Imephu yangaphantsi kweSixeko saseNew York eyilwe nguTommi Moilanen. Umqondiso ongaphantsi komhlaba weSixeko saseNew York uthathwa ngokuba ngumqondiso. Iimpawu ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezineHelvetica ezibonisa nje ulwazi olukhwele abagibeli bakwaloliwe abahamba kwiindawo abaludingayo kwaye akukho nto iyenye. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka isenza umsebenzi wayo kakuhle. Ekuqaleni imiqondiso ibingumbhalo omnyama kwimvelaphi emhlophe endaweni yeskim sangoku sokubuyela umva esimhlophe esimnyama kodwa ayikho enye into etshintshileyo ukusukela ngoko.
Nangona kunjalo, imephu libali elahlukileyo lilonke. Imephu ye-1972 eyilwe nguMassimo Vignelli ithathwa njengeyiliweyo yoyilo kwaye inokufumaneka kwingqokelela ye MoMA nangona yathathelwa indawo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo ngokungabonakalisi kakhulu kubemi beSixeko saseNew York.
Imephu yangoku eyilelwe yikomiti ekhokelwa nguJohn Tauranac ngo-1978 ichaneke ngakumbi ngokwendawo kodwa ijongeka yahluke mpela kunophawu lwangaphantsi. Imigca yokuhamba yasimahla ikongeza ukungangqinelani kwimvakalelo yonke yemephu. Olu luvo luyonyuswa yinto yokuba icandelo elikhulu lamagama esitishi alingqinelananga ngokuthe tye. Imephu ibonisa amagama esitrato ambalwa kodwa ayonelanga ukuba isebenze njengemephu yesitalato efanelekileyo. Okubangela umdla ingxelo yokuqala yemephu ibonise amagama ezitalato amaninzi kunenguqulelo yangoku.
Imephu yangoku ikwadibanisa oololiwe abahamba kwindlela enye yomgaqo omnye ukuya kumgca omnye kwaye ichaza ukuba zeziphi oololiwe ezimisa kwizikhululo nganye ezantsi kwamagama esitishi. Kwelinye icala oku kuzisa ukucaca ngakumbi eManhattan enokuthi igcwale imigca enqamlezileyo kodwa kwelinye icala yenza kube nzima ukuqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba yeyiphi imigca ehambayo kwaye yeyiphi eyasekhaya.
Imephu yeveki (Vignelli) ngasekhohlo kunye nemephu esemthethweni (Tauranac) ngasekunene.
Imigca ebaleka kwindawo, emva koko ichaze kwaye emva koko ibe yindawo ekhethekileyo yesitrato saseNew York City ukuba akukho mephu yenza umsebenzi olungileyo obonisa ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokuba nokudideka ngakumbi kubakhenkethi. Imephu yedrafti eyilelwe nguVignelli, esetyenziswayo okwangoku ekuhlaziyweni komzimba kwiNkqubo yeVeki, yenza umsebenzi ongcono kunemephu esemthethweni malunga noku ngokubonisa lonke uloliwe njengomgca owahlukileyo. Kusenzima ukufumana ukuqonda ngokubanzi kwamacandelo acacisiweyo kuba yonke imigca ityaliwe ngobunzima obulinganayo.
Imephu entsha yendlela engaphantsi
Ukujonga kakuhle ufuna ukuyixhoma eludongeni kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa kuba yimephu yakho yendlela ehamba ngaphantsi.
Injongo yayikukudala imephu engaphantsi kwendlela entle ukujonga, ekulula ukuyisebenzisa kunye nesiko elenzelwe iSixeko saseNew York.
Omnye wale miceli mngeni kwi-NYC yayikukufumana indlela efanelekileyo yokwahlula phakathi koololiwe abachazayo nabalapha. Emva kokuhlala phantse unyaka kwisiXeko saseNew York ngaphambi kokuqala le projekthi yemephu andizange ndiqonde ukuba uloliwe uqhuba ngokusisiseko yonke iManhattan njengokucacisa. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukubona ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imephu esemthethweni ngaphandle kokulandela imigca ngokuzama ukuzama ukucacisa olo lwazi. Ukujonga nje ngokukhawuleza kwimephu kwakungonelanga.
