Nangona wayekhwele kuloliwe wakhe ngentsimbi yesi-5 kusasa ngaloo mini eWashington, D.C., ibhatyi yelinen yaseRosemary Dillard yayiseyinto engenantsingiselo, ubuchwephesha benqwelomoya kunye nekrisimesi, njengoko wayehla eqongeni kaloliwe ePrinceton Junction ngentseni kaJuni 4.
UNks Dillard waba nesibindi sokuthemba ukuba i-FBI. ingacacisa ixesha elibaliweyo kwimbali eyimfihlakalo kaSeptemba 11, 2001.
Isishwankathelo esenziwe eNew Jersey kwiiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ekwakukho kuso malunga ne-130 lamalungu osapho amaxhoba, sasilungiselelwe yi-FBI. Ngaphambili iifowuni ezazingafumaneki ezivela kubagibeli kunye neqela labadlali zaziza kudlalelwa iintsapho zamaxhoba eenqwelomoya ezine ezimbi ezijikwe zaba yimijukujelwa ngabanqolobi.
Ngubani owaziyo, kwaye nini? Kwaye benza ntoni ngeenqwelomoya kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni malunga nawo? Le ibiyimibuzo evuthayo ezingqondweni zamalungu osapho amaninzi athe acenga ikhomishini ukuba incede ukudibanisa amachaphaza. Kule veki, xa ikhomishini ye-9/11 isonga ukuxoxwa kwayo esidlangalaleni, iintsapho bezithenjisiwe ukuba ingxelo yokugqibela izakubizwa ngokuba yi-9-11: Ixesha elifanelekileyo. Kodwa ngomzuzu wokugqibela ikhomishini yatshintsha isihloko saya ku-9-11: Isiza, sigxile kwimpumelelo yabaphangi ekuphanziseni lonke ungcelele lokhuselo lwesizwe, ukuya kuthi ga kubandakanywa neenqwelo moya.
NgeNkosazana Dillard, iiteyiphu ezimiselwe ukuba zidlalwe ePrinceton ngale ntsasa kaJuni zazibaluleke kakhulu: Yena ngokwakhe wayenze njengomphathi wesiseko seAmerican Airlines kwisikhululo senqwelomoya saseReagan ngentseni yangoSeptemba 11. Wayephethe iiDC ezintathu- indawo zezikhululo zeenqwelo moya, kubandakanya iDulles. Kule minyaka mibini inesiqingatha idlulileyo, uxakekile yinto yokuba iAmerican Airlines Flight 77 isuke kwisikhululo senqwelomoya iDulles ngale ntsasa, yamsikelela.
Umyeni wakhe wayengumkhweli kolo hambo.
Ikhabhathi esendleleni eya kwindlebe kwihotele iRadisson yayithe cwaka. Xa ebuzwa ukuba wayeyinxalenye yetyala na elalifakwa kwiintsapho ezili-115 ezichasene neMelika kunye ne-United Airlines kunye nesuphu yoonobumba kwiiarhente zikarhulumente.
Esi sisifundo esibuhlungu kakhulu, utshilo. Wayenethemba lokuba, xa esiva iiteyiphu zencoko phakathi kwabasebenzi beenqwelo moya kunye nabasemagunyeni emhlabeni, ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni, xa abalawuli beenqwelomoya eBoston bekrokrela ukuqweqwediswa kweAmerican Airlines Flight 11 kwangoko nge-8: 13 am, inkampani yakhe okanye i-Federal Aviation Ulawulo lwamazisa ukuba alumkise abasebenzi beAmerican Airlines Flight 77 ngesoyikiso esibhakabhakeni xa indiza yayisuka ngo-8: 20 kusasa ngo-8: 24 kusasa, abalawuli beenqwelo-moya babeqinisekile ukuba iFlight 11 igqithile.
Kodwa azikho iiteyiphu kunye nokurekhodwa kweeselfowuni UNks. Dillard akayivanga loo mvakwemini, okanye umboniso wePowerPoint owawuthatha iintsapho ngocwangco kuzo zone iinqwelomoya ezinamaxesha acocekileyo kunye nezigqibo ezikhohlakeleyo, ezingamncedanga ukuba adibanise amachaphaza. Wabaleka ukuva kwangoko, enomsindo.
Ababekhona baxelelwa ukuba izinto abazivayo bubungqina kwityala likarhulumente elalichasene noZacarias Moussaoui, owayekhe wathiwa ngumphangi wama-20, kwaye ukuze angalalanisi ityala, akufuneki lichazwe. Batyikitye izivumelwano zokungazichazi kwaye abavunyelwanga ukuthatha amanqaku. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni kunye namajelo eendaba avaliwe. Umhlobo Wenene FM iiarhente zagcwalisa iiholo zehotele kwaye zithatha naziphi na ikhamera okanye izixhobo zokurekhoda ngaphambi kokuba abantu bangeniswe kwigumbi lokudlala. Abo bashiye iseshoni yeeyure ezintathu ezinesiqingatha ukuze bazikhulule babehamba namagumbi okuphumla ziiarhente.
