Iqela elilawulayo (Ngo-1907) nguAlfred Stieglitz. (Ifoto: IMyuziyam yamaJuda) Yonke into ocinga ukuba uyazi malunga neyona foto idumileyo embalini ayilunganga.
Ngo-1907 ka-Alfred Stieglitz Iqela elilawulayo idume kwihlabathi liphela ngokungangumfanekiso weklasikhi wenkulungwane yama-20 ofika eMelika evela eYurophu okokuqala. Kumashumi eminyaka ukusukela oko kwathathwa, ifoto ibotshelelwe ngokungalinganiyo kunye nohambo lokufika.
Ukanti uRebecca Shaykin, umgcini we Ubugcisa kunye nokufuna ukwazi: UAlfred Stieglitz's I-Steerage kwiMyuziyam yamaJuda ukuya nge-14 kaFebruwari, ibonisa ukuba ukuqonda kwethu ifoto ikakhulu ayichazwanga. UArnold Newman, UAlfred Stieglitz kunye no-Georgia O'Keeffe, iNdawo yaseMelika, kwisiXeko saseNew York , (1944). (Ifoto: © Arnold Newman, ngoncedo lwe-Jewish Museum)
Xa uStieglitz ethatha ifoto, wayekhwele enqanaweni esiya bucala ngasekhohlo ukuya eYurophu-ukuphazamisa nayiphi na into enokwenzeka yenqanawa ehamba ngokwembali e-Ellis Island. Ngamanye amagama, abo babonisiweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu babengavunyelwa ukuba bangene e-U.S kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba babuyele ekhaya. Ngapha koko, indoda ebonakala, ngokujonga ngokukhawuleza, ukuba ikwe-shawl yomthandazo omde, inkcukacha eyenze ukuba umfanekiso ube lilitye lokuchukumisa kuluntu lwamaJuda amashumi eminyaka-eneneni ngumfazi onengubo enemigca.
Ngenxa yamandla anyamezelayo omfanekiso, ezi nkcukacha azibonakali, nangona kunjalo. Kucace gca ukuba lo mfanekiso, kunye no-Stieglitz ongumfoti ongumJuda, ubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yamaJuda nakwinkcubeko yamaJuda, UNks Shaykin uxelele uMqwalaseli ngexesha lokuhamba komboniso. [Kwimemori yakhe] ubalisa ibali malunga nendlela eze kwaye wabona abakhweli beklasi ababekhwele kwisikhephe. Waziva esondele kubo. Akathethi ngokungqalileyo kungenxa yokuba, njengonyana wabafuduki baseJamani-abangamaJuda, waziva eyinto ethile kubo, kodwa oko kuchaziwe .
Kwiakhawunti kaStieglitz, uchaze ukuhamba kunye nentombi yakhe kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uEmily, awamchaza njengomntu othambekele ngakumbi kunaye. Umfazi wam wanyanzelisa ukuhamba ngenqanawa Kaiser Wilhem II — inqanawa yemfashini yaseLloyd yaseNtshona Jamani ngelo xesha, umfoti wafikelwa lusizi ngohambo. Hayi indlela endandiyicaphukela ngayo imeko yeklasi yokuqala kuloo nqanawa! Umntu akanakuphuncuka isityebi esitsha .
Ngosuku lwesithathu, uStieglitz wathi, akasenakuma kwakhona kwaye wathabatha uhambo oluya kwindawo yokuhambisa inqanawa apho, enyanzelwa ngabantu abaphantsi kunye nezakhiwo zejometri awazibonayo, wabaleka wayothatha ikhamera yakhe.
'Ukuba zonke iifoto zam bezilahlekile, kwaye bendizakumelwa yinye,' I-Steerage '… ndingoneliseka.'
Ngokuzenzekelayo ndabalekela kwizitepsi eziphambili, ndileqwa ndaya kwikhabhathi yam, ndafumana iGraflex yam, ndabuya ndabuya umva. (Isicatshulwa somboniso sicaphula ibali lakhe leakhawunti.) Ngaba ndingayifumana into endiyibonileyo, endiziva ngayo? Ekugqibeleni ndiyikhuphile i-shutter, intliziyo yam ibingxola. Ndandiqala ngqa ukuva ukubetha kwentliziyo yam ngaphambili. Ngaba ndifumene umfanekiso wam? Ndiyazi ukuba bendinayo, elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufotweni liya kufikelelwa.