Enye into eyahlukileyo kwiSixeko saseNew York ziidolophu ezintlanu (iManhattan, iBrooklyn, iQueens, iBronx kunye neStenen Island). Ziphantse zafana nezixeko ngaphakathi kwesixeko kwaye ukuhamba kwindlela yendlela engaphantsi komhlaba kwakhiwe macala onke. Awudingi ngokwenene ukwazi i-geography ngqo yendawo ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba esixekweni. Udinga nje ukwazi apho zikhona izithili ezahlukeneyo. Sayina ngentla kweqonga lendlela yangaphantsi.
Uloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu eBrooklyn okanye uloliwe waseQueens oboshwe kwindawo leyo yinto onokuyiva kwizibhengezo kwaye ubone ukuba zisetyenzisiwe kwizimpawu zesikhululo. Ngokubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ziphi na izithili kunye nokwahlula phakathi koololiwe abakhaliphileyo nabasekhaya imephu ilingana kakuhle nayo yonke inkqubo yokuhamba.
IMidtown Manhattan kunye neCentral Park.
Inye kuphela yezinto zejografi athi umntu otyeleleyo okanye ahlala kwisiXeko saseNew York anokubalwa ukuba azi malunga ne-100% ngokuqinisekileyo yiCentral Park kunye nendawo yayo embindini weManhattan. Uninzi lweedolophu ezinkulu zineepaki ezidumileyo kodwa ukumila okuxande ngokugqibeleleyo, indawo ebonakalayo kunye nokungabikho kwendawo eluhlaza esixekweni kwenza iCentral Park ibe ntle kakhulu. Ndifuna ukuba oku kuboniswe emephini. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwezinto ezinomdla kubakhenkethi zingaphantsi kweCentral Park. Luhlobo lwemisebenzi njengokuba ulapha ichaphaza ngaphandle kokuba lihlala kwindawo efanayo kwimephu.
Endaweni yokubonisa iinkcukacha ezininzi zejografi imephu ibalaselisa iindawo, iindawo eziphambili kunye neemyuziyam. Ezo ziluncedo ekuncedeni abantu abaninzi. Izitrato zichaze ngakumbi ukuba kwenzeka ukuba ubhekise phi nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye uninzi lwazo alunamsebenzi ixesha elininzi kodwa abantu banokubalwa bazi ezinye zeempawu eziphambili.
Inkqubo yegridi enenombolo esetyenziswe kwisiXeko saseNew York yenza ukuba kube lula ukuhamba ngezitalato ezingasentla komhlaba ngakumbi eManhattan kwaye kuba imizila engaphantsi komhlaba ihlala ilandela iigridi kusengqiqweni ukubandakanya izitalato ezikhulu ezihamba kwimizila engaphantsi komhlaba emephini. Zikwasetyenziswa kwinkqubo yemiqondiso eseleyo kumaqonga noololiwe, umzekelo 6 Av yaseKhaya okanye iBroadway yeNgingqi. Ixesha lokungena kwesitishi i-Times Square-42.
I-NYC Subway inenani elikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga leendawo zokudlulisa. Uninzi lwezitishi zokudlulisa ezinkulu ziyenzeka ukuba zihambelane nezinto ezinomtsalane ezinje ngeTimes Square okanye eGrand Central ke ukwenza ezi zikhululo zibalasele kunezinye izikhululo kwenza ukuba ukuhamba kwenkqubo kunye nokuzifumana emephini kube lula. Ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukuba bonke oololiwe beme kwisikhululo esithile kumqolo ongezantsi kwegama lesikhululo kanye le ndlela kanye oya kubabona ngayo kwiminyango yesikhululo. Ndiyaluthanda olu hlobo lonxibelelwano phakathi kwemephu kunye nehlabathi lokwenyani. Isikhululo seZiko leAtlantic Av-Barclays.
