Ngenxa yokungabikho kwezinye iindlela, xa abavoti bekhathazekile, endaweni yokuvotela elinye iqela, bayayeka ukuvota.(Ifoto: mmmswan / Flickr) Esi sithuba savela kuqala Quora : Ngaba le nkqubo yomibini ilungile okanye imbi?
Inkqubo yamaqela amabini, iyodwa, ayiyonto imbi ngokwemvelo. Nditsho namazwe anonyulo lwamaqela amaninzi anamaqela amabini aphambili. Into ebuhlungu i-US yinkqubo yonyulo esetyenzisiweyo, Ukuvota kuqala (Ukuvota kwe-FPTP). Kuba kuphela ngumgqatswa ophumelela uninzi lwevoti ofumana ukumelwa, oko kwenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu ukuphatha iziphumo kunye nokuthula abancinci kunye nenkcaso.
Umzekelo, phambi kolonyulo lwakutshanje lowiso-mthetho e-Ukraine, iQela elilawulayo leMimandla labona ukuba liqhuba kakubi kwizikhululo zovoto kodwa yayilelona qela likhulu kubulelwa iqela eliphikisayo. Yiyo ke loo nto itshintshe imigaqo yonyulo ukuze isiqingatha sezihlalo sigqibe ngokuvota ngokulinganayo kwaye esinye isiqingatha kwizithili ezihlala abantu sisebenzisa ukuvota kwe-FPTP. Ngomhla wonyulo, uMbutho weMimandla uzuze iipesenti ezingama-32 zezihlalo ezilinganayo kodwa iipesenti ezingama-51 zezihlalo zezithili, ngaphandle kweepesenti ezili-10 eziye kubantu abazimeleyo abazimanya neQela leMimandla kwinyanga emva konyulo. Ngokudibeneyo neqela lamaKomanisi, uMbutho weMimandla wakwazi ukuhlala ungumbutho olawulayo nangona uninzi lwabavoti lwaluvotela amaqela aphikisayo ( Unyulo lwePalamente yaseUkraine, ngo-2012 ). Ngendlela efanayo, iiDemokhrasi kunye neRiphabhlikhi zixhasa ukuvota kwe-FPTP kuba yenza umqobo kukhuphiswano kwaye igcina amaqela amancinci. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwezinye iindlela, xa abavoti bekhathazekile, endaweni yokuvotela elinye iqela, bayayeka ukuvota.
I-Gerrymandering ngokuyinxenye sisiphumo sokungabikho kokhuphiswano. Ngenxa yokuba abantu baneenketho ezimbini zokwenyani, oko kwenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu kubapolitiki ukukrola izithili ezifanelekileyo kubo. Ikwenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukwahlula abantu ukuze bangabinaso nasiphi na isithili kwaye ngenxa yoko bangafumani bameli. 
Izithili zebandla zaseNorth Carolina(Quora)
INorth Carolina iye yangomnye wemizekelo yokuqala ye-gerrymandering. Yintoni enomdla kukuba icandelo lalo ngenxa yeenjongo ezilungileyo ziye zonakala. Isithili se-12 senziwa kuba kungenjalo ama-Afrika-aseMelika ahlala embindini wombuso ngekhe afumane bume. Ke ngoko, iNorth Carolina yayifunwa nguMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu ukudala isithili esinabantu abaninzi base-Afrika nabaseMelika. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoku, amaRiphabhlikhi afunde ukuba banako ukugxila kubavoti beDemokhrasi kwizithili ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ke ngoko, iNorth Carolina inezithili ezi-3 ezivotele iipesenti ezingama-75 ukuya kuma-80 eepesenti zedemokhrasi kunye nezithili ezili-10 ezivotele ipesenti ezingama-50 ukuya kuma-63 epesenti yeRiphabhlikhi, enye yazo iDemokhrasi ikwazile ukuphumelela ngamavoti angama-654 ngo-2012 Iphepha lasekhaya leSBOE ). Kananjalo, abathunywa benkongolo eNorth Carolina bangamaRiphabhlikhi abasithoba kunye nabaDemokhrasi abane nangona uninzi lwabavoti luvotele uMdemokhrasi. Amaqela amaninzi angenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuqikelela iziphumo zonyulo, ke izithili ezimiselweyo azinakulungiswa ngokuchanekileyo ukuvelisa izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Ukuvota ngokulinganayo kuya kuziphelisa izibonelelo zokumelana kunye kunye.
