Isikhokelo kwiiClassics: Isincoko sikaMichel de Montaigne

Montaigne: iincoko zakhe ezikhululekileyo zaziphantse zahlazisa ngemihla yabo.U-entienne Dumonstier / Wikimedia Commons

Xa uMichel de Montaigne ethatha umhlala-phantsi kwilifa losapho ngo-1572, eneminyaka engama-38, usixelela ukuba wayefuna ukubhala ii-Essays zakhe ezidumileyo njengesiphazamiso ingqondo yakhe idle . Wayengafuni okanye elindele ukuba abantu abangaphaya kwesangqa sabahlobo bakhe banomdla kakhulu.

Izincoko zakhe ' intshayelelo uphantse wasilumkisa:

Mfundi, unayo incwadi ethembekileyo apha; … Ngokuyibhala, andicebisi kum ngaphandle kokuba isiphelo sendlu kunye nesabucala. Andikhange ndiqwalasele konke konke kwinkonzo yakho okanye kuzuko lwam… Yiyo loo nto, mfundi, mna ngokwam ndingumbandela wencwadi yam: akukho sizathu sokuba usebenzise ixesha lakho lokuzonwabisa kwizinto ezingenamsebenzi nezililize. Ke ngoko salani kakuhle.

Okulandelayo, izincoko ezisimahla, nangona zitshone kwisibongo, imbali kunye nefilosofi, ngokuqinisekileyo ziyinto ethile entsha kwimbali yeengcinga zaseNtshona. Babephantse bahlazisa umhla wabo.

Akukho mntu ngaphambi kweMontaigne uluhlu lweNtshona bendicinga ukunikezela amaphepha kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zibonakala ngathi azibalulekanga njengevumba, leSiko lokuNxiba iZambatho, zokuPosa (iileta, oko kukuthi), zezithupha okanye zokulala- myeke ukubonakalisa ukungalawuleki kwesongezo sendoda , umbandela owawumxhalabisa.

IsiFrentshi Isithandi sobulumko uJacques Rancière Kutshanje uxoxisile ukuba ubutshanje buqale ngokuvulwa kwento eqhelekileyo, yabucala kunye neqhelekileyo kunyango lobugcisa. Ubugcisa banamhlanje abusavumeli imixholo yabo ukuba ixhomekeke kwiintsomi zamandulo, iintsomi zebhayibhile, amadabi kunye nokusebenza kweeNkosana kunye neenkokheli. Isithandi sobulumko saseFrance, uJacques Rancière.Annette Bozorgan / Wikimedia Commons

Ukuba uRancière uchanekile, kunokuthiwa i-Montaigne's 107 Essays, nganye iphakathi kwamakhulu aliqela amagama (kwaye kwelinye icala) amaphepha angamakhulu aliqela, asondela ekuyileni ubuchwephesha ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16.

UMontaigne uhlala exolisa ngokubhala kakhulu ngaye. Ungumntu wesibini kwezopolitiko kunye noSodolophu waseBourdeaux, emva kwayo yonke loo nto. Phantse Ismanga sentlalo , usixelela okuninzi malunga nemikhwa yakhe yokubhala kwizincoko ezinesihloko esithi Presumption, of Giving the Lah, Of Vanity, and Of Toentent.

Kodwa umyalezo ka esi sincoko sokugqibela ilula, loo nto Hayi, andizisoli kwanto , njengoko i-icon yesiFrentshi esandula ukucula

Ukuba bendiya kuphinda ndibuphile ubomi bam kwakhona, bendifanele ukubuphila kanye ngendlela endibuphile ngayo; Andikhalazi ngexesha elidlulileyo, kwaye andiloyiki ikamva; ukuba andikhohliswanga kakhulu, ndikwayiloo nto ndinguye ngaphandle… ndibone ingca, intyatyambo, neziqhamo, ngoku ndiyabona ukubuna; ngovuyo, nangona kunjalo, kuba ngokwendalo.

Ukuphikelela kukaMontaigne ekuhlanganiseni idosi yakhe engaqhelekanga yamabali, iingxoxo, i-asides kunye nokuqwalaselwa phantse kuyo yonke into ephantsi kwelanga (ukusuka kwindlela yokuhamba kunye notshaba nokuba ngaba abafazi kufanelekile kwimicimbi yesini , ibibhiyozelwa ngabantu abathandayo phantse kuzo zonke izizukulwana.

Kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi yokusweleka kwakhe, iincoko zakhe zazishiye uphawu kwiBacon naseShakespeare. Wayeligorha labakhanyisi iMontesquieu kunye neDiderot. IVoltaire ibhiyozelwe I-Montaigne-indoda efundiswe kuphela kukufunda kwayo, utata wayo kunye nabahlohli bayo bobuntwana-njengeyona ndlela incinci yazo zonke izithandi zobulumko, kodwa eyona ilumkileyo kwaye ithandeka. UNietzsche ubanga ukuba ukuba kwa ukubakho kweeMvavanyo zikaMontaigne kongeze kuvuyo lokuphila kweli hlabathi.

