NjengoNancy Gibbs we Ixesha kanye iqatshelwe , Oosodolophu ababalaseleyo kwimbali yase-U.S. Baye baba ngabalinganiswa abaphambili-ababonisi kunye nabaxhamli kunye nabaxhaphazi nabavukeli. Ke kwakhona, yeyona nto imbi kakhulu. Ke, yintoni eyenza usodolophu omkhulu omkhulu? Kwaye embi? Ngumbuzo ocel'umngeni kuba azikho izixeko ezibini ezifanayo, kwaye iiofisi zabo zikasodolophu okanye abantu abahlala kuzo.
Ngethamsanqa, uninzi lwezixeko ezikhulu zaseMelika zibonakala ngathi ziyonwabela ukuvuselelwa okuthile xa kufikwa kubaphathi bazo abaziintloko. U-Eric Garcetti (Los Angeles), Mitch Landrieu (New Orleans), kunye no-Sly James (Kansas City) ngoosodolophu abambalwa abenza amaza ngokuzimisela kwabo ukukhokela kwi-bipartisan fashion ukuzisa izisombululo ezintsha kuluntu lwabo. Basebenzisa itekhnoloji kunye nendlela eqhutywa yidatha ukwenza evulekileyo, enobulungisa, oorhulumente abajolise kwinkonzo nakwizixeko ezifanelekileyo kwezeshishini. Kananjalo, banandipha ukuthandwa okuphezulu kwaye bafumana amawonga esizwe kunye noontanga ukwamkelwa .
Nangona kunjalo, kukho amatyala ambalwa akutshanje oosodolophu abakhulu beedolophu, abanjengoDetroit uKwame Kilpatrick okanye uRay Nagin waseNew Orleans, abakhokelelwa ekuhendweni yimigibe yamandla oluntu kwaye baphela bengasebenzi-okanye emva kwezitshixo. Ngethamsanqa, urhwaphilizo olunjalo luya lusiba lunqabile.
Umsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nomsebenzi owaziwayo ecaleni, sibeke oosodolophu abasebenza kakubi kwizixeko ezikhulu ezingama-50 zelizwe. Izinto zidibanisa idatha enzima kwaye ithambile, kubandakanya inqanaba Kwezona zixeko ziqhutywa kakuhle eMelika, ukulinganiswa kwemvume kasodolophu, ukwamkelwa koontanga, kunye nokuvavanywa kwesigqeba sabacebisi bezopolitiko kunye neengcali zeendaba kuyo yonke imithendeleko yezopolitiko. Qaphela ukuba olu ayilo luhlu lwezixeko ezimbi. Ezinye izixeko ezinengxaki kakhulu, njengeDetroit, zinobunkokeli obomeleleyo kwiofisi kasodolophu.
Abacebisi kunye neengcali, uninzi lwabo olucelile ukuba sigcine izazisi zabo zichaziwe, babuzwa ukuba ngoobani ababecinga ukuba ngoosodolophu ababi. Kwakukho ukuvumelana okuncinci phakathi kwabo baphononongiweyo.
Endaweni yokugxila kokubi, iingcali zethu zanikezela ngezisombululo zokuba oosodolophu abasebenza kakubi banokuzibamba njani iintliziyo neengqondo zabantu babo ukuba bancede izixeko ezilawulayo zikhule.
3. URahm Emanuel, uSodolophu waseChicago
IChicago Magazine kubizwe URahm Emanuel ongusodolophu oDumileyo kwiMbali yale mihla yaseChicago. Ngomgangatho wokuvunywa owathi ngaxa lithile wazika Iipesenti ezili-18 Usodolophu wase-Emanuel, ngoku kwikota yakhe yesibini, khange akwazi ukufikelela kumkhondo.