Inkqubo yamaqela amabini e-US ikhokelele kwiipokotho zolawulo lweqela elinye. Kwizixeko ezikhulu kwaye phantse kuyo yonke i-New England, iRiphabhlikhi isenokungabikho kuyo yonke imelo abayifumanayo. Kuba le mimandla ikude kakhulu ngasekhohlo kunomndilili wesizwe, iiRiphabhlikhi azibheneli kubo, kodwa alikho elinye iqela elinobukho obaneleyo bezopolitiko ukuba lisebenze njengeqela eliphikisayo. Ngaphandle kwenkcaso esebenzayo, akukho kujongwa ekusebenziseni gwenxa kwamandla okanye ekuphenduleni.
Inkqubo yamaqela amabini ihlala icingelwa ukuba inefuthe lokumodareyitha ngokunciphisa umda wezikhundla ezincinci nokwenza oorhulumente abazinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi egcina iyinyani. Amazwe anjengeNetherlands, iDenmark, iFinland, iNorway, iSweden, neSwitzerland onke anamaqela asibhozo nangaphezulu amelweyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye onke athathwa njengeedemokhrasi ezizinzileyo nezilawulwa kakuhle. Andiqondi ukuba omnye wabo ebenombutho ozama ukuvala urhulumente kwaye egrogrisa ngokunyanzela ukuba asilele.
Umngcipheko wamaqela agabadeleyo ugqithile. Uninzi lwamaqela amancinci kwimimandla yedemokhrasi ephucukileyo kunokuba msulwa kwaye amele amaqela amancinci angaziva ngathi amaqela aphambili abonisa ngokufanelekileyo umdla wabo. Ngaphandle kokuba ngamaqela ahlukeneyo nangona kunjalo, bahlala besebenza kunye. ESweden, iModerate, Liberal, Centre, kunye neChristian Democratic amaqela aqhuba iphulo elimanyeneyo e2010. Babesazi ukuba kungcono ukusebenza kunye, kodwa ngokugcina izazisi ezahlukileyo, bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo ezininzi. Ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuseka iqela elinye, imiyalezo yamaqela amancinci iya kulahleka, ukunciphisa amandla abo okufikelela. Umlimi waseSweden usenokungayithandi into yokuba iZiko leZolimo lixhaswe liqela eliphakathi le-urbane njengoko engabathembi ukuba bamele iimfuno zakhe. Kungoko ke uMbutho oPhakathi usebenza namaqela amancinci kodwa ungawafuni kuba unyusa isabelo sawo seevoti ezinokubakho.
Amaqela amancinci kunqabile ukuba afumane impembelelo engafanelekanga kunyulo, kodwa xa esenza njalo, ihlala iyimpembelelo yokumodareyitha. Kumashumi eminyaka, iFree Democratic Party (FDP) eJamani yayingabaphathi bezopolitiko. Amaqela aphambili, iChristian Democratic Union (i-CDU) kunye ne-Social Democratic Party yaseJamani (i-SPD) kunqabile ukuba babumbe urhulumente ngaphandle kwabo. I-FDP imele iziko lezopolitiko kwezopolitiko zaseJamani. Imfuneko yayo nakweyiphi na indibaniselwano igcine i-CDU kunye ne-SPD zingayi kakhulu ekunene okanye ekhohlo. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kwahlukile ekujikeni abavoti kwezopolitiko zase-US. Ngamanye amaxesha, liqela elincinci ekufuneka lenze izivumelwano kakhulu ukuze ujoyine umanyano. Kuyinto enqabileyo kunombutho omncinci ozifumana ekwimeko apho anokuyalela khona amagama njengoko kuhlala kukho ezinye indibaniselwano ezinokubakho ezingabandakanyi. Ke ngoko, ukuba ifuna ukuthathwa ukuba ijoyine umanyano olulawulayo, kufuneka ikholise elinye lamaqela aphambili. Kananjalo, njengoko umzekelo waseSweden ubonakalisile, kuhlala kukho amahlakani endibaniselwano yendalo, amaqela asondeleyo kwiingcinga kodwa egxila kwimicimbi eyahlukeneyo.
