Musa ukukujongela phantsi oko ndikufumanayo malunga nehlabathi elijikelezileyo.Iipelisi Kude kube kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, abaphengululi babekholelwa ukuba abantwana abancinci banolwazi oluncinci kakhulu, ukuba ikhona, malunga nokuba abanye bacinga ntoni. ISwitzerland Ingcali yeengqondo uJean Piaget , otyholwa ngokuseka isifundo senzululwazi sokucinga kwabantwana, wayeqinisekile ukuba abantwana abasaqala isikolo abakwazi ukuqaphela oko kuqhubeka ezingqondweni zabanye. 
UJean Piaget wayenolwazi oluninzi, kodwa wathengisa abantwana ngeendlela ezithile.Wikimedia Commons
Inkqubo ye- Udliwanondlebe kunye novavanyo awalwenza nabantwana embindini wenkulungwane yama-20 bacebise ukuba babebambekile kwiingcinga zabo, bengakwazi ukucinga ukuba abanye bacinga ntoni, bave njani okanye bakholelwa ntoni. Kuye, abantwana abancinci babonakala bengenakuqonda ukuba abantu abohlukeneyo banokubamba iimbono ezahlukeneyo okanye iimbono kwihlabathi, okanye nokuba ezabo iimbono ziyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Uninzi lophando olulandelayo malunga nokucinga kwabantwana abancinci lwaluchatshazelwa kakhulu ziimbono zikaPiaget. Abaphengululi bafuna ukuphucula icebo lakhe kunye nokuqinisekisa umbono wakhe. Kodwa kwacaca ngakumbi ukuba uPiaget wayephuthelwa yinto. Wayebonakala ngathi uwajongele phantsi amandla obukrelekrele babantwana abancinci- ngaphambi kokuba bazenze baqondakale ngentetho okanye isenzo esenziwe ngenjongo. Abaphandi baqala ukuyila iindlela ezingacacanga zokufumanisa ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni ezingqondweni zabantwana, kwaye umfanekiso wesiphumo sezakhono zabo uya usiba nzima ngakumbi.
Ngenxa yoko, umbono wakudala wobuntwana bokuzingca kunye nobuthathaka bobukrelekrele iye yawa ngokungathandekiyo kwaye yathathelwa indawo yindawo enesisa ngakumbi ebona umbono wokuhluma kungekuphela kwehlabathi elibonakalayo kodwa kunye nezinye iingqondo, nakwezona zincinci zincinci.
Ubudala obuMnyama bokukhula kwengqondo?
Ngokwembali, abantwana bebengayifumani imbeko enkulu ngamandla abo engqondo. UPiaget akazange akholelwe kuphela oko abantwana babe egocentric ngengqiqo yokuba abakwazanga ukwahlula phakathi kweembono zabo nezabanye; wayeqinisekile ukuba indlela abacinga ngayo ibibonakala ngeempazamo ezenziweyo kunye nokudideka.
Umzekelo, abantwana athe wenza udliwanondlebe nabo babonakala ngathi abanako ukwahlula unobangela kwiziphumo zabo (Ngaba umoya uyawahambisa amasebe okanye amasebe ahambayo abangela umoya?) kodwa ayigobanga). Baye baba ngamaxhoba okucinga ngomlingo kunye neentsomi: Umntwana unokukholelwa ukuba ilanga laliyibhola umntu ayiphosa esibhakabhakeni, apho ikhula ikhula ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngapha koko, uPiaget wayekholelwa ekubeni ukukhula kwengqondo kwabantwana kuqhubeka ngendlela efanayo ababhali bembali bakholelwa ukuba ingcinga yomntu iqhubela phambili kwixesha lembali: ukusuka kwiintsomi ukuya kwingcinga esengqiqweni.
UPiaget wayekholelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abantwana bajolise ngokupheleleyo kwizenzo nakwimbono yabo. Xa udlala nabanye , abasebenzisani kuba abaqondi ukuba kukho iindima ezahlukeneyo kunye nemibono. Wayeqinisekile ukuba abantwana abakwazi ukwenza isenzo kunye: endaweni yokudlala ngokubambisana kunye ngokwenene, badlala ecaleni, ngaphandle kokujonga omnye. Kwaye xa uthetha nabanye, umntwana omncinci ekucingelwa ukuba akanakuthathela ingqalelo imbono yomphulaphuli kodwa uthetha yedwa engaphulaphuli nabanye .
UPiaget kunye nabalandeli bakhe bagcina ukuba abantwana badlula kwinto efana nobudala obumnyama bokukhula kwengqondo ngaphambi kokuba ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe bakhanyiselwe sisizathu kunye nengqiqo njengoko bafikelela kubudala bokuhamba isikolo. Ecaleni kolu khanyiso kuphuhlisa ukuqonda okukhula ngokuqhubekayo kwabanye abantu, kubandakanya nezimo zabo zengqondo kunye neembono zehlabathi.
Ukutshintsha kwengqondo malunga neengqondo
Namhlanje, umfanekiso ohluke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwengqondo yabantwana uvela. Iingcali zengqondo zihlala zibonisa ulwazi olutsha kubunzulu bolwazi lwabantwana abancinci behlabathi, kubandakanya nokuqonda kwabo kwezinye iingqondo. Izifundo zamva nje zibonisa ukuba kwaneentsana ziyabakhathalela iimbono neenkolelo zabanye .