Ukunyaniseka, uEmanuel odume kakubi, owayesakuba yintloko yabasebenzi kuMongameli u-Barack Obama kunye nomntakwabo wase-Hollywood u-Ari Emanuel, wasizuza njengelifa isixeko esele sigcwele ziingxaki. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kwengqesho yakhe, uninzi lwezo ngxaki luye lwasasazeka. Ukubulawa komntu kuye kwaphantse kwaphindeka kabini, kwaye indlela awaphatha ngayo emva kokubulawa kwamapolisa ngesiquphe yabangela umsindo. Ukongeza amafutha kumlilo malunga neenkqubo zobupolisa yayikukufunyanwa kwe-2015 yi-Guardian ukuba isebe lamapolisa laseChicago laliqhuba imfihlo indawo emnyama ukubuza imibuzo.
Okwangoku, ngenkqubo yomhlala-phantsi yeebhiliyoni zeedola eziphantsi kwamanzi kunye nokulinganiswa kwamatyala esixekweni phakathi kwezona zimbi elizweni, u-Emanuel uzifumene engenamandla phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho olungenakunqandwa kunye nokusilela kwemali okuqhubekayo.
Ngazo zonke ezi ngxaki, ubuntu buka-Emanuel obunoburharha buzele inqanaba lembewu yokungathembani kunye ne-angst phakathi kweChicago kunye nolawulo lwesixeko sabo.
U-Emanuel unethamsanqa lokuba iseneminyaka embalwa eshiyekileyo yokuguqula ubusodolophu bakhe. Ngaphandle kwamanyathelo amaninzi aneenjongo ezintle kodwa asilele njengalowo kuthiwa unomdla Ngena eChicago Inkqubo, ejolise ekunikezeleni ngenkxaso-mali kubantu abangenzi nzuzo ukunceda ukucebisa abantwana abahlala ezitalatweni, uEmanuel ubonakala eqonda-ngokuchanekileyo-ukuba impumelelo yakhe njengosodolophu iya kugwetywa nge-metric enye: isixeko izinga lokubulala . Ukuba angabeka ukubulala kuye kuthi ga kwinqanaba lika-2009, uya kuba uphumelele. Iingcali zethu zicebisa ukuba uEmanuel, oqhele ukuba nochuku olulungeleleneyo kwezopolitiko, kufuneka enze into enokuba nzima kwindoda ene-Trump elingana ne-Trump: avume ukungaphumeleli kwaye athathe ubunini bobhubhane bolwaphulo-mthetho eChicago.
IChicago yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, kodwa izinga lokubulawa kwamntu liyadyobha igama lakhe, nangona isabelo sengonyama sokubulala sigxile kwiindawo ezimbalwa ezinengeniso ephantsi. U-Emanuel angaphuma abe ligorha eChicago ngokuthatha uxanduva olupheleleyo lwenqanaba lolwaphulo-mthetho esixekweni kwaye acele uluntu kunye namaqabane amashishini ukuba ajoyine izandla ekuhlaseleni umba ngqo kunye nenkxaso-mali ethe kratya, itekhnoloji entsha yamapolisa, idatha enkulu kunye nokuzibandakanya koluntu. Ukuthobeka kuya kuba yi-ace phezulu emkhonweni wakhe, ukumnika inkxaso eyaziwayo, izixhobo kunye nokuthengwa kwezopolitiko kufuneka athathe enye into ekusombululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesixeko kunye neparadigm yentlupheko. Ukuzibandakanya noluntu ukusuka kwindawo yentsebenziswano linyathelo lokuqala elisingise kwinguqu. Ukujongana nemicimbi yezentlalo noqoqosho yesixeko kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukubonelela ngemfundo yetekhnoloji kuyo yonke iminyaka kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zokuphinda uqeqeshelwe umsebenzi kunokunceda abantu ukuba bajike ikamva labo kwaye baya kwenza izitrato zikhuseleke. NjengoTata uGregory Boyle, umseki kunye ne-CEO ye-Homeboy Industries, eyaziwayo, akukho nto imisa imbumbulu njengomsebenzi.
