Iincwadi ezi-5 ezinkulu eziXabisa ixesha lakho

(Ifoto: Caio Resende / Pexels)(Ifoto: Caio Resende / Pexels)

Ndiyazithanda iincwadi ezinkulu. Iincwadi ezinkulu kakhulu, njengezitena, unokuntywila kunye nabo echibini xa ungalumkanga. Ayilo thando olusempilweni, ndiya kuvuma. Ingakumbi njengeStockholm Syndrome. Njengexhoba elixhwiliweyo elithandana nomntu olithimbileyo, ezi ncwadi ziyayithimba ingqondo yam ixesha elide kangangokuba ndiqala ukuziva ndikhohlisiwe ndizithanda ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into ehlabathini.

Xa uninzi lwabantu luhamba elwandle, bathenga imfihlakalo yenkunkuma okanye inoveli yothando kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya. Mna? Ndikhwelisa iKant ’ Ukugxekwa kwesizathu esifanelekileyo nam. Kwityesi yayo. Ngoba? Kuba kufana namaphepha angama-800 kunye namanye kwaye axinene njengefuck. Emva koko ndithatha amanqaku kwindawo yam yokuphumla elunxwemeni ngelixa intombi yam ihlamba ilanga. Ngamanye amaxesha ndizisa ilaptop yam ukuze ndenze uphando. Intombi yam indixelela ukuba oku kufanele ukuba kube neentloni. Ndicinga ukuba luhlobo oloyikekayo.

Kungenxa yokuba nantsi into malunga neencwadi ezinkulu: zihlala zimangalisa. Akukho mhleli okanye umpapashi kwiingqondo zabo ezifanelekileyo onokuvumela iphepha elingu-1,000 le-shit ukuba lipapashwe. (Okona kubalulekileyo kukuba ngu-Ayn Rand.) Baya kunyanzela umbhali ukuba asike irhamncwa phakathi okanye abaxelele ukuba basikhuphe esihogweni iofisi yabo.

Hayi, ukuba incwadi enamaphepha ayi-1 000 iye yasinda kwindawo yokuqhawula ukubona ukukhanya kwemini kwasekuqaleni, oko kuthetha ukuba inokuba yinto ekhethekileyo.

Ukubhala / ukufunda kufana nokutyelela ingqondo yomnye umntu. Kwaye incwadi emfutshane okanye inqaku lifana nokuhlala ixesha elifutshane. Ungena, ufumane ikofu, uthethe ngemozulu okanye ezemidlalo, emva koko uqhubeke.

Kodwa ngeencwadi ezinkulu, awuhambeli nje ingqondo yombhali, ungena kubudlelwane bothando nayo. Wenza ngengqondo yabo, wonwabele ngokuhlwa okuzolileyo epakini ngengqondo yabo, ukuhlala kude kube sebusuku belila kwaye umamele lonke uloyiko kunye netyala kunye novuyo kunye nolonwabo oluphuma kwingqondo yabo. Yeyona ndlela inzima kakhulu yokusondelelana phakathi kwabantu ababini abangazange badibane kwaye abangasoze bahlangane.

Ngoku, anditsho ukuba zonke iincwadi ezinkulu ziya kwenza oku kuwe. Kodwa abaninzi baya kwenjenjalo. Ukuba ungene nzulu kuzo ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, baya kuphinda bahlaziye indlela ocinga ngayo kwaye uzive ngayo ngeli hlabathi, kwaye uya kuphuma kubo ulilungele. Nazi izinto ezihlanu zengqondo ezenze ukuba ndibengcono.

IMFAZWE NOXOLO

Ngu-Leo Tolstoy

Ukubalwa Kwekhasi: 1,296 amaphepha

Ngaphambi kokuba ndibe nombono wokuba yintoni Imfazwe noxolo yayiyintoni okanye yayimalunga nayo, yayisele ifumene inqanaba lobuntsomi engqondweni yam. Emva esikolweni esiphakamileyo nakwikholeji, ukuba kukho omnye wabantwana owakha wakhalaza malunga nokuba incwadi ethile yayinde kangakanani okanye inzima kangakanani na, ootitshala bahlala bethetha into enje, Inokuba mbi; sinokuba sifunda Imfazwe noxolo .

Ingongoma yayicacile: Phantse i-1,300 yamaphepha. Ibhalwe ngumntu othile waseRussia odikayo ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo. Ngaphezulu kwama-25 abalinganiswa abaphambili kunye nebali elihamba phantse iminyaka eli-10. Hayi enkosi.

