Ndacinga ukuba ndigqibile ngokubulawa kukaKennedy, ngokuqinisekileyo ngefilimu kaZapruder, umboniso weqonga lokubulala i-Shroud yaseTurin. Uyayazi ifilimu kaZapruder, awuyonto-yesibini-bhanyabhanya yasekhaya enxibe umenzi wezinxibo u-Abraham Zapruder wadubula ngekhamera yakhe ye-8-millimeter eDealey Plaza ngo-Novemba. 22, 1963. Umboniso bhanyabhanya ofikelela esiphelweni ngokudutyulwa ngokuothusayo kukaMongameli. Intloko kaJohn F. Kennedy ibethwa ngenkungu enegazi. Iikopi ezi-blurry nth-sizukulwana sefilimu ebesisebenza njengewotshi yexesha yohlalutyo lokubulawa komntu weKhomishini kaWarren-kunye nobungqina bokuba iyelenqe labaninzi abaphethe imipu kubagxeki beKhomishini yeWarren-sele ijikeleze phantse amashumi amathathu eminyaka ukusukela Ummeli weSithili saseNew Orleans uJim Garrison wabonisa ukutshutshiswa kwakhe kwe-JFK iyelenqe. Ihlalutywe yaphinde yahlaziywa ngophando olulandelayo kwaye yavela kwakhona kwakhona njengendawo yokuqukumbela indawo ye-Oliver Stone's JFK, eyaphinda yamisela ityala laseGarrison. Kodwa ayikaze ifumaneke ngokorhwebo yokujonga amakhaya ngabemi abaqhelekileyo. Kude kube ngoku.
Ndithe ndakuva ukuba usapho lakwaZapruder lwalukhulula ukuthengiswa kwiivenkile ezigcina ividiyo eyenziweyo ngokwamanani, eyonyuswe ngekhompyuter yefilimu yesibini-yesibini kwimizuzu engama-45 yemizuzu engama-45 malunga nokwenza ifilimu kunye nendima yayo kwimbali, Ndayigxotha ekuqaleni njengenkcubeko ngakumbi kunembali. Ngandlela thile kubonakala ngathi kufutshane emoyeni kuPamela Anderson-Tommy Lee oxhotyiswe ngamakhasethi ezesondo awenziwe ekhaya. Abantu abadumileyo abathandana nabantu, abadumileyo bayafa, kukho imarike ngoku kuwo nawuphi na umzuzu wokuqhushumba ebomini babantu abadumileyo, akunjalo?
Ngaba uyazi, ngendlela-ndicinga ukuba olu luphuhliso olumangalisayo, olungathethekiyo kunye nophawu lwenkcubeko- yokuba ividiyo yesondo kaPamela-Tommy Lee, ekuthiwa ibiwe kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kwigumbi labo lokulala kwaye emva koko ikhutshelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-Intanethi-ngoku ayifumaneki nje kwiiWebhsayithi zoononophala ezidumileyo, kodwa njengenkcazo ebonakalayo kwiimenyu zevidiyo ezisegumbini kwiihotele ezivelele njengeDrake ehloniphekileyo eChicago kunye neViking eNewport, RI? Oku kubonakala ngathi luphuhliso olutsha olungaqhelekanga kulwakhiwo lwee-celebs zoluntu olujonge kakhulu. Ungaziva njani ukuba iziphathamandla zakho ezifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni zinikezelwa ecaleni kweminibar kubathengisi abadiniweyo abahambahambayo?
Kodwa ndigoduka, nangona ndigxininisa ukuba bendiqala ukuyigxotha ifilimu iZapruder njengoluhlobo olufanayo lwesenzeko: imovie yasekhaya iba yimbali-yamanyala. Njenge-Pamela-Tommy tape, ihlala kwindawo enengxaki phakathi koxwebhu loluntu kunye noxinzelelo lwabucala. (Ndibize ndiphambane, kodwa bendihlala ndiziva ngathi ingqondo yomntu iqhushunjelwa kwimicimbi ethile yinto eyimfihlo.) Iindidi zezifundo zenkcubeko zinokufumana ukubaluleka kwinto yokuba zombini ezi ndaba zilungiselela ixesha lokuqhuma kwezicubu, enye ngobundlongondlongo. ngesondo, umntu onobundlobongela.