Kutshanje, uthethathethwano olunomtsalane lukaSarah Bakewell noMontanaigne, Ungahlala njani okanye uBomi baseMontaigne kumbuzo omnye kunye neMizamo engamashumi amabini kwiMpendulo (2010) wenza uluhlu lwabathengisi abathengisayo. Nokuba amalinge anamhlanje ifilosofi yokufundisa ezikolweni ingajonga emva eMontanaigne (kunye neyakhe Kwimfundo yaBantwana Njengomgcini oyingcwele okanye isilumko .

Ke zithini ezi Zincoko, eziye zaqhankqalazwa nguMontanaigne zazingafani nakumbhali wazo? ( Incwadi yam kwaye sihamba kunye ).

Umbuzo olungileyo.

Nabani na ozama ukufunda ii-Essays ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo kungekudala uzifumana esoyiswa bubutyebi bemizekelo, ii-anecdotes, ukuphuma kunye ne-curios Montaigne ehlanganisana ukuze isuswe, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuba kutheni.

Ukuvula incwadi kukungena kwilizwe apho ubutyebi buthanda ukungalindeli; izivamvo zethu aziqinisekanga njengokuba ukuqonda kwethu kuthanda ukwenza impazamo; izichasi ziyavela rhoqo ukuba zidityaniswe ( olona mgangatho uphezulu yeyantlukwano ); kwanobubi bunokukhokelela kwisidima. Izihloko ezininzi zibonakala zingenanto inxulumene ngqo nemixholo yazo. Phantse yonke into ayithethayo umbhali wethu endaweni enye iyafaneleka, ukuba ayibhukuqwa, kwenye indawo.

Ngaphandle kokuzenza ngathi uyikhuphile yonke loo nto incwadi ngesicwangciso sasendle nesinqwenelekayo , Makhe nditsale apha kwimisonto embalwa yaseMontaigne ukumema nokunceda abafundi abatsha ukuba bafumane indlela yabo.

Ifilosofi (kunye nokubhala) njengendlela yokuphila

Abanye abaphengululi bathi uMontanaigne waqala ukubhala iincoko zakhe njengomntu ofuna ukuba ngumntu AmaStoyike , eziqinisa nxamnye nezoyikekayo zamaFrentshi iimfazwe zamakhaya nezenkolo , kunye nentlungu yakhe yokulahlekelwa ngumhlobo wakhe osenyongweni UEtienne de La Boétie ngesifo segazi. Ngaba uMontaigne wabuyela kwisikolo sefilosofi yamaStoyike ukuze ajongane nezoyikekayo zemfazwe?Edouard Debat-Ponsan / Wikimedia Commons

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngenxa yeMontaigne, njengabacingeli bamandulo ababekhokelwa ziintandokazi zakhe, IPlutarch namaStoyike aseRoma ISeneca , ifilosofi yayingeyiyo eyokwakha iinkqubo zethiyori, iincwadi zokubhala kunye namanqaku. Yiloo nto kanye umntu ayithandayo eMontaigne indlela yobomi .

IMontanaigne inexesha elincinci leefom yokuhamba ngeenyawo Ukuxabisa ukufunda njengesixhobo sokukhusela abaphengululi kwihlabathi, kunokuba uvulekele kulo. Yena ubhala :

Nokuba isizathu sethu siyasigculela okanye akufuneki ukuba sibe nenye injongo ngaphandle kolwaneliseko.

Kanjalo:

Siziziyatha ezinkulu . ‘Ubudlulisile ubomi bakhe engasebenzi,’ sithi: ‘Akukho kwanto ndiyenzileyo namhlanje.’ Intoni? khange uphile? ayisiyiyo kuphela esisiseko, kodwa yeyona ibalaseleyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakho.

Olunye uphawu lweeMvavanyo, ngenxa yoko, kukuthandeka kukaMontaigne ngezinto ezenziwa mihla le ngamadoda anje USocrates kwaye Cato Omncinci ; amabini ala manani ahlonitshwayo phakathi kwamandulo njengamadoda azizilumko okanye amadoda alumkileyo .

Ubulumko babo, Ucebisa , yayibonakala ngokucacileyo kubomi ababebukhokela (bengabhali nto). Ngokukodwa, kwangqinwa sisidwangube ngasinye esibonise ekujonganeni nokusweleka kwabo. USocrates wavuma ngokuzolileyo ukuba athabathe ihemlock, egwetywe ngokungekho sikweni ukuba abulawe ngabantu baseAthene. Cato wazihlaba wazibulala emva kokucamngca ngomzekelo kaSocrates , ukuze inganikezeli kuJulius Caesar Uvukelo .