Yehla uye phambili ku-2013, ndenzekile kudliwanondlebe noDavid Foster Wallace apho athetha khona malunga Imfazwe noxolo ukuba yeyona ncwadi ibalaseleyo eyakha yabhalwa, ixesha. Ngoku, ndiyathanda I-DFW (ululuhlu naye), kwaye ngeli xesha, bendizithanda iincwadi ezinamaphepha ayi-1,300. Umlomo wam unkcenkceshele. Kwaye, njengokugula okugulayo ndim, ndathenga Imfazwe noxolo ukuthatha nam kuhambo lweeveki ezintathu ukuya kwiiPhilippines. Kungekudala, ndazibona ndingahoyi iilwandle ezimhlophe zentlabathi emhlophe kunye namanzi aluhlaza oluhlaza emva kwemihla ukujonga kuhlobo lwam kangangeeyure ngexesha kunye nomhlathi wam ngendlela umntu anokukwazi ngayo ukuvelisa into emangalisa kangaka.

Imfazwe noxolo inokuba yeyona nto ibalaseleyo eyakha yenziwa ngumntu. Ndiyazi ukuba igama elithi 'epic' liyaphoswa kule mihla ngokungathi ayithethi nto, kodwa eneneni andibaxi xa ndisitsho. Ubungakanani bebali, ngokudityaniswa nobunzulu obungenakulinganiswa bobuntu kumlinganiswa ngamnye-andikaze ndibone into enje naphina kuyo nayiphi na indlela yobugcisa. Ngokwenene iyincwadi engobomi ngazo zonke iindlela zayo ezintle nezoyikisayo.

Incwadi yintsomi yembali esekwe kwilinge likaNapoleon (kwaye wasilela) ukuzama ukuhlasela iRussia ngo-1812. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seYurophu sabhujiswa kwaye uNapoleon waphulukana nama-90% omkhosi wakhe. Le ncwadi igxile ikakhulu kuluntu oluphakamileyo lwaseRussia, indlela abasabela ngayo kwilizwe labo liwajikeleza, kwaye bahlangabezana njani nazo ngeendlela zabo ezizodwa nezineempazamo. Kodwa yintoni eyenza ukuba uTolstoy abonakale njengomnye wababali abalungileyo awakhe wavelisa uhlanga loluntu kukukwazi kwakhe ukwenza uhlalutyo lwabalinganiswa bakhe kunye nokufikelela kwezona zikhuthazo zabo zinzulu nezikhuselweyo kumcimbi wezivakalisi ezimbalwa.

Njengoko u-Isaak Babel ebeka, Ukuba umhlaba ubunokubhala ngokwawo, ubuya kubhala njengoTolstoy.

Kutheni Kunzima Ukufunda: Ubude, ikakhulu. Ndithathe phantse iinyanga ezimbini ukuyigqiba, kwaye ndingumfundi okhawulezayo. Ikwathabatha amaphepha angamakhulu amabini omsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba iqale ihlawule. Njengoko benditshilo, bangaphezulu kwama-25 abalinganiswa abaphambili kunye nenani labalinganiswa abasecaleni. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi nangakumbi, uninzi lweziganeko zokuqala zencwadi (ezenzeka kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zasebukhosini baseRussia) zibandakanya iindinyana zesiFrentshi, ezifuna ukuba ukhangele imibhalo esemazantsi yeenguqulelo.

Phawula : Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zale ncwadi njengoko kukho amaphepha kwaye uninzi lwazo luyanya. Qiniseka ukuba ubambe ifayile uguqulo ngu Pevear noVolokhonsky . Kuthathwa ngokubanzi njengeyona ibalaseleyo.

Isizathu sokuba kufuneka uyifunde le nto: Ukubeka ngokulula, le yeyona ngqondi uyithandayo yoncwadi. UTolstoy uyinkosi. Iinoveli zakhe ezimbini ezinkulu Imfazwe noxolo kwaye UAnna Karenina Zombini zintle kakhulu kwii-3 eziphezulu zazo naziphi na ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo zakha zabhalwa. Ukusuka eDostoevsky ukuya kuGustav Flaubert, ukusuka ku-Ernest Hemingway ukuya kuDavid Foster Wallace, bonke bagcwala njengabantwana abancinci kumnyhadala wokuzalwa nanini na xa uTolstoy ekhulele kufutshane nabo. Yifunde.

Izicatshulwa zemali:

Umntu akanakuba nayo nantoni na lo gama esoyika ukufa. Kodwa kulowo ungoyikiyo, yonke into yeyayo. Ukuba bekungekho ukubandezeleka, umntu ebengazi imida yakhe, ngekhe azazi yena.

[B] ut ngoku, kwezi veki zintathu zokugqibela zomngcelele, uPierre wayefunde inyani entsha neyathuthuzelayo – wayefunde ukuba akukho nto yothusayo emhlabeni. Wayefunde ukuba, njengoko kungenakubakho meko apho umntu onwabile ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye ekhululekile, ke akukho meko apho angonwabi kwaye angakhululeki ngokugqibeleleyo. Wayefunde ukuba kukho umda ekubandezelekeni nase nkululekweni, kwaye loo mida isondele kakhulu; ukuba umntu osokolayo ngenxa yokuba elinye igqabi lityiwe ebhedini yeentyatyambo, usokola njengokuba eye walala emhlabeni ongenanto, ofumileyo.

Sinokwazi kuphela ukuba asazi nto. Lelona nqanaba liphezulu lobulumko babantu.