Ukupakishwa kwe-Zapruder videotape entsha akuzange kulinciphise ixhala lam kumbuzo wokufaneleka kwayo kurhwebo; Imida yayo iyaxhaphaza kwaye iyaxhaphaza. Ibhokisi yekhasethi isixelela ukuba le khasethi (endiyibhatalele i- $ 19.95 yeedola) ngokusemthethweni linomfanekiso woBulala: Ukujonga okutsha kwiZapruder Film. Kwaye emva koko iqhubeka ukubhengeza ukuba ibandakanya inguqulelo engazange yabonwa ngaphambili yokubulawa kukaKennedy! -Yinto encinci le. Inguqulelo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili icebisa ukuba izityhilelo ezothusayo ziya kufunyanwa- mhlawumbi amagqabantshintshi kaJ. Edgar Hoover enxibe kwilokhwe enengca. Kodwa enyanisweni into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yinto nje yomtya wefilimu apho imingxunya ye-sprocket iye yahlatywa khona, ifilimu phakathi kwemingxunya ye-sprocket ngaphambili eyanqunyulwayo kulungiselelwa ukubonwa njengoko injalo kuyo yonke intengiso eqhubayo yorhwebo- Umboniso bhanyabhanya okhutshiweyo.
Ndikhe ndajonga into engazange yabonwa ngaphambili, phakathi kwe-the-sprockets kwaye nangona umntu eqinisekile ukuza ngaphambili echonga iC.I.A. U-master spy uJames Angleton okanye u-Alger Hiss phakathi kweendlela ezihamba ngeenyawo umgaqo we-sprocket obanjiweyo, kubonakala ngathi xa uqala nje ukuba msulwa-akukho nto inokuthi ngokwayo ibe yinguqulelo entsha yokubulawa.
Kwaye kukho isiphoso kwibhokisi yekhasethi evela kwindoda egama linguRichard Trask, echongwe njengoMbhali, Imifanekiso yePain-isihloko esothusayo ukuba bekukho enye. Umnumzana Trask usixelela ukuba Zapruder umboniso ngowona mfanekiso wesindululo odumileyo owakhe wadutyulwa embalini.
Ndizifumene ndicinga, Gone With the Wind, Ngokuphandle, sithandwa sam, andiziniki tyala? Ndicinga, Yidlale kwakhona, Sam. Ukuhanjiswa komntwana kumanyathelo e-Odessa kwi-Battleship Potemkin? Yijike ilandelele ukuya kwi-11 ngokulandelelana kule i-Spinal Tap? IHindenberg inyuka idangatye? UHitler udanisa i-jig emva kokwamkela ukunikezelwa kweFrance kwihlathi laseCompiègne? Mhlawumbi unyanisile, ubuncinci iyaphikiswa into yokuba le yeyona idumileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo lelona qhezu liphindaphindayo elibalulekileyo lefilimu kwimbali.
Enye into, ibibaluleke kakhulu ngokubaluleka kwangaphambi kokuhamba noMoya okanye nayiphi na into eyintsomi yefilimu. Ngokuqinisekileyo inentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwinkcubeko. Ungatsho ukuba phantse inesandla esinye esinoxanduva lokudala iyelenqe lenkcubeko, elaqala ngokungathandabuzi malunga nomntu owayephethe umpu, inqaku lembumbulu elinye eliqhubele phambili yiKhomishini yeWarren kwaye lasasazeka njengebala lokunciphisa ukuzithemba kuwo onke amabali asemthethweni. malunga neentlekele zoluntu ukusweleka kukaDiana ukuya kuVince Foster kunye ne-TWA Indiza 800.