Iintsapho zeva iteyiphu esele ivele ngoku. Irekhodwe ziiAmerican Airlines kwikomkhulu layo eFort Worth, Tex., Nanjengoko inqwelo moya yokuqala yathathwa ngenqwelomoya, i-Flight 11, yayithathwa, itheyiphu ibonisa ukuba ulawulo oluphezulu lwenqwelomoya lwaziswa malunga ne-8: 21 am-25 imizuzu ngaphambili. ifuthe lenqwelomoya yokuqala kwiNqaba yoRhwebo yeHlabathi yeHlabathi-ukuba iqela lamadoda elichazwe njengeMbindi Mpuma lihlabe abagadi beenqwelomoya ezimbini, layirholisa ikhabhathi phambili ngepepile yokutshiza okanye iMace, abasebenzi aboyikayo kunye nabakhweli ngento ebonakala ngathi yibhombu, kwaye wahlasela i-cockpit ngokuthatha ngobundlobongela intaka enkulu.
Ngaphandle kwako konke ukufihla okuphezulu okujikeleze le nkcazo, amalungu osapho ahlukeneyo amashumi amabini othuke kakhulu bubungqina belizwi bokungakhathalelwa kweenqwelomoya ngenxa yenqwelomoya yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya, abasebenzi kunye nabakhweli kangangokuba bafumana iindlela zokutyhila oko bakuvileyo amakhasethi, kunye nento ababeziva ngayo. Kubo, iiteyiphu zabonakala zibonisa ukuba ithuku lokuqala leMelika kunye neUnited Airlines, nanjengoko abaphathi beva ngokuqokelelwa kweenqwelomoya zabakhweli ngoSeptemba 11, yayizogquma.
Impendulo yabaphathi baseMelika emsebenzini, njengoko kutyhilwe kwiteyiphu eveliswe entlanganisweni, yakhunjulwa ngabantu ababekho:
Musa ukusasaza oku ngeenxa zonke. Gcina kufutshane.
Yithule.
Masikugcine oku phakathi kwethu. Yintoni enye esinokuyifumana kwimithombo yethu malunga nokuba kuqhubeka ntoni?
Kwakucekisa, utshilo umzali welinye lamaxhoba, naye owayeligqala lenqwelomoya kwiUnited Airlines. Impendulo yokuqala yaba kukufihla, xa bekufanele ukuba basasaza olu lwazi kuyo yonke indawo.
Olo thando lokugcina ulwazi, ezinye zeentsapho zikholelwa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba luncede ukuvumela inqwelo moya yesithathu ukuba ithimbe iPentagon kwaye inegalelo kwintshabalalo yenqwelomoya yesine, i-United Flight 93. I-United dispatcher yaxelelwa ngabaphathi bayo: Musa ukuxelela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuba kutheni sifuna umhlaba. I-FBI kunye neFA.A. zibambe umva okanye, kwelinye icala, zonakalise ubungqina obusezandleni zikarhulumente obuza kuchaza ibali elahluke kakhulu lokuba abagcini besizwe basilele ukulungiselela okanye ukukhusela amaMelika kolona hlaselo lukhulu lwabanqolobi kwilizwe lawo.
Inqwelomoya i-77 ngekhe ihambile, utshilo uNkosazana Dillard ngamazinyo atshixekileyo.
Amazwi abafileyo esiseleni
Iifowuni zivuselele iimvakalelo zesisu. Abakhweli ababize kuzo zombini i-American Flight 11 kunye ne-United Flight 175 bathetha ngokukholelwa ukuba izigebenga ziqhuba inqwelo moya, kwaye baxela iipateni zokubhabha eziphambeneyo.
Iindlebe zamalungu abasebenzi, behambisa ngokuzolileyo ngokuthe ngqo kubaphathi beenqwelomoya emhlabeni, bachaza ukuba ingakanani imizuzu eyaziwayo kunye neyure enesiqingatha ngaphambi kokuba iijethi ezinkulu zokugqibela zidibane nesiphelo sayo.
Amagosa eenqwelomoya zaseMelika kwakufuneka azi ukuba akukho nto yesiko malunga nokuqweqwediswa, kuba abo babini babebamba iindiza, uMadeline (Amy) Sweeney kunye noBetty Ong, babezolile kwaye benesibindi behambisa ezona nkcukacha zikhanyayo nabani na angevanga. Itheyiphu kaNks Ong yayidlalwa kwikomishini kawonke-wonke ngoJanuwari, ishukumisela amalungu osapho ukuba anyanzelise ukuba iF.B.I. behlonipha amalungelo abo phantsi koMthetho woNcedo lwaBaxhoba ukuba beve naziphi na zonke iifowuni ezenziwe ngeenqwelomoya ezibethwayo ngaloo mini. Igama likaNks. Sweeney lalikhankanyiwe kuphela ekudlulisweni kwetyala langaphambili. Kwaye xa umongameli kunye nomphathi omkhulu weAmerican Airlines, uGerard Arpey, wangqina, akazange akhankanye uNks. Sweeney okanye ugcino lolwazi awayelunike amagosa eAmerican Airlines kwangoko kwimbubhiso.
Ukusukela ngoko, uMike Sweeney, umyeni wakhe ongumhlolokazi, unengxaki ngokunqamka phakathi kwenqwelo moya ukungayinanzi iinzame zomfazi wakhe, kunye nenyaniso yokuba iF.B.I. wawongwa ngeyona mbeko iphambili kwezoluntu. Waqala ukwaziswa malunga neteyiphu entsha kwiiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo yiofisi yegqwetha laseMelika eVirginia. UDavid Novak, igqwetha lase-US elincedisayo ekutshutshiseni ityala laseMoussaoui, uxelele uMnu. Sweeney ukuba ubukho bekhasethi ziindaba kuye kwaye wamnika nengxoxo zangasese.
