Ukuhlekisa ngokuBukhali: Abavukeli Abahlaziyi be-1950s kunye nee-1960s, nguGerald Nachman. I-Pantheon, amaphepha angama-659, i $ 29.95.
Imbali yokuma kwehlaya yahlula ngokucocekileyo kwii-eras ezimbini: B.M.S. kunye ne-AM Ngaphambi koMort Sahl, abahlekisi babenomdla kakhulu kwizisu zeCatskill. Babedla ngokukhwaza abasebukhweni, badanyaze amaxesha ngamaxesha kwaye bangaze bachukumise ezopolitiko. Ngelixa uMnu Sahl ethatha inqanaba ngo-1953 (ngobusuku beKrisimesi, hayi ngaphantsi), ipiss kunye neviniga kwakusele kukudala kunyanzelekile ukuba ithontsi ngalinye le-borscht kwimithambo yakhe. Nanku umntu owayekho esikolweni esine-grad enoluvo ngayo yonke into. Ukuzilungiselela ukubhala, i-satirist yase-Austrian uKarl Kraus wayehlala e-Vienna coffeehouses, eqinisa umsindo ngokufunda iphepha lasekuseni. Umnumzana Sahl ukwenzile oku ngoku, ngokunganyanzelekanga kwaye ngexesha lokwenyani. Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu ukuya phambili, ukuma-up kwaphoswa kukungqamana kwe-rim kunye ne-nyuck-nyuck kwaye kwaba yinto ephezulu yocingo esiyaziyo namhlanje: i-egomaniac eguqukayo enomlomo okrelekrele emi phambi kodonga lwezitena, inika ilizwi kwi-Consciousness ehlangeneyo.
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba umculo wama-60 utshintshiwe ngonaphakade, kwaye njani, kwi-70's, isityalo sabalawuli abancinci beTurk sanikezela iminyaka yesibini yegolide yaseHollywood. Kodwa uthini ngotshintsho olufanayo lwe-epochal kwihlaya? Ukulandela ngokusondeleyo kuMort Sahl kweza uLenny Bruce, uMike Nichols, u-Elaine May, uWoody Allen kunye noBill Cosby, iqela leengcungcu zedyosyncratic kunye nabantu abakufutshane abaguqule ukuma, bekwenza kube mnyama, ngakumbi kwezopolitiko kunye nokuzicingela. Ibali lohlaziyo ngoku sele lixeliwe, kwaye kuhle, ku-Gerald Nachman's Seriously Funny: Abavukeli Abahlaziyi be-1950s kunye ne-1960s, ingqokelela yezikhumbuzo, i-biology, ukuhleba, ukulungisa amanqaku, uhlaziyo kunye nokususa.
Incwadi echukumisayo ngokumangalisayo, edla ngokuba yimpambano, ngokuBukhali obuNgcono buchazwa njengothotho lwemifanekiso eyohlukileyo, eqala ngoMnumzana Sahl kwaye esebenza ngabaphengululi abakhulu bosuku, ukusuka kuSid Caesar ukuya kuJonathan Winters ukuya kuJoan Rivers. Phantse yonke i-arc yomsebenzi ilandelela into efana ne-frown-like streak esibhakabhakeni: italente encinci ekhwankqisayo isokola ukufumana isimbo esahlukileyo, ifezekisa udumo lwakwangoko, emva koko ishiyeke ibe yenye yeendlela ezimbini zokulahleka kokuyila: ukungaqondakali okanye ukuzinza. Isahluko ngasinye, nangona kunjalo, sinesothuso sayo, esimnandi kunye nokunye. UTom Lehrer, umbhali wengoma oqaqambileyo (endichitha kuye) uHanukkah eSanta Monica wayeyinkuthazo kuAdam Sandler eyakhe Ingoma yeChanukah, bayeke ukwenza kwangoko-Abantu benza owona msebenzi wabo wokuhlekisa xa besebancinci, uyahlikihla, ngaphandle umkhondo wokuzisola-ukufundisa izibalo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eSanta Cruz. U-Bill Cosby, ngelishwa, uza njengendoda enobuqhetseba kwaye engayekiyo efumene ishumi leminyaka elifanelekileyo kwiminyaka yoo-1980.