Ukuqaqambisa iindawo eziphambili zokudlulisa kuzisa nokucaca kwezinye iindlela ezinqamlezileyo ezinje ngendawo ejikeleze iZiko leBarclays eBrooklyn. Ukutshintsha kwenkonzo ngeyure.
Uphuculo olongezelelekileyo kwiimephu zangoku yindlela ecacileyo yokubonisa ulwandiso lweyure kunye nokutsiba-koololiwe. Abakhweli ngoku kufuneka bakwazi ukuqonda ezi ngokujonga nje kwimephu. Imephu ikwabonisa ukuba i-PATH iyema ngaphakathi kweManhattan ngokulingana nolunye ugcino lwangaphantsi kuba iyindlela ehamba ngakwindlela engaphantsi ehamba ngokukhawuleza ukusuka eNew Jersey ukuya eManhattan. I-PATH ikwamkela iKhadi leMetro njenge-AirTrain JFK ephathwa ngendlela efanayo kwimephu. Isikhululo sePATH eManhattan esezantsi.
Njengalo naluphi na uyilo, indlela ejongeka ngayo ibalulekile ngendlela esebenza ngayo. Imephu yaseVignelli isathandwa kakhulu kuba ijongeka intle. Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ikwanokuchaneka ngokwendawo leyo abantu abaninzi banokungayiboni kuba ukungachaneki kwemephu yentsusa kuhlala kubhekiswa kuyo.
Uyilo lwam lusebenzisa ii-angles ezingama-30, 60 kunye nama-90 engile ukubonisa imigca engaphantsi kwendlela endaweni yee-engile eziqhelekileyo ezingama-45 nezingama-90 zikwasetyenziswa yimephu yaseVignelli. Oku kuvumela ukuchaneka okungcono kwejografi ngelixa ujonge ukulungelelaniswa ngakumbi kunemigca yefom yasimahla yemephu yangoku. Nangona ifom yasimahla ngokwendalo ichanekile ngakumbi ngokwendawo. Isikrini seMaphu zikaGoogle ezivulwe ngocingo lokuhamba.
Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba akukho mephu yendlela engaphantsi komhlaba ye-NYC eya kuchaneka ngokupheleleyo ngokwasendaweni kuba iManhattan inemigca emininzi kwindawo encinci xa kuthelekiswa nesinye isixeko. Ukuchaneka ngokugqibeleleyo akufuneki kwimephu yendlela engaphantsi nto leyo ekugqibeleni malunga nokufumana indlela esuka kwesinye isikhululo ukuya kwesinye ngenethiwekhi.
Imephu yendlela engaphantsi / yemetro kufuneka ihlale ikhangeleka ngathi yeyedolophu ethile eyenzelwe yona kunye neso sixeko sodwa. Uyilo luhlala luchaziwe ngokuthe ngqo kwaye njengoko kubonisiwe apha ngasentla, isiXeko saseNew York, njengaso nasiphi na esinye isixeko salo nto, sinezinto zaso ezithile kunye neempawu ekufuneka ziboniswe kuyilo.
TL; DR
Olunye lweempawu zemephu entsha eshwankathelwe:
- Ibhalansi elungileyo phakathi kokusebenziseka kunye nokubonakala okuhle
- Ibhalansi elungileyo phakathi kokulula kunye nokuchaneka kwendawo
- Isebenza kakuhle nayo yonke inkqubo yemiqondiso
- Uloliwe ngamnye uboniswa njengomgca owahlukileyo
- Kukho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi koololiwe bendawo kunye nokubonisa
- Akukho miyalelo yongezelelweyo ifunekayo ukuze ufunde imaphu
- Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-NYC ziyahlonitshwa
UTommi Moilanen uyilo lwaseFinland olusebenza ekudibaneni koyilo lonxibelelwano, uyilo lweshishini kunye noyilo lwenkonzo. Ufundile uyilo lweshishini kunye nobuchule kwiYunivesithi yaseAalto naseRhode Island School Design. Ukuba ungathanda ukwazi xa iposta engama-24 x 30 yoyilo lwendlela engaphantsi komhlaba iya kufumaneka khona ukuze ubhalisele isilumkiso se-imeyile Apha .
