Eqhelekileyo Ubuxoki bobuxoki obungeyonyani be-MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
Iziphumo zonyulo lobongameli baseMichigan Republican ngomso, ngolwesiBini, nge-28 kaFebruwari ziya kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwisiphumo sokugqibela sogqatso lotyumbo.
Ukuba uMitt Romney uphulukana neprayimari kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa eMichigan, ugqityiwe. Abadlali abasekunene be-GOP, ngakumbi iirhuluneli, baya kufuna umgqatswa omtsha weziko elifanelekileyo ukuba angene endaweni kaRomney. Ngelixa uRick Santorum eya kuphumelela e-Ohio, eTexas nasePennsylvania naseNewt Gingrich baya kuphumelela iGeorgia, kuya kubakho uninzi lwabalawuli abathandekayo abaya kugcina abathunywa babo bengathathi cala kude kube kwindibano eyayiseTampa ngo-Agasti. Akukho mgqatswa oza kuqokelela abathunywa abaneleyo kunyulo lokuqala lokuvota, kwaye i-GOP iyakufumana ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala ukusukela oko u-Wendell Willkie waphumelela e-Philadelphia ngo-1940.
Ukuba uMitt Romney uzuze impumelelo eMichigan, kunye nokuphumelela eArizona ngolwe-Lwesibini, uya kuphinda abuyele kwindawo yakhe yangaphambili kwaye abe nethuba lokwenyulwa kunyulo lokuqala. Ukuze enze njalo, kuya kufuneka aphumelele amabini kula alandelayo: Ohio, Texas, Pennsylvania, okanye Georgia.
Ukuphumelela kukaRomney eMichigan kuya kubangelwa ikakhulu yinto enye: Ukuphumelela kukaRomney ngaphezulu kweRick Santorum engalungiswanga kunye neqhinga lokucwangciswa ngobuchule izolo ngoLwesithathu ebusuku kwingxoxo yeMesa, eArizona. Ukuba uRomney uqhubeka nokuphumelela eMichigan kwaye emva kokutyunjwa kweRiphabhlikhi kwaye ekugqibeleni i-Ofisi kaMongameli, ingxoxo yeMesa iya kuba nefuthe eliyimbali kwisizwe. Ngaphambi kwengxoxo, uSantorum wayephumelele ukuphumelela eMichigan. Yayiyimpikiswano ebonakala ngathi ijikile imicimbi.
Ukuba uMitt Romney wonyulwa njengoMongameli, ingxoxo ye-Mesa iya kuba kuluhlu lweengxoxo zikaMongameli ezichaphazele ikhosi, kunye nabanye abane abalandelayo: 1) ingxoxo yokuqala kaKennedy-Nixon ngoSeptemba 26, 1960; 2) Ingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqala kaBobby Kennedy-Gene McCarthy California ngoJuni 1, 1968; 3) mpikiswano kaRonald Reagan-Jimmy Carter ngo-Okthobha 28, 1980; kunye no-4) uGeorge HW Bush-ingxoxo yesibini kaMichael Dukakis ngo-Okthobha 13, 1988, Nganye kwezi mpikiswano kufanelekile ukujonga ngokufutshane.
UJohn F. UKennedy-Richard Nixon: NgoSeptemba 26, 1960
Ibali lalengxoxo ngoku lixelelwe izizukulwana ezithathu zabafundi besekondari kunye neekholeji. Iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ziyaziwa kakuhle: indlela abaphulaphuli bakanomathotholo babecinga ukuba uNixon uphumelele ngayo, kodwa indlela ababukeli bakamabonwakude ababecinga ukuba uKennedy uphumelele ngayo ngokugqibeleleyo, ngenxa yokwakheka kukaNixon o-Lazy Shave ohlwempuzekileyo kunye nokubonakala kwakhe okuxekethileyo - uNixon wayesandula kuchacha ekonzakaleni kwamadolo kodwa wayeseluthuthu, etyebe, kwaye eqhuba umkhuhlane. Njengoko ongasekhoyo uTheodore White, umbhali we Ukwenziwa kukaMongameli 1960 kuqatshelwe, ukubonakala kwabaviwa ababini ecaleni kubeka uSenator uKennedy ongenamava kwinqanaba elinye nelikaSekela Mongameli onamava uNixon. Ngenxa yobuqhetseba bevoti enkulu, akukho mntu uya kuze azi ukuba ngubani ophumelele ngokwenene kunyulo olusondeleyo. Alithandabuzeki elokuba ngaphandle kwengxoxo yakhe yokuqala, uKennedy ngewayephulukene nolonyulo.
URobert Kennedy - u-Eugene McCarthy California iDemocratic Demate Debate-nge-1 kaJuni ngo-1968
Ngokombono wam, le mpikiswano kaMongameli ichaphazele imbali ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na enye - kwaye ngendlela ebuhlungu.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1968, uSenator uRobert Kennedy (D-New York) walandela isekela-Mongameli uHubert Humphrey kubathunywa, kuba oomatshini beqela kwiikhokhasi nakwiindibano ezilawulwayo bakhetha uninzi lwabathunywa ngezo ntsuku.
Ukuze aphumelele ukutyunjwa, i-RFK kuye kwafuneka ibonakalise kubaphathi beqela amandla akhe okuvota ngokuphumelela uluhlu lwee-primaries kwi-Senator u-Eugene McCarthy (D-Minnesota), owayengene kugqatso lokulwa noMongameli owayesele ekhona uLyndon Johnson ngasekupheleni kuka-1967 njengomgxeki yemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yaseVietnam. Ngelishwa likaBobby, waphulukana ne-Oregon yaseprayimari yaya kuMcCarthy kwaye wabonakala ngathi uza koyiswa eCalifornia ngaphambi kwengxoxo kaJuni 1, 1968.
Ngelixa uMcCarthy engakhange enze kakuhle kwingxoxo-mpikiswano, uKennedy unike intsebenzo yenyani eqinisekisa ukuphumelela kwakhe kumabanga aphantsi eCalifornia ngoLwesibini olandelayo, nge-4 kaJuni. Nangona kunjalo isithunzi esibuhlungu samlandela.
UKennedy waye wagxininisa ukuzibophelela kweMelika ku-Israyeli ngexesha lomkhankaso kunye nesidingo sokuthengisa iibhombu zakwa-Israyeli. USirhan Sirhan, ummi oselula waseJordaniya ohlala eCalifornia, wayezimisele ukuba uKennedy makabulawe njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela kwamanye ama-Arabhu. UKennedy kwingxoxo-mpikiswano uphinde wakubethelela ukuzibophelela kweMelika ku-Israyeli. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba uSirhan abulale i-RFK.
Ngobusuku bukaJuni 4, 1968, kungekudala emva kokuba i-RFK inike intetho yakhe yoloyiso e-Ambassador Hotel eLos Angeles, uSirhan waphuma ezithunzini wadubula ivolovolo kuKennedy, okwakhokelela ekufeni kwakhe nge-6 kaJuni. Ngokombono wam, ingxoxo-mpikiswano yangoMgqibelo odlulileyo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kuyitshintshe kakhulu ikhosi yembali yaseMelika.
Ukuba i-RFK khange ibulawe, ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngewayephumelele ukutyunjwa kuka-Mongameli ngo-1968 kwaye emva koko woyisa uRichard Nixon kunyulo lukaNovemba, 1968. Engaziwa kuninzi, usodolophu waseChicago uRichard J. Daley wayelihobe elinamandla elaziva ukuba iMelika kufuneka irhoxe eVietnam. Wayeza kuvuma uKennedy emva kokuphumelela kwakhe eCalifornia kwaye wanceda iRFK ukuba ifumane inkxaso yezinye iinkokheli zeDemocratic Party. Isimanga sembali yayikukuba emva kokubulawa kwe-RFK, u-Daley waxhasa u-Humphrey, umgqatswa ovunyiweyo we-LBJ, kwaye waxhasa amapolisa eChicago ekusebenziseni kwabo amandla ngokugqithileyo ngokuchasene nababonisi bemfazwe kwi-Agasti ka-1968 yeDemokhrasi yeSizwe eChicago.
Ukuba i-RFK ibingakhange ibulawe kwaye iqhubeke nokuyoyisa uNixon, ngekhe ibekho i-Watergate, kungabikho kungena eMelika eCambodia, kwaye kungekho lizwe laseKent. Abafundi bale kholamu baya kumangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba ngaphandle kwemeko yam njengeRiphabhlikhi egcinayo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba uRobert Kennedy unezinto ezifanelekileyo zokuba nguMongameli waseMelika.
URonald Reagan-Jimmy Carter: Okthobha 28, 1980
Ukuya kwiveki ephelileyo yomkhankaso we-1980, uReagan noCarter babekwi-tie ebonakalayo. UCarter wayenemigangatho ephezulu, kodwa uReagan wayengekayivali intengiso kunye noluntu lwaseMelika.
Ngokuqinisekileyo uReagan waluvalela unyulo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano. Unike intsebenzo engenasiphako njengoko ndakhe ndabona kwingxoxo kamongameli. Abantu baseMelika baya kuhlala bekhumbula ukujika kwakhe aye eCarter kwaye uthi Apho uya kwakhona. Emva kokuba uReagan enze intetho yokuvala, eqala ngala mazwi, Ngaba ungcono kunakwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo, unyulo lwaluphelile. Iinombolo zokuvota zikaCarter zawa, kwaye uReagan wanyulwa njengama-40 aseMelikathumongameli kwiveki enye kamva.
UGeorge HW Bush-Michael Dukakis: Nge-13 ka-Okthobha u-1988
Phambi kwale mpikiswano, uBush ubambe ukukhokela okuncinci ngaphezulu kweDukakis. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqala yayiyeyokhuphiswano olwa ngokulinganayo, olukhokelela kutshintsho oluncinci emva.
Ngelishwa kuDukakis, waphathwa ngumkhuhlane ngaphambi kwempikiswano yesibini ka-Okthobha 13, 1988, kwaye wangena kwingxoxo mpikiswano ebuthathaka emzimbeni kwaye engazilungiselelanga. UBush wayenobusuku obuhle kakhulu. Yongeza kooyeha bakhe, uDukakis wawuphatha ngokungathandekiyo umbuzo ovela kwimodareyitha uBernard Shaw. UShaw ubuze uDukakis, umchasi wesigwebo sentambo, ukuba angasixhasa na isigwebo sentambo sendoda eyadlwengula yabulala inkosikazi yayo, uKitty. UDukakis uphendule ngelithi ngekhe, kodwa impendulo yakhe ibonakala ngathi igqwetha umthetho, ngaphandle komlinganiso wakhe.
Ngenxa yengxoxo-mpikiswano, uBush wandisa inkqubela yakhe kwaye waphumelela uloyiso olukhulu kwiKholeji yoNyulo.
Siza kwazi kungekudala okanye kamva ukubaluleka kwembali, ukuba ikho, kwingxoxo mpikiswano yaseMesa, eArizona. Abaviwa kufuneka bahlale beqonda, nangona kunjalo, kwimimiselo emine engentla, ukuba iingxoxo zibalulekile, isifundo uRick Santorum sasibonakala ngathi sikhohliwe ngaphambi kwengxoxo yeMesa.
UAlan J. Steinberg usebenze njengoMlawuli weSithili we-2 EPA ngexesha lolawulo lowayesakuba nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush. Ummandla wesi-2 we-EPA unamazwe aseNew York naseNew Jersey, iCommonwealth yasePuerto Rico, iiVirgin Islands zase-US, kunye nezizwe ezisibhozo ezaziwayo zaseIndiya. Phantsi kweRhuluneli yaseNew Jersey uChristie Whitman, usebenze njengoMlawuli oLawulayo weKhomishini yaseNew Jersey Meadowlands. Ngoku usebenza kwicandelo lezenzululwazi kwezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseMonmouth.