2. IBetsy Hodges, uSodolophu waseMinneapolis
Ngabemi abangaphezulu nje kwama-400,000, iMinneapolis ikwicala elincinci lezixeko ezikhulu zaseMelika, kodwa njengendawo yezenkcubeko nezoqoqosho kwiiTwin Cities-indawo eneedolophu ezisixhenxe enabemi abangaphezulu kwesigidi se-3.5-ibetha ngaphezulu kobunzima bayo ngokwemiqathango ngokubaluleka kwengingqi. Iidemokhrasi iBetsy Hodges, eyonyulwe ngo-2013 kwaye ngoku iqhuba unyulo kwakhona, inesabelo sayo kwiingxaki — phantse zonke ezizezayo. Njengoko elungiselela ukuba zeziphi izithembiso zonyulo olusondeleyo kunye nabachasi abane abanzulu, usodolophu wakhe uhlaselwa ngasekhohlo kwaye iziko. (Akukho phiko lasekunene lokuthetha ngalo kwezopolitiko zaseMinneapolis.)
Nangona eyaziwa kakhulu kwilizwe liphela #PointerGate meme ka-2014 (ngelixa wayefuna ifoto enetyala, engaqondanga waqaqambisa umqondiso wesandla ukuba isikhululo sikamabonwakude sendawo esibhalwe uphawu lweqela lemigulukudu, indlela ka-Betsy Hodges Charmin-ethambileyo kulawulo ikwazile ukwahlula amaqela amaninzi kwinkqubela phambili yakhe. Isixeko ukuba ibhaso lakhe kunyulo kwakhona limi kumhlaba ongazinzanga. Uthathe imeko ebuthathaka kulwaphulo-mthetho olubonakala lusekwe kakhulu kwiminqweno yokucinga njengoko kunjalo kubuchule kunye neqhinga. Ngelixa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela esixekweni luqhubeka nokunyuka, iHodges injalo uqhayisa malunga nokwenza zimbalwa ukubanjwa. Ukuphathwa gwenxa kwayo UJamar Clark Uqhankqalazo, olukhokelele kukuma okungangeentsuku ezili-18 phakathi kwamapolisa nabaqhankqalazi eMntla Minneapolis, kukhokelele iSebe lezoBulungisa laseMelika ukuba ligqibe kwelokuba… ubudlelwane obubonakala buphakathi kukaSodolophu uHodges kunye no [Mpolisa] oyiNtloko u-Harteau, kunye nokungaqheleki kosodolophu Iziphumo zesigama asisebenzisileyo xa ephethe, kungenzeka ukuba zibe negalelo kwisikhokelo esingahambelaniyo esinikwe abasebenzi beMPD kunye nesiphumo sokudana phakathi kwamagosa kunxibelelwano olubi kunye nokungahambelani, ubunkokeli obungalungelelananga.
Iziphoso zikaHodges azikhawulelanga kwimicimbi yezokhuseleko loluntu kunye nobudlelwane noluntu. Ube ngumntu oyinqaku kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezidolophini ezibiza kakhulu, ezingapheliyo, kunye nokucinga okuye kwaphazamisa amashishini amancinci kunye nezothutho lwasekhaya. Ukuphathwa gwenxa kwemisebenzi yoluntu (indawo elula yokuhamba kwabahambi ezantsi edolophini phantsi kolawulo lukaHodges kuthathe ixesha elide ukugqitywa kunekhaya elitsha lobugcisa beMinnesota Vikings) ibeluphawu lobume bayo. Kwaye xa iqela losomashishini waseMinnesota lafumana ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwiqela le-Major League Soccer, u-Hodges akazange ahlangane nabanini abatsha ukuze baxoxe ngebala lemidlalo; Bangene ngakwicala iSt Paul apho uSodolophu uChris Coleman wabamkela ngezandla ezishushu.
UHodges ubonakala ngathi ufuna ngokwenene ukuphucula isixeko sakhe, kodwa emva kweminyaka emine yobunkokheli be-subpar, akunakulindeleka ukuba abavoti baphinde bamnike enye. Ukuba uyaphumelela, uHodges kufuneka abuyise inkxaso eyaziwayo yeMinneapolitans (ewe-yile nto bazibiza ngayo) ngokufaka inaliti yengqondo yokuziphatha kwindlela yakhe elawulayo kunye nokulungelelanisa izikhuthazi kunye neziphumo.