Ndothuswa kukufumanisa kwam, phantse iminyaka emithathu kamva, bekukho iteyiphu enolwazi olunikezwe ngumfazi wam ebaluleke kakhulu kwinto eyenzeka nge-9/11, wandixelela uMnu. Sweeney. Ngequbuliso ivela ngokungummangaliso kwaye iwele ezandleni zeFB.I.? Kwakutheni kwaye kwakutheni ukuze icinezelwe? Kutheni ivele ngoku? Ngaba lukhona ulwazi olukule khasethi oluxhalabisa ezinye ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho?
Umbuzo othusayo othe wagcina utata ongumhlolokazi wabantwana ababini abancinci ixesha elide yile: Olu lwazi malunga nezihange lusetyenziswe nini kwaye njani? Ngaba amaxesha okugqibela ka-Amy asetyenziswe kakuhle ukukhusela nokusindisa abanye?
Ngoku ukholelwa ukuba impendulo nguhayi.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni, ikhomishini ibikhathazwa yimibuzo yokuba bukhona na ubungqina malunga nento eyenzekileyo ngeenqwelomoya ngoSeptemba 11. Le teyiphu yimeko.
Thina, iqela labatshutshisi kunye neF.B.I. iiarhente ezabelwe ukuba zisincede, zazingazi ngeteyiphu, uMnu Novak wandixelela. Uthi wafunda ngayo kwiiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo ngelixa wayenika ingxelo ngo-9/11 ikhomishina ngento ayaziyo malunga neenqwelo-moya ezimbini zaseMelika. Ukholelwa ukuba ikhomishini ifumene iteyiphu kwindiza.
Ngoku, ngaba uMike unesizathu sokuba nesifo sokukhathazeka malunga noku? Ubuza ethetha. Ngokuqinisekileyo-njengalo naliphi na elinye ixhoba elinokuthi, ukuba bafunde ngento emva kweminyaka emibini enesiqingatha. Sizama ukuqonda ukuba kutheni singazi malunga noku ngaphambili. Ngaba yimpazamo yeAmerican Airlines? Andazi. Ngaba yindlela abayivelisa ngayo? Andazi. Ngaba yiFBI. impazamo? Andazi.
Umnumzana Novak ucebise ngencazelo enokubakho yabasebenzi beenqwelo moya ukuba babambe olu lwazi loyikisayo ngokuqinileyo: Ndicinga ukuba babezama ukungothusi abanye abantu ngokungeyomfuneko ukuze bakwazi ukujongana nemeko abakuyo. Kodwa uthi akazukukhusela okanye ahlasele abasebenzi beenqwelo moya. Asingomsebenzi wam lowo. Umsebenzi wethu kukuzama ukugweba uMoussaoui. Oku sikubona njengelona tyala likhulu lokubulala.
Uqinisekisile ukuba iSebe lezoBulungisa lityhila kuphela kwiintsapho ukuba ngawuphi na umgwebo ziikhasethi ezifanelekileyo. I-FBI ubambe ezinye izinto ezirekhodiweyo kwezinye zeenqwelomoya njengobungqina bokutshutshisa ityala lakhe lolwaphulo-mthetho. Yindlela uF.B.I. ibisoloko isenza ishishini: ukukhusela ngenzondelelo ulwazi ukwenza imeko yayo ibuyele emva, endaweni yokwabelana ngolwazi nezinye ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho ukuphucula imeko yelizwe yokuzikhusela. Umzekelo, iiteyiphu eziqwalaselwe ezifanelekileyo kwiintsapho azibandakanyi irekhoda yelizwi okanye irekhoda yenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya evela kwiFlight 93, ingozi yokugqibela.
Kwiteyipu yeAmerican Airlines edlalwe entlanganisweni, kuvakala ilizwi lidlulisela kwikomkhulu leenqwelo-moya iakhawunti yokuqhushumba nguNks. Sweeney we-mayhem owayekhwele kwi-Flight 11. Umntu osebenza ngenqwelomoya wayejongile ubuso ngobuso kunye nabaphangi, waxela. babembonise into ebonakala ngathi yibhombu, eneengcingo ezibomvu nezimthubi. Umama omncinci omnyama wababini wayezifihle kumqolo wabakhweli olandelayo wasebenzisa ikhadi le-AirFone, alinikwa ngomnye umncedisi wenqwelomoya, uSara Low, ukuba atsalele umnxeba iofisi yenqwelo moya yenqwelo moya kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya iLogan yaseBoston.
Lo ngu-Amy Sweeney, uxele. Ndikwi-Flight 11-le nqwelo-moya ithinjiwe. Uye wacinywa. Uphindile: Ndimamele, kwaye undimamele ngenyameko. Kwimizuzwana nje, ummangalelwa wakhe otyhafileyo wathathelwa indawo lilizwi alaziyo.
Amy, lo nguMichael Woodward.
Umphathi wenkonzo yokubhabha ngenqwelomoya eAmerican Airlines wayenobuhlobo noNkosazana Sweeney ishumi leminyaka kwaye akakhange achithe xesha eqinisekisa ukuba ayisiyiyo inkohliso leyo. UNks Sweeney uphindaphindiwe, Michael, le nqwelo-moya ithinjiwe.