Ezinye izinto onokuzenza ngexesha lokuthatha kwakho ukugqiba le ncwadi:

Qalisa uhlaselo lomhlaba olungacetyiswanga lwaseRussia.
Funda ukuthetha isiFrentshi ngokwaneleyo ukuze uqonde izicatshulwa ezisekuqaleni kwencwadi ngaphandle kwemibhalo engezantsi.
Khulisa intshebe inde kwaye ifihle njengoTolstoy.

Iingelosi ezingcono zendalo yethu

NguSteven Pinker

Ukubalwa Kwekhasi: 832 amaphepha

Kungenzeka ukuba uvile le ncwadi kuthethwe ngayo kwindawo ethile kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba uyivile ikhankanywa ngenxa yendlela engalunganga okanye engafanelekanga ngayo le ncwadi.

Kungenxa yokuba impikiswano kaPinker kule ncwadi iphikisana nayo yonke into esivakalelwa ukuba iyinyani, kunzima kakhulu ukuyamkela (yiyo loo nto, efuna amaphepha angama-832 ukukuqinisekisa.)

Ithini ingxoxo yakhe? Yile: namhlanje, siphila kwelona xolo, linyamezelanayo, kwaye alinabundlobongela kwimbali yoluntu.

Ndiza kuyivumela ukuba itshone emzuzwini…

Ngapha koko, uPinker uthi, xa kuthelekiswa nembali yoluntu, le minyaka ingama-70 idlulileyo ibinoxolo kwaye ingenabundlobongela kangangokuba ababhali-mbali, oososayensi, kunye nososayensi bezopolitiko abanalo nofifi lokuba bangayichaza njani.

Ngoku, ukuba ufana nabantu abaninzi, wena ngoko nangoko Yixhathise le mpikiswano. Ucinga ukuba akukho ndlela inokuba yinyani. Yiyo loo nto uPinker eyiqala le ncwadi ngokusikhumbuza ngobunono ukuba uninzi lwembali yoluntu lubandakanya ubukhoboka obuninzi, ukungcungcuthekiswa kwabantu, ukubulawa kwabantu, inkohlakalo kwizilwanyana nakubantwana, ukuzincama kwabantu nokubulala imbeko, njalo njalo. Ezi zinto yayiyimigaqo yamava oluntu, hayi ngaphandle. Ubonisa ukuba kwi-Yurophu yamaxesha aphakathi, kwakukho uhlobo lobugcisa bokungcungcuthekisa kwaye abantu bakonwabela ukwenzakala koluntu. Abafazi nabantwana babedla ngokuthengiswa njengamakhoboka. Iimfazwe ezabulala amakhulu amawaka abantu zaqalwa ngaphandle kwesizathu ngaphandle kokuba inkosi okanye inkosi ethile yabethwa. Isihogo, ngokucacileyo abantu babedla ngokubeka iikati emlilweni njengeendlela zokuzonwabisa.

Kwaye xa isisu sakho simile, uPinker emva koko wakubetha ngamaphepha edatha angama-600. Iphepha emva kwiphepha emva kwephepha leetshathi, iigrafu, izifundo, iikowuti zembali. Ubungqina abubonisayo bukhulu (kwakhona, ngamaphepha angama-832). Kukho amacandelo apheleleyo encwadi apho isivakalisi esinye umbhalo osemazantsi ubhekisela kwizifundo. UPinker wayesazi ukuba abantu bazokubiza inkunzi yenkomo kuye, ke wenza ngokuzimisela kwakhe apha.

Kodwa musa ukukhutshwa yiyo yonke idatha. Uchitha izahluko ezimbalwa zokugqibela ethatha ukuhlatywa ngoba Ubundlobongela bunqabile kwaye kulapho incwadi ifumana umdla ngokwenene. Andizukumosha iimpendulo zakhe, kodwa nazi iingcebiso ezimbalwa: uvelwano lugqithisile, isizathu kunye nolwazi lokufunda ziphantsi koorhulumente, oorhulumente bangcono kunokuba abantu becinga, kwaye inkolo, kulungile… intiyo yokuphosa kwisitya se-punch, kodwa inkolo unexanduva lokuba Okuninzi zobundlobongela.

Kutheni Kunzima Ukufunda: Elona candelo linzima kule ncwadi yindlela yedatha egqibeleleyo ngayo. Akabonisi nje ukwehla kweemfazwe nobundlobongela eluntwini; Uchitha amaphepha amaninzi okanye kwizahluko ezipheleleyo ezibonisa ukwehla kwezinto ezinje ngokuhlukunyezwa, ukuphathwa gadalala kwezilwanyana, ukuphathwa gadalala ekhaya, ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuthiya, nokubetha abantwana. Kukho amakhulu eetshathi kunye neegrafu kwaye zonke zinokudina. Thatha ngeedosi ezilinganisiweyo.