Ngokungafaniyo no-Emanuel, unethuba elingaphantsi konyaka ejikeleze usodolophu wakhe onengxaki. UHodges kufuneka athathe amanyathelo angxamisekileyo okuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo egxile kwimpumelelo yexesha elifutshane anokuyiqonda phakathi kwangoku ukuya kuNovemba. Ukuvuzwa ngexesha kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngqo namagosa asebupoliseni abonisa iindawo abahlala kuzo, nokujolisa ekukhuthazeni abaqeshi abatsha ukuzisa imisebenzi esixekweni kuya kuba sisiqalo esihle. Imisebenzi kunye nokuqeshwa zii-lynchpins zaso nasiphi na isixeko esisempilweni, kwaye izimvo zikaHodges ziye zoyikisa uluntu lweshishini-ngakumbi oosomashishini abancinci. Isindululo sakhe sokunyusa irhafu yepropathi- nangona iMinneapolis ihleli kumakhulu ezigidi zeedola ezihlawula irhafu ezingenabantu kwaye izakhiwo ezigwetyiweyo-inokuba zezopolitiko ezilungileyo zokuxhasa abalandeli bayo ngasekhohlo, kodwa kumenze bête noir phakathi kwinqanaba eliphakathi lesixeko. Elinye lamanyathelo akhe okuqala kwimizamo yakhe yokuvuselela isimilo sakhe kukuphinda abandakanye abantu beshishini kwaye afumane amanqaku ebhodini ngokwenza ezinye izivumelwano nabaqeshi abakhulu ukuba bazibophelele ekudaleni imisebenzi emitsha. 
Omkhulu uBill de Blasio.Ifoto nguDrew Angerer / Getty Izithombe
1. UBill de Blasio, USodolophu weSixeko saseNew York
Akululanga ukuzalisa izihlangu zikaMike Bloomberg, ngokuqinisekileyo yenye yeSixeko saseNew York inkulu oosodolophu. Ukubandezeleka kuka-De Blasio e-ofisini kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo kuye kwaphawulwa ngothotho lwezithembiso ezaphukileyo, ukungahambi kakuhle, kunye nesityholo sobuqhophololo. UJoon Kim, igqwetha laseMelika elibambeleyo kwiSithili esiseMazantsi eNew York, kutshanje waphosa u-Blasio ijacket yobomi xa wayeka ityala ku-CEO we-New York City: Emva kokucingisisa ngononophelo, enikwe iimeko ezipheleleyo apha kwaye engekho ubungqina, asizimiselanga kuzisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noSodolophu okanye abo benza egameni lakhe.
Ngaphandle kwezityholo zokuhlawulwa komdlalo, u-de Blasio ugxekiwe ngokungaziqhelanisi ubuchwephesha bokusebenza kwesona sixeko sikhulu saseMelika kunye nokungabinalo ixesha lokutyala imali ekwakheni inkxaso kwilizwe lonke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yakhe. Abagxeki bakhe bamtyhola ngokujolisa kwimicimbi yesizwe kunye Ingxabano kamongameli ngaphezulu kokulawula isiXeko saseNew York. Esi sesona sixeko sisebenza nzima eMelika-ngaphandle komntu ophetheyo, utshilo u-Bradley Tusk, u-CEO we-Tusk Strategies kunye nowayengumphathi wephulo le-Mike Bloomberg's 2009 reelection campaign. Xa usebenza kuphela iiyure ezingama-25 ukuya kwezi-30 ngeveki, ngekhe ulawule isixeko esi esikhulu, esi sinzima. Uya kuphinda anyulwe ngenxa yokuba ebambelele kwiprayimari, kodwa masingabhidanisi ukuba neNew York City ibe nosodolophu osebenzayo.