Kuba kwakungekho matshini kumatshini eofisini yakhe, uWoodward waqala ukuphinda i-akhawunti eyothusayo yomntu obaleka kwinqwelo moya kulowo asebenza naye, uNancy Wyatt, umphathi wabasukela eLogan. Kwenye ifowuni, UNks Wyatt ngaxeshanye wayedlulisa amazwi kaNks Sweeney kwikomkhulu leenqwelo moya eFort Worth. Yayiyile ngxelo idluliselwayo eyayidlalwa kwiintsapho.
Kwi-Fort Worth, abaphathi ababini kwi-SOS [Ulawulo lweeNkqubo zokuSebenza] babehleli ecaleni komnye nomnye beyiva, utsho omnye owayesakuba ngumqeshwa we-American Airlines owayiva le khasethi. Bobabini babesithi, ‘Musa ukudlulisa oku. Masiyigcine apha. Yigcine apha kuthi sibahlanu. '
Amagama abaphathi babini anikezelwa njengobungqina kwikhomishini ka-9/11 nguMnu Arpey, owayesakuba ngusekela mongameli wezokusebenza, owazichaza ukuba ubandakanyeke ngqo kwimizamo yokuphendula likaxakeka yaseMelika kunye nezinye izigqibo zokusebenza ezenziwa njengeziganeko ezoyikisayo zikaSept. Kutyhilwe ezili-11. UJoe Burdepelly, enye ye-SOS Abaphathi, baxelele uMnu. Arpey ngo-8: 30 ekuseni ngexesha laseMpuma ukuba banokuba nokuxhwila inqwelo moya kwi-Flight 11. Umnumzana Burdepelly ukwathe iSOO. umphathi owayesemsebenzini, uCraig Marquis, wayenxibelelana noNks Ong. Umnumzana Arpey uxele ukuba u-Nks Ong, yena kunye ne-S.O.C. Abaphathi babefunde nge-8: 30 kusasa ukuba abakhweli ababini okanye abathathu babesephafini, nokuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya zethu babengaphenduli kwiminxeba ye-intercom evela kubasebenzi beenqwelomoya. Emva kokuthetha no-S.O.C., Mnu. Arpey wangqina, emva koko ndafowunela uDon Carty, umongameli kunye no-C.E. yeAmerican Airlines, ngelo xesha, ebengekho. Umnumzana Arpey emva koko waqhuba waya kwi S.O.C. Ukufika, uthi, phakathi kwe-8: 35 kunye ne-8: 40 kusasa ngexesha laseMpuma.
Umnumzana Arpey wangqina ukuba nge-8: 40 kusasa babesazi ukuba omnye wabahambi wayehlatyiwe, ngokunokwenzeka wabulala, nangona ezi ndaba zazisasazwe nguNks. Sweeney ubuncinci imizuzu eli-15 ngaphambili. Besisifumana ulwazi kwiFA.A.A. ukuba, endaweni yokuya ngasentshona kwindlela ekujoliswe kuyo, i-Flight 11 ibhekise emazantsi. Sasikholelwa ukuba iFlight 11 inokuba iya kwindawo yaseNew York. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya bethu bebengaphenduli kulawulo lwezithuthi zomoya okanye kwiminxeba yeenkampani, kwaye umthuthi wenqwelo moya wayecinyiwe.
Iakhawunti kaMnu Arpey ityhile ukuba abaphathi beenqwelo moya zaseMelika bazamile ukubeka esweni inkqubela yenqwelomoya yeFlight 11 ngonxibelelwano neF.A.A. namagosa abo olawulo lwezithuthi. Ngokwazi kwethu, yonke inqwelomoya yethu yayisebenza ngesiqhelo ngeli xesha, utshilo.
Kodwa i-Flight 11 ilahlekile uphawu lwayo lokuqala ngo-8: 13 kusasa, xa, kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba abalawuli becele umqhubi wenqwelomoya ukuba anyuke aye kwii-35,000 iinyawo, umthuthi-mvume wayeka ukuhambisa isiginali ye-elektroniki echaza indawo ngqo kunye nokuphakama. Umphathi wezothutho lomoya uGlenn Michael kamva wathi, Sakuyithatha ngelo xesha ukuba inokuba yinto yokuqweqwedisa.
Ngo-8: 14 kusasa, iFA.A.A. abalawuli beenqwelomoya eBoston baqala ukuva usasazo olungaqhelekanga oluvela kwi-cockpit ye-Flight 11 ekufuneka ibeke iintsimbi zealam. Ngaphambi kweFA.A.A. Abaphathi babanqabela ukuba bathethe naye nabani na, abalawuli babini baxelela iChristian Science Monitor ngo-Septemba 11 ukuba umphathi weFlight 11, uJohn Ogonowski, wayezicingela ukuba enze iqhosha lokuthetha kwidyokhwe yenqwelomoya Inew York. Xa abalawuli bephakamisa amazwi amadoda athetha isiArabhu kunye nesiNgesi esinegama elinamandla, bayazi ukuba kukho into engalunganga. Ngaphezulu kwe-FA.A. Umlawuli weva ingxelo eyoyikisayo ngumnqolobi ngasemva esithi, Sineenqwelomoya ezininzi. Sinezinye iinqwelomoya.