Phantse wonke umntu wenza udliwanondlebe kuMnumzana Sahl njengendawo yokutshintsha. Zonke ii-comics ezingamashumi amane anamashumi amahlanu zazinxibe i-tuxedos, ucacisa uSteve Allen onobubele, ofanelwe yisahluko sakhe esimnandi. [T] Hei zonke zazinobuhle obuhle, amagcisa amnandi…. Ukuqala kwam ukubona uMort ndazibuza ukuba wenzani ngokuphila. Wakuqhatha ukuba umthande ngokuzenza umntu ongahlawulwayo. Wayenxibe iibhulukhwe, ijezi kunye nehempe evulekileyo enee-collar-zonke zingaviwa ngexesha le-Rat Pack kunye ne-HUAC- kwaye wayengoyena mhlekisi wokuqala ukwenza izinto zezopolitiko ekuhleni. Usike icwecwe lokuqala lehlaya, waboniswa ngokunyanisekileyo yiNew Yorker, kwaye waba ngumhlekisi wokuqala wokuma ukuba avele kwikhava yeXesha. UWoody Allen oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala wabamba isenzo sakhe ngo-1954, eBlue Angel eNew York. Wayeyeyona nto intle endakha ndayibona. Wayefana noCharlie Parker kwijazz…. Wahlengahlengisa ngokupheleleyo umdlalo ohlekisayo.
Umnumzana Nachman uyavuma, ebeka uMort Sahl ecaleni kuka-Elvis, Kerouac, Miles Davis, Brando kunye no-Dean njengomnye weempawu zokuqhuma kwenkcubeko kwiminyaka yoo-1950. Ke kutheni igama lakhe liye lehla kakubi kangaka? Umnumzana Sahl, kubonakala ngathi, wafunda uphononongo lwakhe, wafaka indumiso ngaphakathi, kwaye wazula nge-60's njengohlobo lokuphila kwe-totem yeCandor kunye ne-Audacity. Ngamafutshane, waba li-boor engenathemba. Emva kokubulawa kukaKennedy, waqala wafunda iinxalenye ezingachazwanga zeWarren Report onstage, esusa bonke ngaphandle kwabalandeli bakhe abanzima. Kwisoda yokugqibela coda elusizi, uMnu.Sahl wenqabile ukuba nodliwanondlebe noMnu Nachman, esithi, andifuni nje ukuba lapho nabo bonke abanye abafana. Ngoobani bonke abo bafana? Andibaqwalaseli kwiligi enye.
Ngena uLenny Bruce, nakweliphi na ilungu lendoda njengovulindlela oyintloko. UBruce waqala ngaphandle, njengoko umbhali webhayoloji u-Albert Goldman etshilo, i-shayget ezintle ezivela eLong Island, inkwenkwana entle ebonakala ngathi ingumGrike, ehleli ejikeleze isitya sasemini sikaHanson seDrug Store kunye namanye amabali amadala, yathatha into enetyiwa yamaJuda iiklasi eziphantsi. Xa isithembiso sakhe sakuqala njengokulingisa singaphumanga, wangeniswa kwelona qondo lisezantsi, isekethe yeklabhu yomcu. Wenza nantoni na ukuthimba abaxhasi, esenza umntu oqaqambileyo kodwa ongathandekiyo ongamanyala; kwaye abaninzi bexesha lakhe, njengesiphumo, bamfunda nje kancinci kunokuba succès de scandal e. Ixesha lalimkhathaza; Yashiywa kubagxeki be-jazz, kunye nababhali bekholamu abambalwa, ukuba benze njengentshatsheli yakhe. Ngelixa abanye abahlekisi besenza ukuba ibe nkulu kumabonwakude, uBruce wayehlala eyimveliso ye-rathskeller, phantsi komhlaba kunye neentsomi, njengeengwenya kwinkqubo yogutyulo.