Kwakhona, inkcazo yakhe yobundlobongela obabuxhaphakile kwimbali inokugulisa ngamanye amaxesha. Kuvula amehlo ukuba iintlobo zethu zikhohlakele kangakanani (kwaye zihlala kunjalo).

Isizathu sokuba kufuneka uyifunde le nto: Kufanelekile ngezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, ukuba / xa uqinisekile ngempikiswano esembindini kaPinker, umbono wakho uphela kwihlabathi kunye nembali iyatshintsha. Ewe, ngokucacileyo sineengxaki ezinkulu namhlanje ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa, kodwa ngokuthelekisa, ezi yindlela, indlela, iingxaki ezingcono kunabantu abajamelana nazo nakwizizukulwana ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Ngokwenyani olu lutshintsho olubonakalayo kwindlela uninzi lwabantu olujonga ngayo umhlaba oluneziphumo eziyinyani, ezibonakalayo.

Kodwa okwesibini, iimpikiswano zikaPinker zokuba kutheni kusenzeka ubundlobongela kwaye kutheni iye yala inokwenzeka itshintshe inani leengcinga zakho ngobomi. Into esiyifunayo luthando, utshilo uPinker, kunokwenzeka iyingozi kakhulu kunokuba iluncedo . Ngokuchasene noko, uphikisa iklasikhi, i-ethos yexesha lokukhanya: isizathu, unyamezelo, inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kunye nedosi esempilweni yokuthandabuza.

Izicatshulwa zemali:

Ukuthuthunjiswa ngokusesikweni kwiNgqobhoko yayingengomkhwa nje wokucinga; yayinomgaqo wokuziphatha. Ukuba uyakholelwa ngokwenyani ukuba ukusilela ukwamkela uYesu njengomsindisi wakhe yitikiti lesigwebo somlilo, emva koko ukungcungcuthekisa umntu ade ayivume le nyaniso kumenza ukuba akhonze kakhulu ebomini bakhe: ngcono iiyure ezimbalwa ngoku kunonaphakade kamva.

Ngamanye amaxesha ndibuzwa, Wazi njani ukuba akuyi kubakho mfazwe ngomso (okanye ukubulawa kwabantu, okanye isenzo sobunqolobi) esiya kuyiphikisa yonke ithisisi yakho? Umbuzo uyayiphosa inqaku lale ncwadi. Inqaku ayikuko ukuba singene kwi-Age ye-Aquarius apho wonke umhlaba wokugqibela uxolile ngonaphakade. Kungenxa yokuba kuncitshiswe kakhulu ubundlobongela, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba ukuqonde. Ukwehla kobundlobongela kubangelwa ziipolitiki, ezoqoqosho kunye neemeko zembono ezibambe kwiinkcubeko ezithile ngamaxesha athile. Ukuba iimeko zibuyela umva, ubundlobongela bunokubuyela umva kanye.

Ngale ndlela yokucinga, into yokuba abantu ababhinqileyo babonisa ulusu oluninzi okanye amadoda aqalekise esidlangalaleni ayingomqondiso wokonakala kwenkcubeko. Ngokuchasene noko, luphawu lokuba bahlala kuluntu oluphucukileyo kangangokuba aboyiki ukuphathwa gadalala okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokuphendula.

Ezinye izinto onokuzenza ngexesha lokuthatha kwakho ukugqiba le ncwadi:

Phosa umfazi equleni ukuze abone ukuba uyathakatha. Ukuba uyadada, mlobe ngentlanzi kwaye umtshise ephila kuloo veki yolonwabo lwangoLwesihlanu ebusuku.
Yiba nombulelo malunga nama-12 031 amaxesha ongazalwanga ngawo kwizizukulwana ezidlulileyo.
Yenza uhlanga okanye enye into embi. Beka ityala kubantu abahlukileyo ngombala wesikhumba kunawe.

U-GODEL, ESCHER, BACH

NguDouglas Hofstadter

Ukubalwa Kwekhasi: 824 amaphepha

Uthando lwam lweziganeko lususela kwimihla yam yokufikelwa ngamatye okwishumi elivisayo apho sasilala kwigaraji yomhlobo wam, sinyuka, kwaye sitsho ngathi, Mfondini, ekuphela kwento ehlala ihleli emhlabeni… kufana nokutshintsha. Kwaye uhlale apho ubeke isithuba kwi-Pink Floyd ngokungathi kukho into eguqukayo ebomini. Njengokuba ndandisiya ndisiba mdala, ukuxhaphaka kweeparadoxes ngasemva kweemeko ezininzi ebomini kuye kwabonakala ngakumbi kwaye andinakunceda kodwa ndizive ngathi bamele uhlobo oluthile lomda kubuchwephesha bomntu bokuqhubekeka kweentlobo ezithile zolwazi. Ndide ndaya kufikelela ekubhaleni i iposti yonke malunga nokuphikisana eziyinyani ngokumangalisayo kule ndawo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Ndenze iziqhulo ezazibonisa ukuzijonga kwaye ndacinga ukuba ndikrelekrele.