Ngale nto ithethwayo, ii-ails zika-de Blasio zinokulungiswa ngokuthatha iphepha kwincwadi yakhe yokudlala eyandulelayo: ukukhuthaza ukugxila okungagungqiyo kwiziphumo. IBloomberg yayidume ngokuthatha iphulo layo lokuzibophelela kunye nokuzifaka kwizicelo zolawulo lwedatha, ukulandelela inkqubela phambili, kunye nokwabelana ngeziphumo noluntu kwikhadi lakhe lokuphela konyaka. IBlasio inokulandela ngokudwelisa izinto eziphambili kuye kunye nokulandela umkhondo wenqanaba ngalinye lokuqinisekisa ukuba zenziwa ngempumelelo kwaye zifezekise iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ukukwazi ukwalatha kwiziphumo eziqhutywa ziidatha kuya kuba yindlela ende yokwakha iibhlorho ezonakalisiweyo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo e-ofisini.
Ngokungafaniyo noHodges, obonakala ngathi usemkhenkceni omncinci oyingozi kunyulo lwakhe oluzayo ngoNovemba, u-de Blasio unendlela elula eya empumelelweni phambi kwakhe, kwaye angayisebenzisa ngokukuko iminyaka emine eyongezelelekileyo e-ofisini ukuphinda ayile ubusodolophu.
Oosodolophu ababi kakhulu baseMelika babonakala behlala kwenye indawo, eqhutywa yindalo yonke, utshilo ubuntu obunxweme lwasentshona bathetha ubuntu bukanomathotholo kwaye banegalelo rhoqo kumoya kwi-CNN nakwiFox News Ethan Bearman. Abona dolophu babi belizwe lethu bayasilela ukubamba ubudlelwane besiseko phakathi kosodolophu kunye nabantu besixeko: xa abantu bengaziva bekhuselekile kwaye besilele ukubona inkqubela phambili, babeka ityala kwiinkokeli zabo. Oko u-de Blasio, Hodges no-Emanuel kufuneka bekwenzile kukujonga kwabanye oontanga babo kwilizwe liphela ukuze babone ukuba yintoni esebenzela oosodolophu kwezinye zeedolophu ezinempumelelo ethelekisekayo kwaye benze izicwangciso ezicacileyo nezilandelelweyo.
Ngelixa u-de Blasio no Hodges bejamelene nesiphelo esingaqinisekanga ngalo-Novemba, u-Emanuel useneminyaka embalwa yokuvuselela ukuma kwakhe kunye neChicagoans-ukuba angathatha isigqibo sokungenela unyulo kwakhona ngo-2019. UDe Blasio, ejongene nenkcaso yokwenyani kwaye sele ekhululwe yezityholo ezinokubakho, kufuneka bahambe ngokulula ngokulula ukuya kunyulo kwakhona. IHodges ngoyena mntu usemngciphekweni kwiqela, njengoko etsala uluhlu lwabachasi abanobuchule kwiqela lakhe.
Ekugqibeleni, abantu baseMelika banothando lokuthandana nolwakhiwo lomdlalo wokudlala kathathu kunye nebali lenguqu kwimbali. Ngamnye kwaba dolophu wabekwa e-ofisini ngabavoti ababekholelwa kubo, nangona ngoku bejamelene nemiceli mngeni enkulu kwilifa labo lezopolitiko. Ukanti, elowo kubo unethuba lokuguqula ikamva labo-kunye nezixeko zabo-ekugqibeleni kwisigqibo sabo sobusodolophu. Bobathathu banabemi abafuna iziphumo ezicacileyo nezijolise ekuhambiseni izinto abazifunayo, banokuthi batshintshe igama labo kwaye babuyisele ilifa labo.
U-Arick Wierson wayengumcebisi kwezopolitiko nakwezonxibelelwano kwi-Sodolophu yase-New York uMichael Bloomberg kwaye ngoku ucebisa iinkampani zase-US malunga nokukhulisa amashishini abo phesheya kweemarike ezisakhulayo. Ungamlandela kwi-Twitter @ArickWierson
