Yintoni ngokwenene kwipeyinti yakho?Umzekeliso kaCart Merlo Amagcisa abizwa ngokuba zizinto ezininzi — iingqondi, abantu abaphambeneyo, abavukeli, abangaphangeliyo-kodwa kunqabile ukuba ngamachiza. Abazobi, nangona kunjalo, baya befumanisa ukuba badinga isidanga kwi-organic chemistry xa besiya kwivenkile yokubonelela ngobugcisa kwaye uzame ukuthenga ityhubhu yepeyinti. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho i-workhorse endala, cadmium ebomvu, okanye banokukhetha umbala obambeleyo we-hue Ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwaye libizwa ngokuba yi-naphthol okanye i-thioindigo ebomvu. I-Cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isenokuthengiswa okanye inguqulelo engabizi kakhulu iqulethe nayiphi na i-cobalt konke konke, njenge-ultramarine (ngokwayo iyenziwa ngokufanelekileyo senziwe sombala), indanthrene luhlaza, phthalocyanine luhlaza okanye into ebizwa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka 60. Ilamuni etyheli lolunye umbala, ngokwesiko yenziwe nge-barium etyheli, ngoku ifunyenwe njenge-nickel I-titanate, kunye ne-alizarin krimu ebomvu ziyavela zingabonakali dihydroxyanthraquinone.
Ngaba ubugcisa-kwaye, ngokwandiswa, ngamagcisa-bhetele okanye mbi ngakumbi kwezi zombala eziveliswe ilebhu? Mhlawumbi bobabini.
Uninzi lwee pigment zesintu ezisetyenziswe kwiipeyinti nakwiipastile iikhompawundi eziqulathe isinyithi esinzima, kubandakanya i-antimony, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, ubhedu, ilothe, imanganizi, strontium kunye zinc. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo okuphambili kukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso, kunye nokumbiwa kwemigodi kubo kuyabiza. Ukongeza, ezi zintsimbi zidityaniswa ezahlukeneyo umhlaza, kunye nezifo zentliziyo, izintso, isibindi, imiphunga kunye ulusu. Ukuxhalaba malunga nemingcipheko yempilo yezixhobo abazisebenzisayo ikhule phakathi kwamagcisa kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1970 kunye nee-80s, nakwi-1988 yeCongress uphumelele ukuPhawulwa koMthetho weeMpahla eziNgozi eziyingozi (isilungiso ku Umthetho i-Federal Hazardous Substances Act), ofuna ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa abavelisi bezinto ezichonga izithako zemveliso ezaziwayo iingozi ezingapheliyo kwileyibhile kunye nezilumkiso ezinobungozi ezifanelekileyo. Abavelisi kufuneka babonelele ngamaphepha edatha okhuseleko kwezi mveliso ezinikezela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nemingcipheko yempilo enokubakho, uncedo lokuqala amanyathelo, ukutsha, indlela ekufuneka ziphathwe kwaye zigcinwe, njani kufuneka zilahlwe kwaye ukuba zinokuthathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwi inqwelo moya.
Umzekelo, iBlick Art Materials, ukuthengisa kunye nokuhambisa i-imeyile ngobugcisa inkampani ezinze eGalesburg, eIll., Ithengisa ityhubhu engama-40-milliliter ye I-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nzulu-icobalt-zinc silicate- yoluhlu Ixabiso le- $ 47.55 ngesilumkiso kwiwebhusayithi yayo ethi cobalt-zinc i-silicate inetyhefu. Inkampani ikwathengisa umbala ofanayo, isiFrentshi I-ultramarine-silicate entsonkothileyo yesodiyam kunye nealuminiyam enesalfure- idweliswe kwi-18.11 yeedola kwi-40 milliliters, uqaphele, i-Ultramarine ayinabungozi. An igcisa linokuchitha imali encinci ukupeyinta ekungenakwenzeka ukuba lenze ingozi, a phumelela-phumelela.