Ingenza njani into yokuba isiqwengana sefilimu esinemizuzwana engama-26 senze loo nto? Kungenxa yokuba xa uyibukele, xa ubukele intloko ebaluleke kakhulu edutyulwe kwisakhelo 313, xa ubona imbumbulu iqhuma umngxunya kukhakhayi lweJFK, ugoba intloko yakhe umva, ubangela ilifu leethambo lobuchopho elinamagazi ukuba lenze emoyeni, yona Akunakwenzeka ukuba iliso elingafundwanga lingakholelwa ukuba umpu uvela ngaphambili. Intloko yeJFK ikhangeleka ngathi iyabethwa ngasemva ngamandla ebhulethi: Ubonakala ubona umphambili wentloko yakhe uqhuma kwimpembelelo.
Kodwa ibali elisemthethweni, ibali leKhomishini yaseWarren, ibali emva koko lamkelwa nakwimeko yokuphononongwa ngokutsha kwetyala yiKomiti eKhethiweyo yeNdlu yokuBulala ngo-1978, yayikukuba izithonga ezabetha uMongameli zazisemva, apho uLee Harvey Oswald yayihleli. Ukujonga ze ze Zapruder film, nangona kunjalo, icebisa ukuba ukhona omnye umntu odubula-ngaphambili.
Ewe, bekukho iinkcazo zesayensi ezintsonkothileyo zokuba kutheni into ebonakala ngathi yintloko edubulekileyo ngaphambili yayiyintloko edutyulwe ngasemva. IKomiti eKhetha iNdlu, ethe ngomzuzu wokugqibela yaqinisekisa iyelenqe (elisekwe kwirekhodi lokuphikiswa kwe-Dictabelt yerekhodi yamapolisa yesibhamu esivela kwindawo yesibini), nangona kunjalo yabonisa ubungqina besidumbu kunye nobungqina bokubonisa ukoneliseka ukuba ukubonakala kuyabetha umva wentloko kwifilimu yeZapruder yaba sisiphumo sempendulo ye-neuromuscular spasmodic reaction. Emva kwexesha, uhlalutyo olwenziwe ngekhompyuter lwentshukumo kwifilimu kubonakala ngathi bubungqina bokuba bekukho intshukumo yokuqala yentloko xa uphendula umpu ngasemva kodwa oko kwalandelwa kukuchasana nogonyamelo oluqhelekileyo kunyango lwasenkundleni. iingcali-apho inkqubo eyenzakeleyo ye-neuromuscular jerky yaphosa intloko emva.
Okwangoku, kwabanye, ezi ngcaciso bezingonelanga ukubenza bangakholelwa oko amehlo abo abonakala ngathi abonisa kubo. Ukubukela umboniso bhanya-bhanya weZapruder, emva koko uxelelwe ngoososayensi ukuba into ebonakala ngathi yimbumbulu ehlaba intloko ngasemva yimpu ngasemva, kufuneka ibekwe kwindawo yomfazi obamba indoda yakhe ebhedini nomnye umfazi; uyaphika ukuba uyakhohlisa kwaye ufuna ukuba ngubani, ukholelwa kum, mna okanye amehlo akho oxokayo?
Nokuba umbono onamandla uchanekile okanye hayi, umtya wefilimu ushiye umbono ongenakucimeka kulwazi oluhlangeneyo lwabantu baseMelika, kwaye waba ngumthombo weemvakalelo wokuqonda iyelenqe. Kodwa oku kwahlukile ngandlela ithile ekubizeni ifilimu yeZapruder, njengoko ibhokisi yekhasethi isenza, Into Yomqokeleli Wabo Bonke Abantu baseMelika! Andazi, ngandlela thile ndiva kuloo nto yokuqhayisa intetho yentengiso yesikhumbuzo kaFranklin Mint. Ngapha koko, ukuba iyaqokelelwa ngabo bonke abantu baseMelika, kutheni ingesosikhumbuzo isitya seFranklin Mint esineenkcukacha ezinombhalo ozotywe ngesandla Isakhelo 313, I-Head Shot: Ipeyintwe ngesandla ngabaculi abanobuchule be-porcelain baseSlovakia, olu thando lucacisiweyo luthando umpu okhupha iingqondo zikaMongameli wethu othandekayo uziswa kuwe kuhlelo olunqunyelweyo olusayinwe lwaza lwabalwa ligcisa. Akukho ngaphezulu kwe-85,000 eya kuveliswa, emva koko iipleyiti zentsusa ziya kutshabalaliswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso layo njengesiqokelelweyo liya kunyuka kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Lo ngumsebenzi owahlukileyo wobugcisa uFranklin Mint ukholelwa ukuba usapho lwakho luya kulithanda ngonaphakade ixabiso lalo lemfundo kunye nobugcisa.