Emva koko ndafunda U-Godel, uEscher, uBach kwaye ndaqonda ukuba andizange ndiqale ukwazi ukuba yintoni le nto ndithetha ngayo. Ngapha koko, ndisondele kuloo blabbering yagityiselwa ngamatye kwigaraji yomhlobo wam kunokuba ndinjalo kumsebenzi omkhulu kaHofstadter.

Le ncwadi. Le ncwadi i-fucking, ndoda. Ukuqaqamba kwawo akunakuchazeka. Embindini wayo, U-Godel, uEscher, uBach luphando malunga nokuba izinto zenkqubo zinokuhlangana njani kwaye zenze into enkulu kunesibalo samalungu azo - okanye okona kubalulekileyo, ukuba injani into efana nokuzazisa (ingqondo enokuba neengcinga ngayo, okanye nokuba neengcinga malunga neengcinga. malunga nayo) inokuze ibekho ukusuka kwimfumba encinci yeebhiliyoni zeeuron.

I-Hofstadter isebenzisa ukulayishwa kwesikhephe ngobuqili obuqhekekileyo, ii-analogies, kunye nemidlalo yengqondo eyonwabisayo yokufumana inqaku lakhe-ezona zibalulekileyo zi-Godel's ukungagqibeki kweethiyori kwimathematics, Escher’s imizobo exakayo , kunye neBach's Izixhobo zomculo eziphindaphindayo .

Kutheni Kunzima Ukufunda: Inzulu ngokwasengqondweni. Isahluko esinye singathatha isiqwenga esibhalwe nguBach, sihlalutye, sisebenzise olo hlalutyo ukwenza inqaku malunga neenkqubo zethiyori ethi ke ibangele ukuphazamiseka okwenziwa intlekisa ngengxoxo yentsomi phakathi kweAchilles kunye nofudo. I-rollercoaster enengqondo, engenakulinganiswa kwiindawo, kunye ne-epiphany spree kwabanye.

Ukuba awunayo imvelaphi kwimathematika, amacandelo eethiyori asetiweyo kuya kuba nzima ukuwalandela. Ukuba awunayo imvelaphi kumculo, uninzi lwezinto ezinokuthelekiswa neBach ziya kulahleka kuwe. Ukuba awunalo ulwazi ngefilosofi, ezinye izingqinisiso kunye neengxoxo ziya kuza zingenanto. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuthatha ixesha lokuma kunye nokuqonda yonke into.

Ndithathe iinzame ezintathu zokufikelela esiphelweni, kwaye nalapho andicingi ukuba ndiyayiqonda ngokupheleleyo yonke into awayeyifumana. Ngexesha elithile, ndandihamba nayo. Ndikufumanise kuluncedo ukuseta incwadi phantsi kangangeentsuku okanye iiveki ngexesha, makhe ndihlale nawe, emva koko ndibuyele kuyo xa ukulungele ngakumbi. Kufana nokutya i-mousse yetshokholethi, ityebile kwaye inzulu kwaye iyazalisa, kodwa ungaphatha kuphela izahlulo ezincinci ngexesha.

Isizathu sokuba kufuneka uyifunde le nto: Ndivakalelwa kukuba wonke umntu kufuneka anikwe ikopi ngaxa lithile ebomini bakhe- nokuba abayithandi, nokuba abayiqondi- ukubona nje ukuba incwadi inokuba yintoni na, ukuze babone ukuhlekisa Ingqondo yomntu iyakwazi ukudala.

Kodwa nantsi eyona nto kufanele ukuba uyifunde: ifilosofi, ngokubanzi, ixinene kwaye iyadika, kwaye le yeyona ncwadi kuphela endakha ndayibona esebenza kwinto efanayo yokudala eyimfuneko yokuqonda iikhonsepthi ezinzulu kwifilosofi ekubhaleni nasekucaciseni yala magama. Ngeendlela ezininzi, i-GEB luvuyo olusulungekileyo lokufunda kwaye ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba ayifani nantoni na owakha wadibana nayo. Yolula ingqondo yakho ngeendlela ongazi ukuba zinokululwa.

Izicatshulwa zemali:

Intsingiselo ixoka kakhulu
engqondweni yomfundi
njengakwiHaiku.

Ngaba ukhohliseka lula? Ngaba ukubambeka kwakho kubekeke kwindawo ethile yokukholelwa kwingqondo yakho? Ngaba i-neurosurgeon ingangena kwaye yenze umsebenzi othomalalisayo ukunciphisa ukutyekela kwakho, kungenjalo ikushiye wedwa? Ukuba uyakukholelwa oku, uyakhohliseka lula, kwaye kufanelekile ukuba uthathele ingqalelo kulomsebenzi.

Yintoni u-I, kwaye kutheni izinto ezinjalo zifunyanwa (ubuncinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) ngokunxulumana nazo, njengembongi uRussell Edson wakha wayiphrinta ngokumangalisayo, eqhaqha ii-bulbs zoloyiko kunye nephupha-Oko kukuthi, kunxulumana kuphela neentlobo ezithile zamaqhuma e-gooey kufakwe kwiigobolondo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhwela phezu kweentsika ezizihambelayo ezihambahamba emhlabeni ngababini bezitena ezimdaka?

