Ihlabathi eliHlanganisiweyo leRare Book Ukuqokelela ayisiyiyo into yokufa

Kule minyaka yobubele noNook, xa iivenkile ezisetyenzisiweyo zanyamalala ngokukhawuleza kwaye iarhente yokuthengiswa kwezindlu kunye nomhlaba ikwipremiyamu yokurekhoda, umntu unokucinga ukuba umhlaba wokuqokelelwa kweencwadi ezinqabileyo kufanele ukuba wehle njengoko iindawo zamangcwaba zigcwala.

Kodwa enyanisweni, intsimi etyebileyo yabaqokeleli beencwadi ezinoburharha ihleli.

Ayizizo ii-farts ezindala kuphela, utshilo uJohn King, umthengisi weencwadi osetyenzisiweyo nonqabileyo eDetroit. Isizukulwana esinye sidlula ngelixa esinye sivela kwaye siqala ukuqokelela. Ishishini lam alitshitshanga.

Iincwadi ezinqabileyo kunye nezakudala ziludidi olubanzi, kubandakanya imibhalo-ngqangi, iphepha eliphakathi elibhalwe ngesandla elalibotshelelwe kamva kunye neencwadi zokuqala ezishicilelweyo kuhlelo lokuqala lwentsomi kunye nonfiction, kunye nolunye upapasho lwangoku.

Incwadi yokuqala kuthotho lweHarry Potter, UHarry Potter kunye nelitye lefilosofi , yavela eNgilane ngo-1997 kushicilelo lwee-500 kuphela, utshilo uRichard Austin, intloko yeencwadi kunye nemibhalo yesandla eSotheby's (yapapashwa kunyaka olandelayo e-United States njenge UHarry Potter kunye neLitye loMlumbi ). Umsebenzi wokuprinta wawumncinci, kuba akukho mntu waziyo ukuba izakuba yimvakalelo yokujika. Kwimeko elungileyo, enye yezo kopi zakuqala yayiza kuthengisa nge-30,000- $ 40,000 yeedola. U-Eric Holzenberg wafota kwi-Grolier Book Club. (Ifoto: Kaitlyn Flannagan for Braganca)

Kukho uluhlu lwezona ncwadi zifunwa kakhulu ngabaqokeleli beencwadi ababaluleke kakhulu. Le yimiqulu edweliswe kupapasho olusekwe kumboniso wase-Bhritane wowe-1963 obizwa ngokuba yiPrinting and the Mind of Man, ochonga iincwadi ezingama-424, eziqala ngeBhayibhile kaGutenberg ziphele ngokudityaniswa kweentetho zikaWinston Churchill, ekuthiwa zibe nempembelelo kwimpucuko yaseNtshona . (Iquka imibhalo eyabhalwa ngaphambi kukaGutenberg, efana naleyo ka-Aristotle, uDante, uHomer noPlato, eyapapashwa kamva ngencwadi.) Iintsomi zika-Aesop , KaLee Carroll UAlice kwiWonderland , IVoltaire Umviwa , UThomas Malory ’s Ukusweleka kuka-Arthur , UThomas More ’ Utopia kunye neCicero's Ingxoxo ebudaleni .

Ikhathalogu yomboniso kunye nokuprinta okwalandelayo kowe-1983 nazo ziye zaba ziincwadi ezifumanekayo, ezifumaneka kwiAmazon nakubathengisi beencwadi abanqabileyo. Iincwadi ze-PMM, njengoko zibizwa njalo, zinezikhundla eziphakamileyo, utshilo uTom Lecky, intloko yeencwadi kunye nemibhalo ebhaliweyo eChristie. Senza inqaku elikhethekileyo xa sifumana omnye wale mithwalo.

I-PMM yiklabhu yamadoda, ngokuqinisekileyo-uluhlu lwezona ndawo zisemgangathweni kunye nesintu. Isalathiso kuphela kubabhali ababhinqileyo kubhekiswa kumadoda afakiwe. Ke, uJane Austen unikezela inoveli yakhe Emma kuMhlekazi uWalter Scott ubonwa ngokubandakanywa kwakhe Waverley , eyokuqala kwezingama-40 okanye malunga neencwadana ze-Waverley azipapashile ukuqala ngo-1814. Waverley , sifunda, uye waba ngukhokho wenoveli yezembali kwihlabathi liphela, ngelixa incwadi ka-Austin isenokuphawuleka kuphela ngokwaziwa unanamhla. UGeorge Eliot uza, hayi ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa njengomguquleli kaDavid Friedrich Strauss ’wowe-1835 UYesu ngaphandle kweentsomi ukusuka kwisiJamani ukuya kwisiNgesi ngo-1840.