Kulungile, bendingenaxhala ngaphambi kokuba ndide ndiyidlale iteyiphu. Kwaye kufuneka ndivume ukungathandabuzeki kwam akuzange kuthathwe ngokungathandeki kwe-tin-eared bad taste of the voice-over narrative's line line, which defined the Zapruder film as capturing a seminal moment in American history. Nceda, iseminal iphosakele apha, okanye ubuncinci ngexesha elibi xa isinxibo sikaMonica Lewinsky sisizisele umzuzu ongowona weseminal kwimbali kaMongameli waseMelika. U-Pam Anderson kunye noTommy Lee-ngumzuzu weseminal, igazi kunye nengqondo ephuma kwisikhakhayi sikaJFK-masingayibizi loo seminal, OK?
Nangona kunjalo, emva kwale gaffe yokuvula, uMfanekiso woBulala waqala ukundiphumelela ngesitshixo sayo esisezantsi, esingathandekiyo, esinzulu. Kungangaphezulu kakhulu ukuyibiza ngokuba sisifundiswa, kodwa yenza into ehlaziyayo kummandla-JFK. Ukuqikelela ukubulala-apho iziqwengana zobungqina zinikwe isiseko esomeleleyo enyanisweni. Ibeka ngocoselelo imvelaphi, isinika imbali yale filimu yenza imbali, iyilandele isuka ezandleni zika-Abraham Zapruder elugcinweni lweNkonzo yaMfihlo, kwindawo yokulungisa imiboniso bhanya-bhanya eyikhupheleyo yayiphuhlisa, kwizakhiwo ze AbakwaTime-Life Inc., abathengile amalungelo kuyo, kwiKhomishini yaseWarren, eyayihlolisisa yaza yaxhomekeka kuyo, kwigumbi lenkundla likaJim Garrison, owalichitha wasasaza iikopi zeebhuotileg, kwithiyori yelenqe lokubulala eyayijikelezisayo kwaye ( Ubusuku obuhle baseMelika, obanjwe nguGeraldo Rivera) kuqala ukusasaza kubaphulaphuli bakamabonwakude belizwe. Kwaye okokugqibela kwindawo yayo yokuphumla kubushushu- kunye nokugcinwa kokulawulwa kokufuma kuVimba weSizwe, apho i-digitally remastered, i-computer-enhanced version yenziwa kule khasethi.
Njengokuba iteyiphu yalanda umkhondo wefilimu kaZapruder kulwazi lwethu lwesizwe, ndazama ukubuyisela umkhondo wefilimu kwindlela yam yokucinga ngokubulawa. Kubonakala ngathi ndiyakhumbula ukuba emva phaya kwiminyaka yoo-70 xa umboniso bhanya-bhanya weZapruder waboniswa okokuqala esidlangalaleni, ndandithanda ukuwutyeshela okanye ndiwuthathe njengongabalulekanga kuba ngeloxesha ndandisele ndiqinisekile ukuba bekufanele ukuba kukho iyelenqe kwaye ke ubungqina obuchaziweyo bokuba umdubuli wesibini Ifilimu ayinakongeza kakhulu kwinto endiziva ukuba sendisele ndiyazi.
Kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-80, emva kokuba iKomidi eliKhethiweyo leNdlu ekubulaweni ngokungenakuphikiswa liyiphikisile imbonakalo yomfanekiso ophume phambili owawunikelwa ngumboniso bhanya-bhanya weZapruder, emva kokudana nokunyaba nokugqwethwa kweengcali zelenqe zandikhokelela ekubeni ndiphinde ndicinge ngalo mbuzo, mna Ndikholelwa ukuba imfihlelo yokwenyani yayingekokuba u-Oswald wayenza kodwa kutheni wayenza, kwaye wayethunywe kubani: Ukuba wayengenabo abatoli ngala mini e-Dealey Plaza, ngaba wayedibanisile kwilizwe langaphantsi awayehlala kulo, okanye ziidemon zakhe zangaphakathi kuphela ezimqhubayo? Eyenye kwakhona, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, eyenza ukuba ifilimu yeZapruder ingabalulekanga kwinto endicinga ukuba yeyona ngxaki, imfihlakalo yenkuthazo yangaphakathi ka-Oswald.
Kwaye ke ndade ndawubona uMfanekiso weTape yokubulala ukuba ndayijonga nyani, ndayivavanya ngokusondeleyo okokuqala. Kwaye wafumanisa enye indlela yokujonga ukuba abakubonisi kwiteyiphu.
Ayikuko ukuba abakubonisi ezinye iindlela ezizezabo ngokwabo. Kuqala bakubonisa eyantlandlolo, emva koko eyentsusa yokuhamba kancinci. Emva koko bakubonisa i-original kunye nezinto eziphakathi kwe-sprockets ezongeziweyo, emva koko bakubonise ukuba kuhamba kancinci. Emva koko bakunika ingxelo yohambo olucothayo egcina uMongameli uKennedy nentloko yakhe embindini wesakhelo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni bakunika inguqu esondeleyo yentloko kaKennedy yokuhlela kwakhona kwisantya esicothayo ukuze ufumane ubuninzi kugxilwe kubuso bakho, ugqogqo lokuhamba kancinci entlokweni eqhumayo.
Zonke ezi zinto zibuhlungu kakhulu ukubukela, ziphazamisa inani lamanqanaba. Ngelixa ngokwengqondo ndinokuqiniseka ngobungqina benzululwazi bokuba into ebonakala ngathi yimpu evela ngaphambili iyinyani evela ngasemva, amehlo am alala asakufumana kunzima ukwamkela. Andazi ukuba singaze siyazi yonke inyani malunga nokubulawa kukaKennedy, ndicinga ukuba uJack Ruby usikhohlisile kuloo nto, nangona u-Oswald ebephila ndiyazibuza ukuba ngewayesixelele ukuba yeyiphi iidemon zangaphakathi kwaye iimpembelelo zangaphandle zamzisa ukuba ayenze.
Kodwa ndiyazi ukuba ndifumene indlela ebhetele yokujonga ifilimu yeZapruder, engcono kunezinye iinguqulelo ezintandathu kumfanekiso weTape Assassination. Indlela ebhetele ibuyela umva. Yigijime umva. Ngasemva, imbumbulu engabonakaliyo isondeza emva kumpu wombulali. Ukubuyela umva uye ubone ilifu legazi kunye nokuxinana kwengqondo kwaye unyamalale ubuyele kwintloko kaJFK. Emva umva ubona uJackie Kennedy erhubuluza ebuya esiqwini se-limousine apho wayedla ngokufumana khona isiqwenga segazi sendoda yakhe. Ngasemva uyababona bobabini bevela ngasemva ngophawu lwesitalato i-Dealey Plaza (oluthintele umbono wethu ngokudubula okokuqala) kwenye indawo eyonwabileyo ngexesha. Emva phaya uyababona bencuma kwaye bewangawangisa isihlwele, bewangawangisa kuthi kula maxesha aphelileyo alahlekileyo. Ndijonge itape Zapruder macala omabini ngoku, kwaye ndikholelwe, ukubuyela umva kungcono.