Ezinye izinto onokuzenza ngexesha lokuthatha kwakho ukugqiba le ncwadi:

Mamela kuzo zonke ii-CD ezingama-125 zemisebenzi epheleleyo kaBach.
Yakha ikhompyuter eyaziyo enokwakha ngokucacileyo iikhompyuter ezininzi ezaziyo ezinokwakha ngokucacileyo iikhompyuter ezizazi njalo njalo ...
Sombulula Zero’s Paradox .

IMVELAPHI YOMYALELO KWEZOPOLITIKO + UMYALELO KWEZOPOLITIKO NOKUBOLEKA

Ngu-Francis Fukuyama

Ukubalwa Kwekhasi: 1,280 amaphepha (608 incwadi enye + 672 incwadi yesibini)

(Ndiluhlobo lokuqhatha kuba ezi zincwadi zimbini ezahlukileyo: Imvelaphi yoLungelelwaniso lwezoPolitiko kwaye Ulungelelwano lwezopolitiko kunye nokubola . Kodwa uFukuyama wayezimisele ukuba babe ngamacandelo amabini kumsebenzi omnye omkhulu, ke yindlela endibajonga ngayo apha. Ukuba iyakukhathaza le nto - kukudibanisa, luluhlu lwam olo.)

UFukuyama udume kakhulu ngokubhengeza ngokungxama emva kweMfazwe ebandayo ukuba ukuphela kwembali kufikile. Umntu usenokuthi uchithe uninzi lweminyaka engama-20 engenelela ezama ukubuyisa igama lakhe kuloo ngxelo inesibindi (kwaye ngelishwa, itolikwe ngokupheleleyo). Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngalo msebenzi, i-magnum opus yakhe eyamkelweyo, uyenzile kanye nangaphezulu.

Umnqweno kaFukuyama ngezi ncwadi kukuphendula imibuzo emibini emikhulu: 1) Zenzeka njani kwaye kutheni iinkqubo zikarhulumente zaphuhla kwihlabathi liphela? 2) Kutheni ezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziye zasebenza ngakumbi kwaye zinobulungisa kunezinye?

Ukwakha ingxoxo yakhe, uFukuyama ulandelela ngokwenyani ukuvela kwayo yonke impucuko enkulu yehlabathi: amaTshayina, amaIndiya, Mbindi Mpuma, iYurophu, kunye neLizwe elitsha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Incwadi yokuqala ilandela imbali yehlabathi kude kube luQhushululu lwaseFrance kwaye ihlalutye umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zangaphambi kwexesha langoku kwimpucuko nganye enkulu kwaye kutheni bakhulele kwicala abalwenzileyo.

Incwadi yesibini ke iqala ngoQhushululu lwaseFrance naseMelika (ukuveliswa kwedemokhrasi yanamhlanje, ngokusisiseko) kwaye ujonge ukuba kutheni iinkqubo zelizwe lasentshona / zikarhulumente zize kulawula iplanethi, kutheni iNyakatho Melika, iOstreliya, kunye neAsia ezininzi zibambe West malunga nophuhliso, imfundo kunye noqoqosho, kwaye kutheni eminye imimandla yehlabathi efana neLatin America, iAfrika, kunye noMbindi Mpuma zisokola ngeendlela ezizodwa zenkcubeko.

Njengomntu onayo wahamba umhlaba Amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezulu kwaye uzibuze izinto ezinje, Kutheni amazwe aseLatin ekhohlakele kangaka? okanye Kutheni lincinci kakhulu ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela eAsia ngaphandle kwentlupheko? okanye Kutheni iintshukumo zedemokhrasi zingaze zimile kwingcambu eMbindi Mpuma nangona kucacile ukuba uninzi lwabantu balapho luyabaxhasa? le ncwadi ibonelele ngempendulo efaka ingqondo emva kokuphendula kwengqondo.

Kutheni Kunzima Ukufunda: Ukuba uyimbali ye-nerd, uya kuyithanda le shit. Ukuba akunjalo, kunokuba nzima.

UFukuyama wakha ithisisi enkulu apha, kwaye ke ukuxhasa ithisisi kakuhle, kufuneka acoceke. Uya kufumana malunga ne-100 lamaphepha embali yamaTshayina amandulo, alandelwe malunga ne-100 lamaphepha embali yamandulo yamaIndiya, elandelwa ngamaphepha ali-100 embali yakuMbindi Mpuma, elandelwa liphepha lama-100 lembali yaseYurophu yamandulo njalo njalo Ukuba ufana nam, kuya kuphelelwa ngamanye amaxesha kwaye kuya kufuneka uzinyanzele ngayo ukuze ekugqibeleni ufike kwizinto ezilungileyo.