Ngokucacileyo, akukho lwazi lubalulekileyo oluye lwadluliselwa kwabanye abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baseMelika sele bebhabha ngenqwelomoya-ngokukodwa i-Flight 77 ephuma eDulles, ethe yaphakama nge-8: 20 kusasa ukuze ibhekiswe kwithagethi yayo, iPentagon- okanye kwezinye iinqwelomoya ezineenqwelomoya eziyingozi indlela: I-United Flight 173, ethe yaphakama nge-8: 14 am isuka eBoston, okanye i-United's Flight 93, enamavili abhalwe ngo-8: 42 kusasa.
Ubuya kucinga ukuba i-American S.O.C. ngekhe yabeka yonke into, utshilo uNksk. Dillard. Babekwindawo ekhokelayo, baseTexas-babenolawulo kuyo yonke inkqubo. Ngewayebayekile. Wonke umntu bekufanele ukuba usemhlabeni.
UNks Dillard kwafuneka afunde malunga neenqwelomoya ezimbini ezazingqubeka kwiZiko loRhwebo leHlabathi kwisikhalo sabakhweli abalindileyo kwiklabhu yeAdmirals esecaleni kwabo ababebukele umabonwakude. Sonke saphindela emva kwii-ofisi zethu ukuyokulinda 'oogqada' abasuka kwikomkhulu, uyakhumbula. Kodwa abasebenzi bekomkhulu zange baphinde banxibelelane noNkosazana Dillard, umphathi wesiseko saseWashington, ukumazisa ukuba iFlight 77 isengxakini. Babephulukene nokunxibelelana noonomathotholo nenqwelomoya ephuma eDulles ngo-8: 50 kusasa.Ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-45 kamva, umncedisi wakhe wanika uNksk. Dillard iindaba ezibi nangakumbi.
Kukho inqwelo-moya eyabetha iPentagon. Iqela lethu lalikulo.
Ngaba yayingu-77? UNksz Dillard wabuza.
Ndicinga njalo, watsho umncedisi wakhe.
Uqinisekile ukuba ibingu-77? UNksz Dillard ucinezele. 'Kuba ndithathe nje uEddie wamsa eDulles, UNks uDillard watsho ngenzonzobila, ebhekisa kumyeni wakhe. Eddie kuloo moya.
Wajonga uluhlu lwabasebenzi. Intliziyo yakhe yaba lihlwili. Ndazi omnye wamanenekazi kakuhle, kamva wakhumbula, kwaye wayenabantwana, kunye nabanye ababini abatshatileyo, kwaye omnye wayekhulelwe. Kwakubuhlungu.
Omnye wabaphathi abaphezulu baseMelika ngokuthe ngqo kumgca wegunya ngaloo mini yayinguJane Allen, owayesakuba ngumongameli wenkonzo yeenqwelomoya, owayephethe abasebenzi beenqwelo moya abangama-24,000 kunye nolawulo kunye nokusebenza kwiziseko ezingama-22. Wayengumphathi ophezulu kaNks. Dillard. UNks uDillard zange weva kuye de emva kokuba i-Flight 77 yayilime kwiPentagon. Ifikelelwe kwikomkhulu leenkampani ze-United Airlines eChicago, apho kusebenza khona u-Ms Allen ngoku, wacelwa ukuba aqinisekise amagama abathathi-nxaxheba kwifowuni kaSeptemba 11 kwaye kwakutheni ukuze kuthathwe isigqibo sokubamba olo lwazi.
Andazi ngenene ndinokongeza kuko konke ukwenzakala, utshilo.
Kodwa ngaba yayiyinkcukacha eninzi, okanye incinci kakhulu, eyenzakalisayo?
Andinawo umdla wokunceda okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba, utshilo uNksk. Allen, ebeka phantsi umnxeba.
Esi ibe sisimo sengqondo yonke le ndlela, UNks Dillard uqaphele. Wonke umntu wayeyigcina ukuthula.
Ukusilela kwexilongo iindaba ezibalulekileyo
Ukusuka kwiminxeba ebekwe kwinqwelo-moya yokuqala yokuxhwilwa kuyo yonke le nkqubo nakwizangqa eziphezulu zikarhulumente kushiya iintsapho zibuza ukuba ingaba iinqwelo-moya zomkhosi zazinokuyifumana na i-American Airlines Flight 77 ngexesha ukuyigcina ingena kwiPentagon kwaye ibulale abantu abali-184. Olo thumo lokuzibulala luphele loloyiso kubanqolobi ngaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-50 emva kokuba ijetliner yokuqala yaseMelika ibethe iWorld Trade Center. Masithi I-American Airlines ibilumkise bonke abaqhubi bayo kunye nabasebenzi malunga noko iintsapho zabo zikwazileyo ukukubona nokukuva kumajelo eendaba?
Ulwazi olubambe umva kusenokwenzeka ukuba luvele kukungabikho kwamava, okanye ukungakwazi ukubhalisa ubukhulu bezicwangciso ezonakalisayo zabanqolobi, okanye isenokuba ngumnqweno we-visceral wokukhusela iinqwelomoya kwiimbopheleleko. Iinqwelo-moya zenza okuninzi kwinto yokuba isicwangciso esiqhelekileyo sabasebenzi beenqwelo moya zangaphambi komhla we-9/11 yayikukusabela ngokuqweqwedisayo-ukuyeka ukuzama ukoyisa okanye ukuthethana nabaqweqwedisi, ukubeka inqwelomoya ngokukhawuleza, ukunxibelelana nabasemagunyeni. , kunye nokuzama ukulibazisa amaqhinga.