Iilebhile ezilumkisayo kwizinto zobugcisa azibonisi ukakayi kwaye crossbones, kodwa izilumkiso malunga neecarcinogens kunye nezifo zoyikisa amagcisa, iivenkile zobugcisa ezihamba phambili kunye nabenzi bepeyinti ukuyeka iimveliso ezithile kunye nokugcina ezinye ii-hues. UKelly UDodson, umphathi weDaVinci Art Supply kwi-West 21st Street kwi IManhattan, ithe, Abanye abavelisi bepeyinti baguqukile iimveliso zabo okanye balahle imibala, ngenxa yexhala malunga Ityhefu. Omnye wale mibala yi-cremnitz emhlophe, equlathe ukhokelo. Singayifumana kwenye indawo, ukuba umntu uyayifuna nyani, kodwa phaya Azikho iinkampani ezininzi ezenzayo kwakhona. Omnye umthengisi, u-Utrecht, a Umthengisi osekwe eBrooklyn wezinto zobugcisa, isitokhwe secadmium ebomvu-kuqaphela kwiwebhusayithi yayo, Le mveliso iqulethe i-cadmium eyi imichiza eyaziwa… ukubangela umhlaza kunye neziphene zokuzalwa okanye enye inzala yokuzala-kunye ne-cadmium hue ebomvu, engenayo i-cadmium kodwa endaweni yoko i-pigment (i-synthetic monazo) Kongezwe kuwo umhlophe obala kwaye akufuneki silumkiso ileyibheli. Ipeyinti ye-cadmium ixabiso ngama- $ 16.19 kwi-tube ye-37-milliliter, Ngelixa i-cadmium ebomvu hue ixabisa i-6.99 yeedola kubukhulu obufanayo.
Ngokwesivumelwano seshishini, igama elithi hue kufuneka libandakanywe kunye Igama lemveliso nanini na i-pigment enye ifaka enye endaweni yayo ukuze abathengi bangalahlekiswa. I-Cadmium hue ebomvu ixelela nje umntu ukuba Ipeyinti izama ukutshatisa umbala we-cadmium obomvu kodwa ayinayo uqobo i-cadmium pigment ebomvu kuyo, utshilo uSara Sands, ubuchwephesha obuphezulu Ingcali kwimibala yeGolide yeGcisa, umenzi wepeyinti osekwe eNtsha IBerlin, NY Kutheni inkampani inokukhetha ukwenza i-hue ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, kukubonelela ngohlobo olukhanyayo ngakumbi lwe- umbala, ngamanye amaxesha ukunika ukhetho olunetyhefu encinci, okanye, ewe, ngokulula nikezela ngexabiso eliphantsi. Kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inokuba zontathu. Ngamagama afanayo, umntu unokukhokelela ekubeni akholelwe ukuba ezi ndidi zimbini ze Ipeyinti iyatshintsha. Ngaphandle kwetyhubhu, umahluko unakho zibonakala ngathi zinobuqili, kodwa ziyabonakala ngakumbi xa zisetyenziswa-icadmium emsulwa ithande ukuba nzima kwaye inyamezele ngakumbi ibrashi, ngelixa i-naphthol injalo ilula kwaye igudile, uSands uthe-kwaye xa uxutywe nezinye iipeyinti, ezifana nomhlophe. Imibala engaphiliyo iba buthuntu, zingwevu, xa ixutywe nomhlophe, kodwa izinto eziphilayo azingcoli xa zixutywe, e Ubuncinci hayi kangako, utshilo uRobert Gamblin, umnini weGamblin Artist Imibala, umenzi wepeyinti ePortland, Ore Zomelele ngakumbi kunesinyithi esinqabileyo somhlaba, ke abavelisi bafuna njalo zincinci ii-pigment ze-organic ukuvelisa umbala ofanayo kune zombala ezingaphiliyo. Ngenxa yoko, ii-hues zihlala zincinci Ipesenteji yombala ngokomthamo, kwaye iityhubhu zihlala zinobunzima kancinci Ngaphantsi.
Tifomula esisiseko yepeyinti yomculi wemveli yi-pigment, binder (ngesiqhelo, ioyile ethanjisiweyo) kunye nesomisi (njenge-beeswax okanye i-aluminium Ukulawulwa). Ii-hues zisebenzisa i-pigment, izibopheleli kunye ne-stabilizers, kodwa uninzi longeza inani elithile lokugcwalisa okanye ukongeza, njengetshokhwe okanye udongwe. Xa kuxubiwe, zonke iipeyinti ziyatshintsha kwithoni, ngamanye amaxesha kushushu okanye kupholile, kunye neengcali zeelebhu kwimveliso yokupeyinta kwezityalo ziyadlala Ujikeleze ngeefomula ukuzama ukufumana imibala esekwe kwindalo ehambelana nayo ezo zombala ezingaphiliyo. Umbala unezinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo, kwaye zininzi kakhulu izinto ezinokudityaniswa, ezidibanisa zonke zininzi Umsebenzi kwaye phantse uhlala ungenakwenzeka, utshilo uSands. Ke a inkampani iya kusondela kangangoko kwaye iya kuhlala ifuna ukuthatha isigqibo zeziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu ekujolise kuzo.