Isizathu sokuba kufuneka uyifunde le nto: Ngokwezimvo ezisulungekileyo kunye nokuqonda okufumanekayo kwehlabathi kunye nobuntu, oku mhlawumbi yenye yeencwadi ezikhanyayo endakha ndazifunda ebomini bam. Asikokuzibaxa oko.

Ngokukrakra, kutheni iTshayina injalo? Oko kuyavakala njengombuzo odidayo nongacacanga onokuthi xa umntu aneminyaka esithoba abuze uTata wakhe, kodwa emva kokufunda le ncwadi, Uyazi kakuhle ukuba kutheni iTshayina iyile ndlela iyiyo .

Le ncwadi indinike intlonipho ebendiyifuna kakhulu koorhulumente. Njengomntu owayene-libertarian egobile kuyo yonke ikholeji, uFukuyama wandibamba ngamakhulu amaphepha engcaciso yokuba kutheni oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni, ngaphandle kweziphene kunye neengozi zabo ezicacileyo, mhlawumbi zezona zinto zibalaseleyo ezakha zenziwa luluntu. Akukho joke.

Izicatshulwa zemali:

Abantu abaninzi, bebona ungquzulwano lwezenkolo kwihlabathi langoku, baye bayichasa inkolo enjalo kwaye bayithatha njengomthombo wobundlobongela nokunganyamezelani. Kwilizwe elinokuqengqeleka kunye nobume benkolo, oku kunokuba njalo. Kodwa bayasilela ukubeka inkolo kwimeko yayo ebanzi, apho yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuvumeleni intsebenziswano ebanzi kwezentlalo egqitha izihlobo kunye nabahlobo njengomthombo wolwalamano lwentlalo. Ngapha koko, iingcinga zelizwe ezinje ngeMarxism-Leninism okanye ubuzwe obuye bashiya iinkolelo zonqulo kwiindawo ezininzi zangoku kwaye zingonakalisi ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo.

Abantu zizilwanyana ezilandela umthetho ngokwendalo; bazalelwe ukuba bahambisane nemilinganiselo yentlalo abayibonayo, kwaye bayigxininisa loo mithetho ngentsingiselo kunye nexabiso eliqhelekileyo. Xa imeko engqongileyo itshintsha kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, kuhlala kukho ukungafani phakathi kwamaziko akhoyo kunye neemfuno ezikhoyo. La maziko axhaswa yimikhosi yabachaphazelekayo abazinzileyo abachasa naluphi na utshintsho olusisiseko.

Uninzi lwezi ngxaki lunokusonjululwa ukuba i-United States iye yafudukela kwinkqubo yobumbano epalamente, kodwa ke utshintsho olukhulu kulwakhiwo lweli lizwe alunakucingeleka. Abantu baseMelika bawuthatha njengoMgaqo-siseko uxwebhu lwezenkolo, ke ukubenza bacinge ngokutsha ezona zinto zisisiseko kuya kuba ngumzabalazo wokunyuka. Ndicinga ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yohlengahlengiso enokwenyani inokuzama ukunciphisa amanqaku e-veto okanye ifake iindlela zepalamente zokukhuthaza igunya elinamandla ngaphakathi kwinkqubo ekhoyo yamandla ahlukeneyo.

Ezinye izinto onokuzenza ngexesha lokuthatha kwakho ukugqiba le ncwadi:

Fumana ilizwe kwaye uphuhlise eyakho inkqubo ephucukileyo yelizwe.
Ngokwenyani phila kuyo yonke imbali yamandulo yaseTshayina.

INFINITE IS

NguDavid Foster Wallace

Ukubalwa Kwekhasi: 1,092 amaphepha

Kwiminyaka engama-40, xa ndimdala kwaye ndiqhekeza ibhulukhwe yam, ndiza kuqokelela abazukulwana bam ngeenxa zonke kwaye ndibaxelele ngekratshi ukuba utatomkhulu wabo othandekayo Unaphakade ngu hayi kanye, kodwa kabini. Ewe, kunjalo. Umzukulwana wakho othandekayo wayengumntu owayemthiyile ngokupheleleyo.

Nokuba kungasiphi na isizathu, ukuphuma kwayo ngo-1995, Unaphakade ngu yaba sisiganeko senkcubeko. Yayiyincwadi enkulu eyayipholile kuyo yonke iGen Xers ukuba ifundwe. Ukufundwa kwencwadi kukaWallace kwakuphuphuma ngabantu kwaye wakhawuleza wazifumana emenyiwe kwimidlalo emikhulu yeTV ukuba kudliwanondlebe nayo kwilizwe lonke.

Yonke le nto yamenza wangakhululeki, ewe. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo, incwadi yakhe yayiyindlela yokubonisa inkcubeko yaseMelika- ngokulandela ngokungaboniyo into entsha eshushu, engazi nabuphi na ubunzulu okanye intsingiselo okanye ukubaluleka. I-DFW yake yaqhula yathi wonke umntu ubonakala eyithanda incwadi yakhe, kubandakanya nabantu abambalwa abayifundileyo.