Esi sicwangciso-buchule sasisekwe kwingcinga yokuba abagqwirhi bafuna ukuhanjiswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya abasithandayo ukwenza iimfuno zabo.
Kodwa ukuzikhusela kwezenzo zeenqwelomoya kuyaphikiswa yinto yokuba i-FAA, eyayinxibelelana neAmerican Airlines kunye namanye amaziko olawulo lwezithuthi, yeva ukucebiswa kwabagrogrisi kwi-Flight 11's cockpit-Sineenqwelomoya, ezinye iindiza- kwaye ngenxa yoko wazi ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kokuqala kokuphangwa okuninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenqwelomoya njengezixhobo.
Ngokwazi kwalo mbhali, akuzange kubekho kukhankanywa esidlangalaleni malunga nenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya yenqwelomoya ukusukela oko kwabhengezwa iindaba ngoSeptemba 12, 2001. Xa uPeg Ogonowski, unkosikazi wenqwelomoya, wacela iAmerican Airlines ukuba imvumele amamele le khasethi, zange weva. umva.
UMike Low wayenomdla kakhulu
Ukuya entlanganisweni. Wayesandul 'ukuva ukuba intombi yakhe eneminyaka engama-28 ubudala, uSara, elinye ilungu leenqwelomoya kwi-Flight 11, khange ikhubazeke nguMace abagrogrisi abafafaze kwigumbi langaphambili. I-FBI wayemazisile ukuba uSara unike uNkosazana Sweeney ikhadi likayise lokufowuna, elalivumela umama oneminyaka engama-32 ubudala ukuba enze ngathi ungumgibeli kwaye asebenzise iAirFone ukubiza iSikhululo senqwelomoya saseLogan kwaye adlulise ulwazi olubalulekileyo.
Ndingumntu wedolophu encinci endala kakhulu kwaye elula, uMnu uLow wandixelela kwangaphambili. Ungumnini kwaye uqhuba ishishini lekhonkrithi kunye ne-asphalt e-Batesville, e-Ark. Ndifuna ukukholelwa kurhulumente wethu, nokuba sele kwenzeke zonke ezi zinto zimbi, wenza konke okusemandleni abo.
Ukuphuma kwindlebe, wayeyindoda eyahlukileyo.
Ndiyakothusa ukuba inqwelo moya kunye neFA.A. Ndingathanda ukubamba into eyoyikisayo njengokuqweqwedisa phakathi kwabantu abambalwa, utshilo, xa iintsimbi kunye nemilo bekufanele ukuba ziyahamba kuzo zonke iindidi zoxanduva.
Amagosa ayevumele iintsapho ukuba zithethe nabo ngokungacwangciswanga emva kwentlanganiso, kwaye uMnu. Low wayenemibuzo engagungqiyo kwiFA.A.A. ummeli.
Isilumkiso esivela ku-F.A.A. Ehlotyeni lika-2001 bekucingelwa ukuba linikwe zonke iinqwelomoya kwi-CD-ROM, utshilo. Zaya phi ezo zilumkiso? Kubasebenzi beenqwelomoya? Andizange ndibenaso nasiphi na isibonakaliso sokuba nawuphi na umqhubi wenqwelomoya okanye umhambi wenqwelomoya waziva ezo zilumkisi
Wongeze ngelithi iF.A.A. umntu wayengenanto anokumxelela yona.
Ndikhe ndahlala eMelika kangangeminyaka engama-29, UNks uDillard watsho ngeqhayiya elikrakra. Umsebenzi wam yayikukubeka iliso kubo bonke abagadi beenqwelomoya abaphuma ngenqwelo moya baphuma kuZwelonke, eBaltimore okanye eDulles. Ngehlobo lowama-2001, sasingenaso nakanye isilumkiso malunga nazo naziphi na izoyikiso zokuqweqwediswa okanye ubugrogrisi, kwinkampani yeenqwelo moya okanye eFA.A.A.
Ubuso buka-Alice Hoglan babungu-ashen xa wayevela entlanganisweni. Umama womnye wabakhweli abanesibindi, abaza kugwetywa kwi-United Airlines Flight 93, uMark Bingham, umdlali wombhoxo osisitabane, uNkosazana Hoglan ngoku wayesazi ngokucacileyo nangakumbi into awayeyigcinelwe ngunyana wakhe xa ebiza. Kunye noT Todd Beamer kunye nabanye abakhweli abanesibindi, wayencede ukukhokela imvukelo yabagibeli ababekhwele kwiNdiza 93, eyayisiya eWashington nakuyo iCongress okanye i-White House.
Yayibuhlungu, utshilo, imilebe yakhe ibetha la magama mabini aziphakamisileyo. Ndiyabulela kakhulu ukuba abantu abakwiNdiza 93, amaqhawe abenako ukwenza, basweleka ngeenyawo kwaye besenza konke okusemandleni abo ukugcina ubomi emhlabeni.
UNks. Hoglan, owayesebenze iminyaka engama-29 njengomncedisi wenqwelomoya e-United, inqwelo-moya awabulawa kuyo unyana wakhe, wayesabhabhela i-United ngehlobo lika-2001. Wayezile kwingxoxo enxibe kakuhle enxibe isuti engwevu, amehlo akhe Ukuqaqamba ngokulindela ukuqonda okunzulu. Emva koko, iinwele zakhe zesilivere ezinobulumko zazikhangeleka ngathi zenziwe ngoxinzelelo. Amehlo akhe avutha ngumdanduluko kwaye waphinde wabuyela kubuso bukamama obunokuthi buchazwe njengobonakele. Uphakathi kweentsapho ezili-115 ezakwala ukuthengwa kwemali yiFederal Victims 'Compensation Fund ngenjongo yokugcina ilungelo lakhe lokumangalela iinqwelomoya kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezingakwazanga ukulumkisa okanye ukukhusela abantu baseMelika kwibhombu yabanqolobi yesithathu kwilizwe lethu.