Umanyano loorhulumente lunokuzinza kakhulu. ISwitzerland ilawulwa yimanyano yamaqela amane ukusukela nge1959. Xa umanyano lungazinzanga, kuhlala kungenxa yezinye iingxaki eluntwini. IBelgium yahamba iintsuku ezingama-589 ngaphandle korhulumente onyuliweyo kuba babengenakho ukwenza umanyano. Nangona kunjalo, oyena nobangela uphambili woku kukwahlukana ngokwenkcubeko phakathi koluntu ke ngoko xa kusenziwa umanyano, amaqela kufuneka athethathethane kungekuphela ngokwahluka kwezimvo kodwa kwanomahluko wengingqi. Ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci, le ngxaki inye elawula umanyano e-Itali.
Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, iCongress sele isebenza ngokungathi yenziwe yimibutho yamaqela ahlukeneyo. Kuzo zombini iRiphabhlikhi kunye neDemokhrasi kukho ezahlukeneyo Iikhokhasi zecongressional ezahlula amaqela omabini abe ngamaqela amancinci. Uthethathethwano phakathi kweekhokhasi luyenzeka, kodwa alubonakali kangako kubavoti. Ukuba i-US ibinokutshintshela kubameli ngokulinganayo, ezi caucus bezinokwahlulahlula njengeqela labo, kodwa zisebenze kunye kwinkongolo. Imeko enjalo ibinokuba luncedo kakhulu kwixa elidlulileyo. Xa i-Republican Party yelizwe yaba nelungelo kakhulu kubavoti basezidolophini, iiRiphabhlikhi ezixekweni zazinokwenza iqela labo elinokuthi lisebenze neQela leRiphabhlikhi kwinqanaba likazwelonke ngelixa babonisa iqonga elilondolozayo elinomdla ngakumbi kubavoti basezidolophini .
Amazwe anokuvota ngokulinganayo abona ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwezopolitiko kunye nokuvota kunalawo anokuvota kwe-FPTP. Ngexesha lonyulo lukaMongameli, ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-70 zabantu baseMelika bavota kwaye lehla laya ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-50 ngexesha lonyulo olungelulo lowongameli. Ukuphela kolawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nokuvota okusezantsi endikufumeneyo yiSwitzerland ( Idatha yokuvota yokuvota eSwitzerland ). Ngamaqela amaninzi, abantu kunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane iqela abaziva bebonisa ngcono izimvo zabo kunye nomdla wabo. Umlimi unokuziva ngathi iiDemokhrasi okanye iiRiphabhlikhi azizukuyimela ngokufanelekileyo imidla yakhe kwaye ngenxa yoko abavoti. Ukuba iqela lezolimo linokwenza kwaye liphumelele ubuncinci bokumelwa, unokuba lilungu leqela elisebenzayo okanye ubuncinci azive ethembele ngakumbi malunga nokuvota.
Amakhonkco ahambelana:
Kutheni le nto kukho abantu abafileyo kuphela kwimali yase-US?
Luluphi unyulo lukaMongameli wase-US athe iCongress yabandakanyeka ngenxa yokungabikho kweevoti ezaneleyo kwikholeji yonyulo?
Luluphi olona loyiso lukhulu lowiso-mthetho kwiqela lezopolitiko kunyulo jikelele?
UDarrell Francis ngu-MA woLawulo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye negalelo leQuora. Unokulandela iQuora kwi Twitter , Facebook , kunye UGoogle + .