Amagcisa, anokucinga ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wobugcisa abaceba ukuwenza Yenza ngaphezu kwezinto abazisebenzisayo, kunokufuna ukuzama ngeepeyinti zabo ukuze baqonde ukuba zeziphi na iziphumo ivelisiwe. I-cadmium ebomvu hue kunye ne-cobalt hue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ishenxisela kancinci ukuya i-violet, utshilo u-Hilton Brown, igcisa kunye nowayesakuba ngumqeqeshi kwi ubuchule bobugcisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseDelaware. I-Phthalocyanine ngamanye amaxesha utshintshela kuluhlaza. Amagcisa aya kuhlawula kancinci, kodwa kuya kufuneka jonga ngakumbi, ulungisa utshintsho kwimibala ngokongeza tyheli kwi i-cadmium hue kunye nohlaza kwi-cobalt hue. Imibala ayisiyiyo kuphela ngokufanayo, kwaye nawuphi na umzobi okholelwa ukuba bayinto enye usisidenge. Naxa bejongeka ngokufanayo ngaphandle kwebhubhu, penda imibala ngokwabo banegama lokwenyani. Upeyinti uphawu lweVan Gogh, kuba Umzekelo, uthengisa i-cadmium e-orenji (okanye i-pigment orange 20) kunye ne-orange cadmium azo (okanye i-pigment orange 43 exutywe nombala otyheli 3). La manani ahambelana nesalathiso semibala esimiselweyo, a imiqulu esithobaireferensi eveliswa ngokudibeneyo nguMbutho weDyers kunye neeColourists eNgilane kunye noMbutho waseMelika waMachiza eeMpahla kunye neeMbala eMelika. Esi salathiso siyabiza, kodwa sinokufumaneka kwiiilayibrari zobugcisa nezobugcisa. Umntu unokudibana neUmbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye nezixhoboIinkcazo ezichanekileyo ze zombala kunye nokuqina kombala.
Umthetho wokulebula ufezekisile ezinye zeenjongo zawo, ngakumbi izilumkiso zamagcisa ngezinto ezinobungozi kwiipeyinti kunye ezinye iimveliso bazisebenzisa rhoqo, kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu okholelwa oko amagcisa anokuziva ekhuselekile ngokufunda nje okuelebheli okanye kwifayile ye- amaphepha eenkcukacha zokhuselo. UMonona Rossol, ucoceko loshishino kunye umongameli wombutho ongajonganga kwenza nzuzo eManhattan Ukhuseleko kwiTheatre, ibanga ukuba ulwazi olunikezwe ngabavelisi ihlala ilahlekisa. Izilumkiso zinikezelwa ngombala wepeyinti, ngenxa umzekelo, eziye zafundwa, kodwa uninzi lwee pigment ezisetyenziswe kwii-hues ziye khange kuvavanywe ngokwesayensi ngeziphumo ezigwenxa, utshilo. Kunye i-naphthol ebomvu, indawo eqhelekileyo ebomvu ye-cadmium, umzekelo, Siyayazi into eyenzekayo kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokuba izilwanyana ziyingenile, kodwa thina Andazi enye into. Akukho lwazi lomhlaza lwaneleyo Yahlulahlula ezinye iingozi ezingapheliyo zisekwe kuqikelelo kuba akukho datha inzima. Ngamanye amagama, ufuna amagcisa ukuba athembele le pigment njengotshintsho olukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokubaxelela ukuba inokuba njalo Ngenye imini uya kuba ngumdlali weqonga ongalunganga xa umntu eyivavanya ngeengozi ezingapheliyo.
Uye waphawula ukuba kwiphepha ledatha lokhuseleko elinikezelwa yimichiza yaseJamani umvelisi we-BASF ngombala obomvu, iikhemikhali zenkampani Uphendule umbuzo malunga nokuphefumla nolusu ulusu ngo ukubanga ubume bemichiza abucebisi ukukhuthaza isiphumo. Imveliso ayivavanywanga. Ingxelo ibikhona ethathwe kwizinto / kwiimveliso zesakhiwo esifanayo okanye ukwakhiwa. KuRossol, oku akonelanga ukuqinisekisa igcisa ukhuseleko. Imveliso ayivavanywa, kodwa bayathekelela kwezinye izinto.
Kwakhona, amagcisa ayingabo oososayensi-sisidanga sobugcisa enqabileyo Inkqubo ebonelela ngezifundo ngezixhobo zobugcisa, enyanisweni- kunye nendlela abazenza ngayo bangavavanya imveliso ayikho elabhoratri kodwa kwimizimba yabo, xa into iphefumlelwe okanye ichukumisa ulusu lwayo. Iziphumo zezo iimvavanyo zingathabatha iminyaka ukuze zaziwe.