Ndifunde kakhulu, utshilo uNkskz. Hoglan. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni lika-2001, bekukho izikhombisi ezili-12 ezithunyelwe yi-FAA-ekuthiwa ngoku zihleliwe-zazisa iinqwelomoya malunga nezisongelo ezithile zokuba abanqolobi baceba ukuxhwila inqwelomoya yabo. Iinqwelo-moya ngokucacileyo zangcwaba olo lwazi kwaye khange zisixelele.
Isicelo soMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi siqinisekisile ukuba i-FA.A. bathumele izilumkiso ezilishumi elinambini kwiinkampani zeenqwelo moya phakathi kuka Meyi noSeptemba ka 2001. La maphepha angama-35 ezilumkiso ayakhululwa ekuchazweni esidlangalaleni ngummiselo wobumbano oquka ulwazi olunokuba nobungozi kukhuseleko lwezothutho ukuba luchaziwe. Uninzi lwabantu abaqiqayo banokuthi ukungachazwa kwezilumkiso yinto eyenzakeleyo kukhuseleko lwezothutho ngo-Septemba 11.
I-FBI baqokelela ubungqina, babunika i-F.A.A., i-F.A.A. yanika iinqwelomoya, kwaye iinqwelomoya azange zisixelele, utshilo uNkosazana Hoglan. Bendi ngumsebenzi osebenza ngenqwelomoya kunye ne-United ngehlobo, ngo-2001, kwaye zange ndeva nto. Ndimangalela i-United Airlines, kwaye ndinomdla omkhulu kwindima yababeki beenqwelomoya ngoSeptemba 11.
Isililo esifanayo savakaliswa ngu-Nks Ogonowski, owayekwangumsebenzi ophakamileyo osebenza ngenqwelomoya ehlobo ngo-2001, kwiAmerican Airlines. Wayekhe walila kaninzi nge-767 eyayivavanywa ngumyeni wakhe ngentsasa kaSeptemba 11. Ndingumntu ngaphakathi. Kwakungekho silumkiso sokuba siphaphe ngakumbi. Besihleli amadakhi. Umyeni wam ebemkhulu, eyala, enobude obuziimitha ezintandathu. Wayengenaso isihogo esihogweni. Aba bantu bangena emva kwakhe, uhleli phantsi, phambili, ubotshelelwe kwalapha kunye nomqhubi wenqwelomoya wakhe. Akukho silumkiso. Ukuba babelunyukisiwe ngamathuba… kodwa abantu babengakhathali.
UNks Ogonowski kwakufuneka ngokusemthethweni ukuba akhulule i-American Airlines kwisimangalo sakhe ukuze amkele imbuyekezo yabasebenzi kwinkampani ngokusweleka komyeni wakhe emsebenzini. Kodwa andizange ndive ngathi iMelika inetyala, utshilo. Eyethu i-CIA kunye neFBI. asiphumelelanga. Bekufanele ukuba bakwazi ukuzilungiselela ngakumbi, kwaye basilumkisa.
Ezinye zeentsapho zamaxhoba ezazikwinqwelomoya i-93 zazikhunjuzwa kabuhlungu ngetape ye-FBI. ndibavumele ukuba beve kunyaka ophelileyo. Leyo yayiyindiza yeLet's roll, apho iBeamer kunye nabanye abakhweli babhiyozelwe ukucinga kwabo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokujongana ngenkalipho nabanqolobi.
Kwakukho ukungxolisana okuninzi ngabakhweli, ngokungathi ubuya kuva kwindawo efihlakeleyo, elinye ilungu losapho lindixelele, licela ukungaziwa ngenxa yokoyika ukuphoswa ngaphandle kwesuti ngokuchasene neenqwelo moya. Kwavakala ngathi, ‘Ephupheni, e-cockpit-ukuba asingeni apho, siza kufa!’ Emva koko seva izitya eziwayo. Emva koko bekhala phakathi kwabanqolobi, besoyikisa izikhalo, ngokungathi bathi, ‘Undifumene! Uyandibulala! '
Ezinye zezihlobo zinomdla wokufumanisa ukuba kutheni, kwincopho yomzabalazo, itheyiphu ngesiquphe iyeka ukurekhoda amazwi kwaye konke okuviwa kwimizuzwana engama-60 edlulileyo okanye yingxolo yenjini. Ngaba itheyiphu yaphazanyiswa? Xa ndibeka umbuzo wabo kuMnumzana uNovak, umtshutshisi ophambili kwiFlight 93, wathi ngekhe, andizukuphawula ngaloo nto, kwaye nabo akufuneki babenayo. Basophule eso sivumelwano sokungazichazi ngokukuxelela imixholo yerekhoda yelizwi.
Kutheni le nto i-United ingakhange ilumkise abaqhubi beenqwelomoya nge-Flight 93 ukuvala umnyango we-cockpit, ezinye zeentsapho zazifuna ukwazi?
U-Ed Ballinger, umthumeli wenqwelomoya kwi-United Airlines ngaloo ntsasa, wayengumntu wokugqibela ukuthetha ne-cockpit ye-Flight 93. Wayeneenqwelomoya ezili-16 ezazisusa kwakusasa kususela kwi-East Cost ziye kwi-West Coast. Xa i-United Flight 175 yaqala ukusebenza ngokungalunganga kwaye yasilela ukuphendula kwizilumkiso zayo, yaqala ukukhupha umyalezo ofanayo kuzo zonke iinqwelomoya zayo: Lumkela ukungenelela kwe-cockpit.
Inqwelomoya i-93, eyokugqibela yeenqwelomoya ezazithinjiwe, yambiza yaza yathi Molo, Ed. Iqinisekisiwe.
Umnumzana Ballinger uthe khange alinde abaphathi bakhe okanye uNobhala Wezothutho uNorman Mineta isigqibo sokubeka zonke iinqwelomoya. Wathumela isilumkiso sokumisa ngokubhabha kubo bonke abasebenzi. Kodwa abathumeli baseMelika bayalelwa ngabaphathi babo ukuba bangaxeleli abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ukuba kutheni beyalelwa umhlaba, ubanga njalo.
Enye yezinto endicaphukisileyo kukuba besazi, kwimizuzu engama-45 phambi [kohambo lwenqwelo-moya u-93], ukuba I-American Airlines ibinengxaki. Ndabeka ibali ngokwam [kwiiakhawunti zeendaba], utshilo uMnu Ballinger. Mhlawumbi ukuba bendinalo ulwazi kwakamsinya, ngendifumene umyalezo ku [Flight] 93 ukuvala umnyango.
Kule veki, xa u-9/11 eza-
I-mission ibambe iindibano zayo ze-12 kunye neyokugqibela ngolwe-Lwesithathu nangoLwesine, iyakucacisa izizathu zokunikezelwa kwenethiwekhi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, i-NORAD, ukucacisa ukuba kutheni isilele ngokupheleleyo uku-oda ikepusi yejets zokulwa ngaphezulu kwe-capitol yesizwe ngokukhawuleza ihlabathi lazi ukuba kukho uhlanga oluhlaselwayo. Iintsapho ziya kube zimamele ngononophelo xa ikhomishini ibuza imibuzo kwiNtloko yecandelo lezoKhuselo loMoya lase-Northeast, uGeneral Ralph E. Eberhart. I-NORAD ibinemizuzu engama-50 yoku-odola iinqwelo-moya zokuthintela i-Flight 93 kwindlela yayo eya eWashington, D.C. Kodwa ixesha elisemthethweni le-NORAD libanga ukuba i-F.A.A. Isaziso kwi-NORAD kwi-Flight 93 asifumaneki. Uluntu luza kuva eminye imibuzo kumagosa omkhosi yonke indlela ukuya kusihlalo weeNtloko zabasebenzi, u-General Richard Myers, ongazange aziswe kude kube semva kohlaselo lwe Pentagon.
Amachaphaza amaninzi angaxhumananga, ukungqubana kunye neziganeko ezingenakwenzeka. Njengokuba inyani yokuba i-NORAD yayiqhuba ingqokelela yokuhlasela yabanqolobi ebizwa ngokuba yiVigilant Guardian ngentsasa enye nohlaselo lokwenyani lwehlabathi. Nge-8: 40 kusasa, xa usayitsheni kwiziko le-NORAD e-Roma, N.Y., wazisa umphathi-mpuma wakhe wasemntla-mpuma, u-Col.Robert Marr, malunga nenqwelo moya eyayixhwile i-American Flight 11-colonel wayezibuza ngokuvakalayo ukuba yayiyinxalenye yomthambo na. Olu dideko lwaludlalwa kumanqanaba asezantsi wenethiwekhi ye-NORAD.
Ngapha koko, inkqubo yamashumi eminyaka yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kukhuselo lomoya wesizwe yayitshintshiwe ngoJuni ka-2001. Ngoku, endaweni yabaphathi-mkhosi base-NORAD babenakho ukukhupha umyalelo wokumiliselwa kweenqwelomoya, kwafuneka kufunwe imvume. Unobhala Wezomkhosi, uDonald Rumsfeld. Olu tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu, kuba uMnu.Rumsfeld ubanga ukuba uphumile phantse yonke intsasa ye-9/11. Akakho kwirekhodi njengokunike nayiphi na imiyalelo ngaloo ntsasa. Ngapha koko, akazange aye nakwigumbi lesimo seWhite House; Kwakudingeka ahambe ngefestile yeofisi yakhe ePentagon ukuze abone ukuba ikomkhulu lomkhosi welizwe livutha.
Umnumzana Rumsfeld wathi kwindibano yangaphambili yekhomishini ukuba ukukhuselwa kuhlaselo lwangaphakathi kwilizwe lakhe yayingelo xanduva lwakhe. Yayingumcimbi wokunyanzeliswa komthetho.
Kutheni, kwimeko apho, wazithathela kuye uxanduva lokuvuma ukuthunyelwa kweenqwelomoya zomlo?
Iintsapho zemizimba ephelileyo kunye nemiphefumlo engazinzanga ye-9/11 isalinde ukudityaniswa kwamachaphaza. Kude kube oko kwenzeka, abaninzi bayaqhubeka nokuziva betyumkile ezintliziyweni zabo nokuba ixesha alinakuphola.