Inxalenye yenkuthazo yokuhlaziya ezinye zezigqibo zikaPiaget zivela kutshintsho lweengcinga malunga nemvelaphi yolwazi lomntu olwenzeke kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20. Kwaya kusiba yinto engathandekiyo ukucinga ukuba ukuqonda okusisiseko kwehlabathi kunokwakhiwa ngokupheleleyo ngamava.
Inxalenye yale nto yayixhokonxwe ngumbhali wethiyori uNoam Chomsky, owathi into entsonkothileyo njengemigaqo yegrama ayinakuthathwa ukusuka ekuvezeni intetho, kodwa inikwa ulwimi lokuzalwa. Abanye balandele ngokufanayo kwaye bachaza ezinye iinkalo eziphambili apho ulwazi lungekhe ludityaniswe kunye namava kodwa kufuneka luzelwe. Enye indawo enjalo lulwazi lwethu lweengqondo zabanye. Abanye bade bathi ulwazi olusisiseko lweengqondo zabanye alukho nje kuphela kwiintsana zabantu, kodwa kufuneka lube loludala kwaye ke kwabelwane ngalo ezethu izalamane ezisondeleyo, iimfene ezinkulu . Itekhnoloji yokulandela umkhondo wamehlo inokulandela apho iintsana zijonga khona kunye nokuba zihlala ixesha elingakanani, ukubonelela ngemikhondo kwinto ebothusayo.Ukulandela umkhondo wamehlo eSMI
Izixhobo zokwenza uphando ezintsha
Ukungqina ukuba iintsana zazi ngakumbi kulo mmandla kunokuba bekuvunyelwe, abaphandi kufuneka beze neendlela ezintsha zokubonisa. Inxalenye enkulu yesizathu sokuba ngoku siyiqonde ngakumbi amandla engqondo abantwana kukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezibuthathaka ngakumbi kunokuba uPiaget wayenazo.
Endaweni yokubandakanya abantwana abancinci kwincoko yababini okanye ukuba benze imisebenzi yeemoto, i iindlela ezintsha zenza imali kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezinendawo eqinileyo ekuziphatheni kwendalo kweentsana: ukujonga, ukumamela, ukuncancisa, ukwenza imbonakalo yobuso, izijekulo kunye nezenzo ezilula zencwadana. Uluvo lokugxila kwezi ndlela zincinci zokuziphatha kukuba zinika abantwana ithuba lokubonisa ulwazi lwabo ngokungagungqiyo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo - ngaphandle kokuphendula imibuzo okanye imiyalelo. Umzekelo, abantwana banokujonga ixesha elide kumnyhadala ebengalindelanga ukuba wenziwe, okanye banokubonisa imbonakalo yobuso ebonisa ukuba banovelwano nomnye.
Xa abaphandi belinganisa ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zinganyanzelekanga, kwaye zihlala zingazikhathazi, banokubona ubuntununtunu kwizimo zengqondo zabanye besebancinci kakhulu kuneendlela zerhafu ezazisetyenziswa nguPiaget nabafundi bakhe.
Zityhila ntoni izifundo zangoku
Kwi-1980s, ezi ntlobo zamanyathelo abekiweyo zaba yinto eqhelekileyo kuphuhliso lwengqondo. Kodwa kwathatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ezi zixhobo zisetyenziselwe ukulinganisa ukuqonda kwabantwana ubomi bengqondo babanye. Izifundo zamva nje ziveze ukuba kwaneentsana kunye nabantwana abasabhadazayo banovakalelo kwinto eqhubeka ezingqondweni zabanye.
Kuluhlu olunye lokulinga, iqela lezazinzulu laseHungary lalineentsana ezineenyanga ezintandathu ubudala ukubukela oopopayi bolandelelwano lweziganeko ezilandelayo: I-Smurf yajonga indlela ibhola eqengqeleka ngayo emva kwescreen. Emva koko iSmurf yahamba. Xa ingekhoyo, iintsana ziye zangqina ukuba ibhola ivele njani emva kwesikrini kwaye yaqengqeleka kude. ISmurf ibuyile kwaye iscreen sehlisiwe, sibonisa ukuba ibhola ibingasekho. Ababhali besifundo barekhoda ukubonakala kweentsana kwaye bafumanisa ukuba balungisa ixesha elide kunesiqhelo kwindawo yokugqibela apho iSmurf yajonga kwindawo engenanto ngasemva kwesithintelo - ngokungathi waqonda ukuba ukulindela kweSmurf kwaphulwa .
Kwesinye isilingo, oogxa bam kwiYunivesithi yase-Southern California kwaye safumana ubungqina bokuba abantwana abancinci banako qikelela indlela abanye abaya kuziva ngayo xa ulindelo lwabo luphoxekile . Senze imiboniso emininzi yoonopopi phambi kwabantwana abaneminyaka emibini ubudala. Kule miboniso yoopopayi, umlinganiswa ophambili (iKuki yesigebenga) washiya izinto zakhe ezixabisekileyo (iicookies) eqongeni emva koko wabuya wazokuzithatha. Into ayengayazi umlinganiswa ophambili kukuba umchasi waye wafika wadideka ngezinto zakhe. Abantwana bazibonile ezi zenzo kwaye bajonge ngenyameko umlinganiswa ophambili ebuya.