Phakathi kwezona ncwadi zixabisekileyo ziikopi zoqobo zikaCharles Darwin ethi ‘Origin of Species.’

Kulungile, ke sonke siyazi ukuba i-canon yenziwa ngexesha elichanekileyo kwezopolitiko. KaHitler Umlo wam yenze ukusikwa ngo-1925, kwangunyaka ka-Einstein Ithiyori eNtsha yoMxhuzulane , ekwaqukwa nayo. Uninzi lwenzululwazi (uCopernicus, uFermi, uGalileo, uPlanck, uRontgen), iinkokheli zehlabathi (uWoodrow Wilson ngowe-1918 Amanqaku alishumi elinesine kunye noLenin ngo-1902 Yintoni Enokwenziwa? ), Amandulo, amadoda oKuvuselelwa (Machiavelli, Vasari) kunye nezinye iintlobo zala maxesha (iDarwin, uFreud, uJohn Maynard Keynes, uLe Corbusier, uMarinetti, uSchoenberg) bonke bafumana ukwamkelwa ngenxa yenguqu ebhaliweyo etshintshileyo. I-Alice's Adventures kwiWonderland NguLewis Carroll.

I-Chaucer ayifakwanga (nangona uMbutho weChaucer); Akunjalo noBoccaccio, kodwa uShakespeare, uGoethe noColeridge. UJeremy Bentham Uncedo ), UJean-Jacques Rousseau ( Isivumelwano seNtlalontle UAdam Smith ( Ubutyebi beZizwe kunye no-Oswald Spengler ( Ukuhlwa kwangaseNtshona ) banikezela ngemigqaliselo yabo kwihlabathi, njengoko kwenza isiBhengezo senkululeko.

URichard Austin uthe phakathi kweencwadi ze-PMM ezixabiseke kakhulu yinguqulelo yoqobo (enezibophelelo zokuqala) ikopi zikaCharles Darwin Imvelaphi yeeNtlobo ($ 100,000-plus), uAdam Smith Ubutyebi beZizwe ($ 100,000- $ 120,000) kunye namaphepha okuqala eShakespeare (izigidi ezininzi). Bobabini yena noMnumzana Lecky baqaphela ukuba abanye abathengi, abafana noogqirha kunye noososayensi, banokuqokelela kumacandelo abo obuchwephesha, nangona abanye abathengi belandela iimfuno zabo, njengohambo lokuqala kwihlabathi liphela (imibhalo kaSir Walter Raleigh) okanye Ndifuna ukuba nencwadi kaCopernicus nokuba abazi igama lesiLatin.

Ewe kunjalo, ukufakwa kwi-PMM kuqinisekisa amaxabiso aphezulu entengiso. Phakathi kwamaqondo aphezulu kumaxabiso entengiso yeencwadi ezinqabileyo angadweliswanga, kukuhlanganiswa okungapheliyo kwemibhalo yesayensi nguLeonardo da Vinci ( ICodex Leicester ), eyathengwa nguBill Gates eChristie ngo-1994 ngeedola ezingama-30.8 yezigidi, kunye nomqulu omane we-1827-38 Iintaka zaseMelika nguJohn James Audubon owayethengisa eSotheby’s London ngo-2010 nge-11.5 yezigidi zeedola (£ 7.9). Ibhayibhile kaGutenberg ikuluhlu lwe-PMM (i-1450s Gutenberg Bible eyathengiswa eChristie ngo-1987 nge-5.39 yezigidi zeedola), kodwa ukusilela ukufakwa akuwuphelisanga mdla ku-James Joyce wango-1922. I-Ulysses (ikopi ethengiswe kwaChristie nge-460 500 yeedola ngo-Okthobha 2002).

Kwi-eBay, ungaphuhlisa ingqokelela yonke ngosuku olunye.

Iincwadi zamva nje ziye zaba zakudala kunye nabaqokeleli izinto ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kwe-PMM, ngokunjalo. Ushicilelo lokuqala lwenoveli kaJ.D.Salinger yowe-1951 Umbambisi kwiRye yafikelela kuma-23,750 eedola eSotheby ngo-2014, esesezantsi kancinane kuneedola ezili-156,500 ezabhatalwa eSotheby ngo-1999 ngeeleta ezili-14 ezazithunyelwe ngumbhali kwisithandwa sakhe esincinci uJoyce Maynard phaya phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970. Kwanezinto ezintsha ezishicilelweyo zithengisile kakuhle eziye zaboniswa kwimiboniso yeencwadi, ezinje ngeeflaya kunye neeleta ezivela kwiArab Spring kwiminyaka nje embalwa edlulileyo kunye namaphephancwadi azipapashayo e-punk rock offshoot IQueercore , kunye nezinye izinto zokwexeshana ezinje, ngokukaSusan Benne, umlawuli olawulayo weManhattan-based Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America. Isenokungabi yinto yakudala kodwa, kodwa le nto inqabile (nangona ithengisa ngamaxabiso asezantsi kunezinye izinto ezindala).