Unaphakade ngu yenzeka kwiintsomi kungekudala. I-United States ne Canada badibene. Imvumi etshisayo inyulwe njengomongameli. Kwaye kukho ungcoliseko oluninzi kangangokuba izigebenga ezinkulu zivelisa inkunkuma enetyhefu ukusuka eNew England ukuya eQuebec ekufuphi.

Ibali lijikeleza ngokungathandekiyo kumacwecwe ambalwa: umntwana olungileyo ofunda kwiziko lentenetya elinosapho lwakhe, umlutha weziyobisi ozamayo ozama ukuzenzela ubomi obucocekileyo, kunye neqokobhe eliyimfihlakalo ekubhekiswa kulo nje njengoLonwabo ekubonakala ukuba kunjalo ukonwabisa ukuba nabani na oyibonayo uyakuncama yonke into-ukutya, ukulala, ukukhupha poop-ukuze aqhubeke nokubukela.

Ndithi ibali likhululekile kuba ngokwenene, akukho nto ininzi yebali eqhubekayo apha. Ufunda ikakhulu oku kumakhulu amaphepha obuchule beWallace kunye nelizwi elahlukileyo. Abanye abantu bayifumana iyindinisa le ncwadi (okokuqala ndigqibile, bendisenza ngamanye amaxesha), kodwa wakube uwele kwisitayile sakhe, ubuchule bukaWallace obukhethekileyo bokujonga rhoqo ubomi ngeendlela obungazi ukuba zikhona zikwenza uzive ngathi uyafumana krelekrele ngokufunda nje kuye, nokuba ngumhlathi malunga nento eqhelekileyo njengezihlangu zetenisi nokuhlafuna icuba.

Kutheni Kunzima Ukufunda: Idityanisiwe kwaye idityanisiwe iyelenqe. Ngaphezulu kweshumi elinambini labalinganiswa abaphambili. Oo, kwaye kukho ngaphezulu kwama-200 amaphepha emibhalo yaphansi yeetangents zikaWallace.

Le ncwadi ithatha ixesha. Yintsomi, kodwa ifundeka kancinci kancinci njengoyena mntu ungoyinyani. Oko akutsho ukuba kunzima ukufunda. Ifuna nje umonde. Makhe ifike kuwe… nokuba yintoni loo nto ithethwayo.

Isizathu sokuba kufuneka uyifunde le nto: Kungenxa yokuba le ncwadi iyakuvumela ukuba utsibe kwindawo yokuhlambela efudumeleyo kunye nobunye bobuchwephesha bokuyila kunye nokungaqhelekanga kolwimi lwesiNgesi oluye lwabonwa kule minyaka ili-100 idlulileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho ezinye izimvo ezinengcaciso malunga nokugqithileyo eMelika kunye neziphumo ezibi zokulandela ulonwabo kuzo zonke iindleko. Kukho amacandelo afudumezayo malunga nokulutha kunye nezinye iivesi ezihamba ngokumangalisayo ezifumana abalinganiswa ngexesha labo elifanelekileyo nelona libi.

Kodwa, ngesiqhelo, incwadi kanye yile nto iphambanisa ngayo: igqithile, iyonwabisa, iyakhobokisa, kwaye itya yonke into kumthengi.

Izicatshulwa zemali:

Wonke umntu uyafana kwinkolo yabo efihlakeleyo engakhange ithethwe ngaloo ndlela ezantsi kwabo bahlukile kubo bonke abanye abantu.

Njengabantu abaninzi baseMntla Melika kwisizukulwana sakhe, uHal uthanda ukungazi kangako malunga nokuba kutheni evakalelwa ngeendlela ezithile malunga nezinto kunye nezinto azinikeleyo kunazo ngezinto nangezinto azenzayo. Kunzima ukuqiniseka ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba oku kubi ngokungaqhelekanga, olu tyekelo.

U-Mario wayethandana nenkqubo yokuqala ye-Madam Psychosis kuba wayeziva ngathi umamele umntu olusizi efunda ngokuvakalayo kwiileta ezimthubi azikhuphile kwibhokisi yezihlangu kwi-PM enethayo, izinto malunga nentliziyo ebuhlungu nabantu obathandayo ukufa kunye US yee, izinto ezazinyani. Kuya kusiba nzima ukufumana ubugcisa obusebenzayo malunga nezinto eziyinyani ngale ndlela. Okudala uMario esiba, kokukhona uya edideka malunga nenyani yokuba wonke umntu e-E.T.A. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka yobudala malunga noKent Blott ufumana izinto ezingathandekiyo ngenene kwaye baneentloni. Kufana nokuba kukho umthetho othile wokuba izinto zokwenyani zinokukhankanywa kuphela ukuba wonke umntu uqengqa amehlo akhe okanye uhleka ngendlela engonwabanga.

Ezinye izinto onokuzenza ngexesha lokuthatha kwakho ukugqiba le ncwadi: