Ithiyori ye-Astrophysicist uKip Thorne esebenza noJessica Chastain kwiseti ye-Interstellar(Ityala: Kip Kipor ngeMagazini enentambo)
Kwinkulungwane ukusukela oko u-Albert Einstein wapapasha okokuqala ingcamango yakhe ngokubanzi yolwalamano, iingqondo eziphezulu zehlabathi ziye zafuna ukufumanisa ukuba iingqikelelo ezivela kwingcinga yakhe ziyinyani. Enye yezi ngqondo, u-Kip Thorne, uchithe ikhondo lakhe lokuphanda ibango lika-Einstein lokuba amaza omxhuzulane akhona kwaye athathwa njengengcali ekhokelayo kwilizwe. I-Thorne ngoku ikwi-cusp yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zenzululwazi kwimbali yoluntu yanamhlanje ukufunyanwa kwala maza .
Njengoprofesa we-physics ye-physics kwi-California Institute of Technology, u-Thorne wapapasha iincwadi ezininzi kunye namaphepha kwi-theory. Ngo-1984, uThorne waseka iprojekthi yeLIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory) esebenzisa ii-lasers ukulinganisa ubugwenxa obuncinci belaphu lesithuba sithuba-iziphoso ezinokubangelwa ngamaza omxhuzulane.
Ngo-1994, wabhala ibhaso eliphumeleleyo Imingxunya emnyama kunye neeWarps zexesha: Ilifa likaEinstein eliDlakadlaka, Incwadi edibanisa abaphulaphuli abaqhelekileyo kwicandelo lakhe elinzima lokufunda. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, u-Thorne waba ngumcebisi kwezenzululwazi I-interstellar kwaye wabonelela ngezibalo ezifunekayo ukubonelela ngokuchanekileyo imbonakalo enkulu yefilimu. Kwakhona wapapasha Inzululwazi ye-Interstellar phambili nguChristopher Nolan.
Nge-14 kaSeptemba ka-2015, oososayensi abasebenza kwiindawo ezingamawele zeLIGO eLivingston, eLouisiana naseHanford, eWashington bafunga ngesifihlo emva kokuba idatha yokuqala ibonakalisile ukufunyanwa komnyhadala wobundlobongela owenzeka kudala. Emva kweenyanga zokujonga nokuphinda kutshekishwe idatha, kunye neendaba eziqala ukuvuza kuluntu, abaphandi kwiilabhoratri zeCalTech kunye neMIT ezisebenza ngeLIGO babhengeze ukubonwa okungaqhelekanga kwamaza omxhuzulane. Njengefestile entsha kwindalo iphela, amaza abonakalise ukudityaniswa kwemingxunya emibini emnyama phantse kwiminyaka eli-1.3 yezigidi eyadlulayo.
UMqwalaseli wahlala phantsi kunye noKip Thorne ngaphambi kwakhe intsebenziswano yemultimedia kunye nenkosi yeVFX uPaul Franklin kunye nomqambi ophumelele u-Oscar uHans Zimmer ku Icala elijijekileyo leNdalo , ukuxoxa ngo-Einstein, amaza omxhuzulane nomsebenzi wakhe I-interstellar .
Ithini ingcamango ka-Einstein yolwalamano ngokubanzi?
Sisakhelo sayo yonke imithetho ye-physics ngaphandle kwemithetho ye-quantum. Abantu bahlala bethetha kakuhle, yingcamango yakhe yomxhuzulane kodwa ingaphaya koko. Uyakhile lethiyori ukuze achaze ubunzima kodwa enyanisweni ithiyori yenza okungaphezulu kunoko. Ikuxelela ukuba yonke eminye imithetho yendalo ilunge kangakanani emajukujukwini nasendaweni.
Yeyona ndlela ichanekileyo siyaziyo ukuyichaza indalo kwinto esinokuyibiza ngokuba yi-classical domain eyiyo yonke into ngaphandle kwaxa wehla uye kweyona incinci kakhulu- izinto ezinjengee-atom nee-molecule.
Ithiyori ka-Einstein inxibelelana njani Amaza omxhuzulane ?
U-Einstein waqulunqa ithiyori yakhe ngokubanzi yolwalamano kumzamo omkhulu oqala ngo-1905 ukuya ku-1915 kwaye wayigqiba ithiyori ngo-Novemba ka-1915- ngaphezulu nje kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo. Waqala ke ukusebenzisa ithiyori okanye le mithetho ayiphuhlisileyo- ukwenza uqikelelo. Esinye sezona zibikezelo zibaluleke kakhulu kunye noqikelelo lokugqibela alwenzileyo, yayikukuba amaza omxhuzulane kufuneka abekhona. Uqikelele ukuba ngoJuni ka-1916 ke ngoku sithetha nje iinyanga ezimbini ukusuka kwishumi leminyaka kuqikelelo lomxhuzulane.
Wajonga uqikelelo, wajonga itekhnoloji yelo xesha, kwaye wajonga izinto ezinokuvelisa amandla omxhuzulane kwindalo iphela kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba kwakungekho themba lokuba siyakuze sikubone. Ngekhe nje sibe netekhnoloji eyaneleyo echanekileyo.
Wayengalunganga. Sababona okokuqala ngo-Septemba ophelileyo.
Kumgca wexesha osuka kuqikelelo luka-Einstein ekufumaniseni kutshanje amaza omxhuzulane, yeyiphi inguquko eyakhokelela kwimpumelelo?
Ewe bekukho iindawo ezimbalwa zokujika. Ezona ndawo zimbini zibalulekileyo zokujika zivela kubantu ababini. UJoseph Weber, malunga ne-1960, wayila indlela ekhangeleka ngathi inokubona amaza omxhuzulane kwaye wenza iinzame zokuwafumana. Wayengumntu wokuqala ukubuza ubuzwilakhe buka-Einstein bokuba asinakuba nayo itekhnoloji yokuyenza. U-Weber akazange abone amaza womxhuzulane. Wayecinga ukuba wenze okwexeshana kodwa eneneni akazange ababone. Amaza abuthathaka kunokuba wayenethemba kodwa waqhekeza i-logjam yabantu becinga ukuba ngekhe uyenze kwaye wakhuthaza nabanye. Ndibandakanya mna.
Indawo yesibini yokutshintsha yayiyilwe ngu URay Weiss kwi-MIT kodwa ngembewu yolu luvo iza ngaphambili ivela Mikhail Gertsenshtein kwaye Vladislav Pustovoit eMoscow, Russia. URay Weiss wasungula obu buchule ngoku sibusebenzisayo kwaye babuhlukile kubuchule bukaWeber. Siyibiza ngokuba yi-interferometer gravitational wave detection kwaye isekwe kumaza omxhuzulane otyhala izipili ngapha nangapha. Ulinganisa uninzi lwezibuko ngeentsika ze-laser.
U-Weiss wayila le nto emva koko wahlalutya yonke imithombo ephambili yengxolo ekufuneka ujongane nayo kwaye wachaza indlela yokujongana nayo. Ngo-1972, wanikezela ngeplani yendlela eya phambili ngolu hlobo loyilo. Yayiyiplani eyahlengahlengiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kodwa hayi kakhulu. Ngokwenene yayiyilo elalimi kuvavanyo lwexesha kumashumi eminyaka njengesikhokelo sendlela yokwenza oku. Lelona xesha lokutshintsha okukhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu kuba uRay ungumfana othobekileyo kwaye wayenombono wokuba akufuneki apapashe oku kuncwadi oluqhelekileyo ade afumane amaza omxhuzulane. Ke wabhala eli phepha endicinga ukuba lelona phepha lobugcisa linamandla endakha ndalifunda. Uyibhalile wayipapasha kuthotho lwengxelo lwe-MIT lwangaphakathi. Yayifumaneka lula kubantu abafana nam abanomdla kwesi sifundo. Kwakufuneka uye kuyikhangela kuba yayingafumaneki kuncwadi oluqhelekileyo.
Yintoni elandelayo kule ntsimi ngoku ukuba amaza omxhuzulane afunyenwe?
Ewe oku sisiqalo nje. Xa uGalileo waqala ukuqeqesha iteleskopu yakhe yokukhanya esibhakabhakeni kwaye wavula i-astronomy ye-optical yanamhlanje, yayiyeyokuqala yeefestile zombane kwindalo iphela: ukukhanya. Sisebenzisa ibinzana elithi 'iwindow' kuthetha ubuchwepheshe obuthile esibusebenzisayo ukujonga imitha ngemitha ethile yengingqi. Kwiminyaka ye-1940, i-radio astronomy yazalwa-ijonge amaza erediyo endaweni yokukhanya. Ngo-1960, i-X-ray astronomy yazalwa. Kwiminyaka ye-1970, i-gamma-ray astronomy yazalwa. I-infrared astronomy nayo yazalwa ngeminyaka yoo-1960.
Kungekudala sasineefestile ezahlukeneyo ezahlukileyo ezazijonga onke amaza ombane kodwa eneewhevels ezahlukeneyo. Indalo iphela ijongeka yahluke kakhulu ngeteleskopu yerediyo kunye ne-x-ray telescope kunakwisibane. Into efanayo iyenzeka ngamaza omxhuzulane womhlaba.
Ngaba amaza omxhuzulane aza kusetyenziswa ukuphonononga indalo iphela?
Yiloo nto esiyenzayo ngoku. Senza ngoku kwi-LIGO. Sibhengeze ukufunyanwa kwemingxunya emibini emnyama engqubanayo. Kuya kubakho okuninzi kwaye siza kubona ezinye iintlobo ezininzi zesenzeko kodwa sibabona kuphela ngamaza omxhuzulane anexesha elithile lokususwa. Ithuba lee-millisecond ezimbalwa. Siza kuthi, kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo, sibone amaza womxhuzulane anamaxesha eeyure. 
Ilabhoratri ye-LIGO eLivingston, eLouisiana (ekhohlo) yayisetyenziselwa ukukhangela amaza omxhuzulane aphuma kungqubano lwemingxunya emibini emnyama (eboniswe ngasekunene).Imivuzo: LIGO
Kunye nemitshini efana neLIGO ebhabha emajukujukwini, mhlawumbi kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, siza kubona amaza omxhuzulane athabatha iminyaka esebenzisa ubuchule obuvela kwi-radio astronomy ebandakanya ukulandelwa kwento esiyibiza ngokuba yiPulsars.
Siza kubona mhlawumbi kwisithuba seminyaka emi-5 ezayo-ngokuqinisekileyo iminyaka eli-10 ezayo, amaza omxhuzulane anamaxesha aphantse abude njengobudala bendalo iphela. Ngeepateni abazenzayo esibhakabhakeni esizibiza ngokuba yimvelaphi yemicrosave microwave.
Siza kuba neefestile ezine zamaza omxhuzulane avulekileyo kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo kwaye ngamnye wabo uza kubona into eyahlukileyo. Siza kuvavanya ukuzalwa kwendalo iphela ngale nto. Ixesha elibizwa ngokuba 'lixesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso' kwindalo iphela. Siza kuvavanya ukuzalwa kwemikhosi esisiseko kunye nendlela eyabakho ngayo. Siza kubajonga bezalwa kwangoko kwindalo iphela besebenzisa amaza omxhuzulane. Siza kujonga imingxunya emnyama idibana esiyenzayo ngoku kodwa imingxunya emikhulu emnyama iyangqubana. Siza kujonga iinkwenkwezi zikrazulwa yimingxunya emnyama.
Siza kubona uluhlu oluhle kakhulu lwezinto esingazange sizibone ngaphambili kwaye oku kuya kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane njengoko inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi iqhubekile kangangeenkulungwane. Esi sisiqalo nje.
Usebenze noChristopher Nolan kwaye Paul Franklin ukwakha isayensi kunye nokubonwayo ngasemva I-interstellar. Wayechanekileyo kangakanani umngxunya omnyama kwifilimu, iGargantua?
Yeyona ukumelwa ichanekileyo eye yavela kwi movie hollywood. UOliver James, oyintloko kwezenzululwazi kwi UPaul Franklin Inkampani Okubi , ngokunyanzelwa okuthile kum kwasungulwa indlela entsha yokwenza umfanekiso-ngqondweni. Ivelisa imifanekiso egudileyo kwaye ichane ngakumbi ngaloo ndlela. Yiloo nto oyifunayo kwi-IMAX movie.
Sisebenzise iseti entsha yeendlela, kodwa sisebenzisa iseti endala yobuchule, i-astrophysicist ibisakha imifanekiso efana nomfanekiso kaGargantua ubuyela emva ku-1980. Yenziwa okokuqala nguJean-Pierre Luminet eFrance. Imifanekiso yemingxunya emnyama efana neGargantua ikhona kodwa ubunqabile ukuyibona kuncwadi lwe-astrophysics. Ayisiyiyo into ukuba izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziyibone ngenene ngeeteleskopu zazo. 
IGargantua, umngxunya omnyama oqingqiweyo oboniswe kwifilimu i-Interstellar.(Ityala: Warner Bros.)
Olu lolona hlobo luphezulu lwesisombululo, olona hlobo lunyanzelisayo, kunye nolona hlobo luthandekayo. Kodwa ukubonakaliswa ngokuchanekileyo bekusenziwa zii-astrophysicists ngaphambili.
Kwifilimu, uNjingalwazi uBrand ucacisa ukuba xa uCooper ebuya kuhambo lweenkwenkwezi, ngewayesombulule ingxaki yomxhuzulane. Yayiyintoni ingxaki?
Kwimovie, uMhlaba uyafa ngokwasendalweni kwaye kusele nje izigidi ezimbalwa zabantu.Ukufuna kukaNjingalwazi uBrand kunye nabantu abasebenza naye kukufumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuba baphakamise abo bantu baseleyo emhlabeni kwiikholoni zesithuba. Babengenamandla erokethi yokwenza oko. Babenamandla okwakha iikholoni zesithuba eMhlabeni kodwa babengenamandla e-rocket okubasusa.
Kwimovie, kukho ukungangqinelani komxhuzulane okwenzeke ngesiquphe kwaye obu bumdaka malunga namandla omxhuzulane oqale ukwenzeka wacebisa uNjingalwazi Brand ukuba kunokwenzeka ukulawula umxhuzulane okanye ukutshintsha indlela aziphethe ngayo.
Into awayefuna ukuyenza yayikukunciphisa umtsalane womhlaba ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba asebenzise amandla erokethi amancinci ukusisusa. Umcimbi emva koko wawufunda ukuba ungazisebenzisa njani ezi ngxaki. Uyabona umzekelo wokungahambi kakuhle kwigumbi lokulala likaMurph - indlela yokuwa yothuli. Ngaba ungazibopha ezi zinto zingathandekiyo kwaye uyeke amandla omhlaba?
Kukude kangakanani ubuntu ekuhambeni kweenkwenkwezi?
Ndicinga ukuba kunokwenzeka kodwa hayi ngaphantsi kweenkulungwane ezintathu. Kunzima kakhulu.
Kukho izimvo zendlela onokuyenza, ngokubanzi kubandakanya ukubeka abantu kwiikholoni zesithuba ezihlala izizukulwana. Kukho izimvo zokuqhubela phambili abantu abanazo ezenza ukuba ndicinge ukuba ziya kufezekiswa ngabantu kwiinkulungwane ezintathu zine.
Funda udliwanondlebe lwethu nomculi ophumelele imbonakalo ye-Oscar ngasemva I-interstellar , UPaul Franklin.
URobin Seemangal ujolise kwi-NASA kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhangelwa kwendawo. Wazalelwa kwaye wakhulela eBrooklyn, apho ahlala khona ngoku. Mfumane I-Instagram Umxholo onxulumene nesithuba: @not_gatsby.