Ngokwesiqhelo, abathengi beencwadi ezinqabileyo bahlala beneminyaka ephakathi okanye abafundi abadala, utshilo uJohn Doyle, umongameli weSixeko saseNew York iCrawford Doyle Booksellers, ethengisa izinto ezintsha, ezingaprintwanga kunye nenqabileyo kwaye ulilungu lombutho weAntiquarian Booksellers Association Melika. Bazikhumbuza ngeencwadi ezazibachukumisa besengabantwana. Umviwa nguVoltaire.

Ngaba abaqokeleli beencwadi abanqabile ngokwenene ngabafundi beencwadi abazithengayo? URebecca Romney, umphathi weBauman Rare Books ePhiladelphia, uthe, Abantu abathenga iincwadi ezinqabileyo abazithengi ukuba bazifunde. Bayazithenga njengohlobo lomfuziselo.

Asinguye wonke umntu olingana nale nkcazo. UCynthia Griggs Fleming, unjingalwazi wembali kwiDyunivesithi yaseTennessee eKnoxville oqokelela iincwadi kwimbali yezithuthi zaseDetroit (ndiyazithanda iimoto kwaye ndiyazithanda kakhulu iiBuicks) kunye nabemi base-Afrika nabamaMelika, bathi, lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuhlala incwadi eshalofini kwaye ungayifundanga. Incwadi ayisisiqwenga semyuziyam. Kukho ubulumko kumaphepha. UGerald Kaminsky, igqwetha laseDetroit eliqokelele iincwadi malunga nomongameli waseMelika, uthe ndiqokelela endikuthandayo ukufunda, kwaye ndiyakufunda endikuthathayo.

Abathengisi beencwadi ezinqabileyo abambalwa babonisa inkxalabo malunga ne-Intanethi, ewe. Kwi-eBay, ungaphuhlisa ingqokelela yonke ngosuku olunye, utshilo uSteven Clark, umphuhlisi wezindlu eLivonia, eMich., Kunye nomqokeleli weemephu ezindala kunye neencwadi zesayensi ezivela kwinkulungwane ye-18. (Ukuqokelela kwakhe kukwabandakanya imicu eli-10 yeenwele zika-Abraham Lincoln kunye nelitye elivela echibini apho uLincoln waphantse warhaxwa khona xa eyinkwenkwe.) Ndiza kuya kumthengisi-zincwadi xa ndingafumani nto ngenye indlela.

Kodwa mhlawumbi ngokumangalisayo, iteknoloji ayikhange ivakalise ikhonkco lokufa lokuqokelela incwadi, utshilo uMnu. , $ 47.5 yezigidi ngo-2012, $ 20.28 yezigidi ngo-2011 kunye $ 24.78 yezigidi ngo-2010). I-Sotheby's inike ingxelo yenqanaba elingaguquguqukiyo lokuthengisa kumazwe aphesheya kule minyaka idlulileyo: i-77 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2014, i-82 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2013, i-70 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2012, i-62 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2011. okanye inzala encinci kolu luhlu lokuqokelela, ngokutsho kwabathetheli bazo zombini izindlu zefandesi, nangona kunokuba yinyani ukuba ukunqongophala okukhulayo kunyusa amaxabiso kwimiqulu ethile efunwayo hayi ukukhula kwabathengi.

Itekhnoloji inokuthi, enyanisweni, ikhuthaze ukuqokelelwa kweencwadi ezinqabileyo, kuba abathengi bayakwazi ukufumana nokufumana iincwadi ezifunwayo kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo kunokuba bekhangela indawo nganye emva kwenye. Ndidibanise ingqokelela emibini okanye emithathu ebendingazukukwazi ukuyihlanganisa ngokubanzi kwaye ngexesha nje elifutshane ngaphandle kwe-Intanethi, utshilo uEric Holzenberg, umqokeleli weencwadi kubugcisa kunye nobugcisa bokuhombisa, ngokunjalo njengomlawuli weSixeko saseNew York I-Grolier Club.

Umceli mngeni kwicandelo lokuqokelela iincwadi kukuba kungabonakala ngathi kukuzonwabisa kwesizukulwana sokuqala. Iklabhu yeGrolier ithanda ukuba ngumbutho omdala ngokweminyaka yamalungu ayo, utshilo uMnu Holzenberg. Kuyanceda ukuba uthathe umhlalaphantsi kwaye ube nemali eyongezelelweyo.