Inxalenye yayisenziwa nguye: Wayehlala esaziwa ngokungaguquguquki, ngesityhilelo ngobusuku obunye, ekhanyayo kwaye eyoyikeka; elandelayo, emuncu kwaye ingeyonyani. Kodwa yayikukuthanda kwakhe ukuvavanya imigangatho yoluntu eyenza ukuba uBruce abe lilivo. Njengokuba esitsho uMnumzana Nachman, wayengumlingisi wokugqibela waseMelika oza kuvavanywa ngamanyala. Iingxaki zakhe zaqala ngo-1961, xa wayechaza isenzo sesondo esasiphula iKhowudi yamaPolisa enguNombolo 205, njengoko uBruce ekhunjulwa njengomfeli-nkolo kuMcCarthy, kodwa emva kokubanjwa kwakhe, umshumayeli kwaza kwalandela ikhoboka leziyobisi kubuntu bakhe, yaye akaba nakunganyamezeleki. Ngokwandayo, iipunchline zakhe zazenzelwe ukuba zivelise i-arraignment endaweni yolonwabo, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wehla wajika waba kukungakhathali kunye nokuqaqadeka. Ngo-1965, ubhala uMnu. Nachman, wayesele ebanjiwe amatyeli alishumi elinethoba. I-LAPD ide yamisa umcuphi othetha isi-Yiddish ukuba abeke iliso kwisenzo sakhe, owathi ngokugqibeleleyo waqukumbela ingxelo yakhe ngo: Umrhanelwa uphinde wasebenzisa igama elithi 'shtup.' Oy, icaramba.
UBruce wasweleka, ngokuxelwa kwangaphambili, njengendoda esencinci esenyuka. (UDick Schaap ubeka ngokugqwesileyo: Elinye igama lokugqibela elineleta ezine kuLenny. Ufile kumashumi amane. Oko kuhlazekile.) Kodwa impembelelo yakhe idlulela ngaphaya kwembali yakhe njengokutshiswa komlomo okungcolileyo. Ukubeka nje, akukho namnye eMelika ozama ukuhlekisa, ukusuka kwiijoksi ezothusayo ukuya kubabhali beentetho zeWhite House, ngaphandle kokutyala uMort Sahl okanye uLenny Bruce. Kwaye apha, incwadi kaMnumzana Nachman yokuthimba ngenye indlela iwela nje. Ukuba kuphela wayakhe ibali lakhe kancinci ejikeleze ubuntu kunye nokuncinci ngakumbi malunga nomxholo. Kutheni le nto ukuma kuvele kakuhle ngalo mzuzu wembali? Kutheni kwaye njani ubuchwephesha buzalise ubomi baseMelika okoko, nanjengoko ukuma kuye kwangena kokuhla okungathethekiyo?
Ukutsha okwenyani entliziyweni yesenzo sikaLenny Bruce kusinika umkhondo. Wayethetha oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, wahlekisa ngenkcubeko entsha nekhulayo yokwazisa. Kwaye wabethelela ishishini lokubonisa: Wabona ukuba yayiliziko lamandla elitsha kubomi baseMelika-isebe eliseburhulumenteni laseMelika, ngendlela yalo yobuqhetseba kunye nomgwebi osondeleyo woluntu. Ngokuvela kukaJoseph McCarthy, impembelelo egunyazisiweyo kubomi baseMelika ayizange ihambe ze, kwaye uMort Sahl kunye noLenny Bruce baphendula ngesihlangu esikhohlakeleyo kwelinye icala. Kodwa isigqebelo sikhohlakele, kwaye amaxesha anzima ngakumbi: Enkosi kwabahlekisi abangama-50, sinoluhlobo olutsha lwamandla, elizenza ngathi alunamandla. Iintatheli ze-Elite ngoku zifika ziguqe ngamadolo phambi kukaDon Imus, uBig's epigone olusizi; kunye nabagqatswa baka-Mongameli, ngamnye, babetha ngokufanelekileyo iisofa e-Letterman nase-Leno. I-shpritz iyilungisile indlela yayo yehle ukuya kumkhankaso wentengiso weSprite. Ukungabi nantlonelo yinkolo yesizwe.
Kodwa ukuphelelwa lithemba akonelanga bubomi boluntu baseMelika kuhlala kusenza somber kunye nohanahaniso kwi -Simpsons ukuba ijoni kude kube ngunaphakade, ngenxa kaJon Stewart onesiphiwo esingenakuthelekiswa nanto sokufumana amagumbi ethu okuhlala ubusuku bonke. Ngamaxesha anjalo, imimoya kaMort Sahl kunye noLenny Bruce iyahlala.
UStephen Metcalf uphonononge iincwadi rhoqo kwiThe Braganca.