Iqela elilawulayo sesinye seziganeko ezibonakalayo zamava abaphambukeli akhethwe liZiko loLondolozo lweMbali lamaJuda loBugcisa kunye neZinto ezibonisa umdla-ezichazwe ngumyuziyam njengothotho lwemiboniso esondeleyo yesincoko. Iziqwenga zangaphambili, umzekelo, zibandakanye i-quilt yosapho lwakwasekhaya lwama-Russian, circa 1899, kunye noDiane Arbus Isigebenga samaYuda , yafotwa ngo-1970. Umbono wofakelo lweAlfred Stieglitz's The Steerage Umboniso kwiMyuziyam yamaJuda. (Ifoto: David Heald)
Kuba Iqela elilawulayo , imyuziyam iwunqumamisile lo mfanekiso kwiglasi vitrine ecaleni kweziqwenga ezibini ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wobugcisa: uVik Muniz owabelwa iifoto zika-Stieglitz ngo-2000 kwisosi yetshokholethi, kunye no-Arnold Newman ka-1944 ophindwe kabini ngo-Stieglitz kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini, umzobi uGeorgia O'Keeffe. Ukongeza, kukwakhona umzobo omncinci weKaiser Wilhem II kunye neephemera ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengee-postcards ezazithengiswa enqanaweni.
Ngasekhohlo kwe Iqela elilawulayo, iklastikhi yokuzaliswa kwemifanekiso iyaboniswa. Kukho umba we-1911 Umsebenzi weKhamera , ihlelwe nguStieglitz ngokwakhe, ngowe-1944 NgoMgqibelo ngokuhlwa Pos t iprofayile nguThomas Craven osihloko sithi Stieglitz-Old Master of the Camera and Alfred Kazin's memoir. Umgxeki, naye ungunyana wabaphambukeli abangamaPolish-abangamaJuda, bobabini babenoprinta lomsebenzi kwaye bawusebenzisa njengomboniso ophambili kwimemori yakhe Umhambi esixekweni . Lo mfanekiso wonwabele ukuveliswa okuninzi, ude ubonakale nakwisicatshulwa sencwadi yakutshanje enomxholo Imbali yaseColumbia yamaYuda kunye nobuJuda eMelika . UVik Muniz's I-Steerage (Emva kukaAlfred Stieglitz) , isuka e Imifanekiso yetshokholethi uthotho, (2000). (Ifoto: © IMyuziyam yamaJuda)
Ukuvelisa nje imifanekiso ngokuphindaphindiweyo, baba yinxalenye yokucinga okuthandwayo, utshilo uNksk Shaykin. Kuyathakazelisa kum ukuba ixesha lokuqala awapapasha ngalo yayingu-1911-kwakukho iqela elikhetheke kakhulu labantu ababekhathalele kakhulu kwaye benomdla ngobugcisa baManje ngeli xesha. Emva koko, phantse iminyaka engama-20 emva kokuba eyithathile, ngo-1924, wayeyivelisa kwakhona into evanithi ngokuthambile , Kwaye emva koko ungene Inkqubo ye- NgoMgqibelo ngeposi ngasekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Utyhala ngenene umsebenzi wakhe-lowo mfanekiso ngokukodwa-kwihlabathi ukuba lidume. (I into evanithi ngokuthambile ukuveliswa kwakhona, endaweni yokulahlekiswa, kwakushicilelwe ecaleni kwikholamu yengcebiso ehlekisayo enesihloko esithi Ungoyikiswa njani naNgaphandle.)
UStieglitz akazange enze mzamo wokufihla iinjongo zakhe. Ukuba zonke iifoto zam bezilahlekile, kwaye bendiya kumelwa yenye, Iqela elilawulayo , uthe ngasekupheleni kobomi bakhe, ndizokwaneliseka.
Ngokumalunga noNks. Shaykin, unethemba lokuba ababukeli baya kuhamba baqonde apho uStieglitz avela khona. Umfoti umfaki-zithombe usenokuba wayehamba ethambekele kubunewunewu, kodwa wakhetha ukufota, kwaye wabhala amaxwebhu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, abahambi kuhambo olwahluke kakhulu.
Njengokuba kusenzeka rhoqo, utshilo, [Ifoto] ibinobomi obungaphaya kobayo amagcisa.
