlaziywa.
Rhuma kwiNcwadana yeendaba yoMbonisi
Ngomhla kaNovemba 1, 1968, wakhupha inkqubo yokuqala yokulinganisa esiyibonayo namhlanje. Ukulinganiswa kuyilelwe ikakhulu kubantwana engqondweni, ukunika abazali kunye nabagcini ulwazi oluyimfuneko lokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ifilimu ibalungele abantwana babo. Inkqubo ifumene uhlaziyo kwiminyaka elandelayo, kodwa ihlala ingatshintshanga.
Nazi iindlela ezimbalwa zenkqubo yokureyitha ye-MOPA enefuthe elihlala lihleli kumzi mveliso wefilimu.
Ukwabelana ngesondo, ewe. Ubundlobongela, ewe. Kodwa kunye kwi-movie efanayo? Hayi.
I-MPAA ibisoloko inexesha elinzima lokucacisa into eyamkelekileyo ukuboniswa ngokwesondo kunye nobundlobongela. Kodwa, xa izihloko ezibini zinqamleza, izigqibo zebhodi zinokubonakala zingaqhelekanga.
Abafana Abalili (1999) ngumzekelo ombi. Emva kokufikelela kwibhodi yokulinganisa, le vidiyo malunga nokubulawa ngokukhohlakeleyo kwendoda eguqukayo (edlalwe ekuphumeleleni kuka-Oscar nguHilary Swank) yanikwa i-NC-17. I-Fox Searchlight isoyikisile ngokutsala ukuhanjiswa ukuba ireyithingi ayithotyelwanga kwi-R, ngoko ke umlawuli uKimberly Peirce walandelisa. Ibhodi yayilungile ngogonyamelo. Bona, nangona kunjalo, bebengayithandi imeko yezokwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo phakathi kwe-Swank kunye ne-co-star uChloë Sevigny. Ibhodi yaziva ukuba i-orgasm kaSevigny ihambe ixesha elide kakhulu kwaye isimilo sikaSwank akufuneki sivele kwishishini labo kwaye sisule umlomo. Indawo yanqunyulwa, ifilimu yalinganiswa kwakhona yaza yasasazwa.
Ingqondo yaseMelika (2000) ngokufanayo kucatshulwe indawo yokulala ngesondo. Ngokukodwa, kwimeko phakathi kukaChristian Bale kaPatrick Bateman kunye namahenyukazi amabini. Uhlengahlengiso olumbalwa luphumelele i-R, kodwa ifilimu igcwele bubundlobongela obucacileyo ukuba iMPA ungaze uhlazeke. Abalinganiswa babulawa nge-ax, nge-chainsaw, ngo-decapitation, njl. Kodwa yindawo yesondo yodwa ukuba i-M.P.A.A. waziva kwi.
I-MPPA lelona thagethi liyithandayo.
Kwiphepha eliphambene nembonakalo ukusuka kumanqanaba angqwabalala: Ukuthanda kukaKristu (2004). Umnqweno wanikwa i-R-rating, endaweni ye-NC-17 ethintelayo, eyamkelwa ngokulula nguMel Gibson. Ifilimu ihlala ikhankanywa njengenye yezona zinogonyamelo ezenziweyo. Ibali lohambo lukaKristu oluya eGolgotha luchazwa ngokuqaqanjelwa, ukuqhekeka kwethambo, iinkcukacha ezichaphazela igazi. Ngenxa yalonto, uninzi lwentetho lwenkcubeko lwalucinga ukuba iMPA.A. uyityeshele imisebenzi yayo. URoger Ebert, omnye, wayekholelwa ukuba iMPA.A. wanikezela ngokungafanelekanga Umnqweno Ukupasa umxholo wayo wenkolo xa ezinye iifilimu ezinobundlobongela obufanayo, nangaphantsi bezigxekwa ngokuqatha.
IMPA.A. izigqibo zisebenza ngcono kuneqela le-PR liphela.
Akukho cinezela, ngoku ke eli lizwi lihamba, lishicileli elibi. Enye indlela abenzi befilimu abenza ngayo hayi-ngokufihlakeleyo baxelelwe ukuba bacinezele iiprojekthi zabo ezincinci ukuzama ukukhetha umlo neMPA.A. Ukuhlazeka owayesakuba ngumvelisi uHarvey Weinstein wayedume ngokugqibezela eli qhinga lokufumana ingqwalaselo kukhutshwa kwakhe okuncinci.
Kuba Intetho yeKumkani (2010), uWeinstein walwa nesigqibo seMPAA.ukunika ifilimu i-R yolwimi. Inkampani ye-Weinstein ekugqibeleni ikhuphe ingxelo ene-R, engacutwanga kunye ne-PG-13 ethe yaguqula ezinye zezithuko. Inguqulelo ethe cwaka yafumana imali engaphantsi kwesigidi esi- $ 3.5, ngelixa ushicilelo olungasetyenziswanga luzisa ngaphezulu kwe- $ 135 yezigidi. Eminye imifanekiso emininzi phantsi kwebhanti ka-Weinstein izuzile kuluntu olukhululekileyo.
Kukho yonke into elungileyo ekumeni kunyango, kunjalo. Ngelixa iireyithingi ze-MPAA.zineziphene zazo, inkqubo yeValenti ivumela iifilimu ukuba ziphonononge imixholo kunye nezihloko ezazingenakwenzeka phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-M.P.D.A. Kubonakala, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iMPA.A. isebenzisa amandla ayo ngokungalinganiyo xa ijongene nolona luvo lubalulekileyo.
Inkqubo itshintshe iimovie, kodwa imovie nayo iyitshintshile inkqubo.
Ikhowudi yeMveliso ephuhliswe nguHays yayenzelwe ukuba ibe ngqongqo. Kwakungekho mithetho ibhaliweyo, nganye, kodwa abenzi beefilimu baqonda ukuba kufuneka badlale ngemiyalelo ye-M.P.D.A.A okanye umngcipheko wokuba nomfanekiso wabo ugcinwe. Inkqubo yokulinganisa uValenti ephuculweyo yenziwe ukuba itshintshe, ikhule kunye namaxesha.
Umzekelo wokuqala woku kwenzeka ngo-1984 xa kwakhutshwa Iigremlins kwaye I-Indiana Jones kunye neTempile yeDoom . Zombini ezi bhanyabhanya zazinogonyamelo olukhulu kakhulu kumgangatho okhoyo we-PG, kodwa i-R ayibonakali ngathi ayilingani nayo. USteven Spielberg, umvelisi olawulayo kulowo wangaphambili kunye nomphathi wokugqibela, wabhenela buqu kwibhodi yokulinganisela ukulungelelanisa: Yenza inqanaba elitsha phakathi kwe-PG kunye neR. Yiloo nto yazalwa i-PG-13.
Lo mthamo wokukhula ubonakalisa olona loncedo lwenkqubo yokulinganisa ngaphezulu kweKhowudi yeMveliso ephunyezwe yiMPPA I-MPPA bafuna abenzi beefilimu ukuba babambelele kwizithambiso, ukuthobela okanye ukuhamba ecaleni. Abadali bathotyele ubuchule babo kwiimfuno zokujongwa. Ngebhodi yokulinganisa, i-censors, njengoko injalo, inokuziqhelanisa nothando olutshintshayo lwabenzi beefilimu kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Umsebenzi wabarhwebi utshintshela, ngokufanelekileyo, ubambe abadali baphendule ngomxholo wabo endaweni yokuyalela oko abaphulaphuli banokubona nabangakuboniyo.