Ukufezekisa ukuzinza okunjalo kwefilosofi, uMontaigne wabona, kufuna njalo into elungileyo ngaphezu kokufunda incwadi . Ewe yonke into malunga neenkanuko zethu kwaye, ngaphezulu kwako konke, ingcinga yethu , uthetha ngokuchasene nokufezekisa oko ukuzola okugqibeleleyo iingcinga zakudala zabona njengeyona njongo iphambili yefilosofi.

Siphumeza ithemba lethu kunye noloyiko, rhoqo, kwizinto ezingalunganga, Amanqaku eMontanaigne , ekuqwalaseleni okulindelekileyo ukucinga kukaFreud kunye nesayikholoji yanamhlanje. Njalo, ezi mvakalelo cinga ngezinto esingenakukwazi ukuzitshintsha ngoku. Ngamanye amaxesha, zithintela amandla ethu okubona kunye nokujongana ngendlela elula kunye neemfuno eziguqukayo zobomi.

Ifilosofi, kule mbono yeklasikhi, ibandakanya ukuphinda siqwalasele iindlela zethu zokucinga, ukubona kunye nokuba sehlabathini. Isincoko sangaphambili sikaMontaigne Kwifilosofi kukufunda ukufa mhlawumbi ngowona mzekelo ucace gca wokuba uyayithanda le ngcamango yakudala yefilosofi.

Nangona kunjalo kukho ingqiqo eqinileyo apho zonke ii-Essays ziluhlobo lwento umbhali wenkulungwane yama-20 athe wayibiza ukubhala ngokwakho : umthambo wokuziphatha owomeleleyo kunye nokukhanyisa isigqibo sikaMontaigne, kanye njengoko thina bafundi:

Nangona kungekho mntu ufanele ukundifunda, Ngaba ndichithe ixesha lokuzonwabisa ngokuchitha ixesha elininzi ndisebenzisa iingcinga ezintle neziluncedo? … Andisayenzanga eyam incwadi kunokuba incwadi yam indenzele yona: yincwadi ehambelana nombhali, yoyilo olwahlukileyo, isiqwenga sobomi bam…

Ngokubonakala kokuphazamiseka kwemveliso, kwaye amabango aqhelekileyo kaMontaigne ukuba ukhona ukudlala isidenge , oku ngokuqinisekileyo yenye yeempawu ezizezinye ezibonisa ii-Irratic irony. IMontaigne ifuna ukusishiya nomsebenzi ekufuneka siwenzile kunye nobubanzi bokufumana yethu yeyakho iindlela zokuhamba nge-labyrinth yeengcinga zakhe, okanye kungenjalo, ukubuyela kubo ukuphambukisa imiphezulu .

Umntu ocinga ngokukhululekileyo

Ukanti iIncoko zeMontaigne, kuzo zonke izinto zabo zakudala kunye nee-idiosyncrasies zabo, zezi ibhalwe ngokufanelekileyo njengenye yeetekisi ezisekayo zengcinga yanamhlanje . Umbhali wabo ugcina amalungelo akhe, nanjengoko equbuda ngokungagungqiyo phambi kwezibingelelo zamagorha amandulo anjengoSocrates, uCato, uAlexander Omkhulu okanye uTheban jikelele Epaminondas .

Kukho into elungileyo yomKristu, ilifa lika-Augustine ekwakhekeni kweMontaigne. Kwaye kuzo zonke izithandi zobulumko, uhlala evakalisa ukuthandabuza kwamandulo njengaye ipirrho okanye imiphunga owaphikisa ngelithi asinokwazi kwanto phantse ngokuqinisekileyo. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa malunga nemibuzo yokugqibela amaKatolika kunye namaHuguenots omhla waseMontaigne ayekhuphisana ngegazi. UMichel de Montaigne.Wikimedia Commons

Ukubhala ngexesha le ubundlobongela obukhohlakeleyo behlelo , UMontaigne akaqinisekanga libango elingenakubudala lokuba ukuba nokholo olunyanzelekileyo luyimfuneko okanye kusebenza ngokukodwa ukunceda abantu bathande abamelwane babo :

Phakathi kwethu, ndakhe ndabona izimvo ezibalaseleyo kunye nokuziphatha okungaphantsi komhlaba ukuba kube sisivumelwano esinye…

Oku kuthandabuza kusebenza kakhulu kwiminqweno yobuhedeni yesilumko esigqibeleleyo njengoko kusenza kwiingqikelelo zezakwalizwi.

Ukungaguquguquki kukaSocrates ngaphambi kokufa, uMontaigne uqukumbela ngelithi, yayifunwa kakhulu kubantu abaninzi, phantse ingaphezulu komntu . Ngokubulala u-Cato ngokuzingca, u-Montaigne ukhululeka ekuthandabuzeni ukuba ingaba yayiyimveliso yozolo lwe-Stoic, njengobunye bengqondo oko kunokonwaba bubuhle obugqithisileyo .

Ewe xa kufikwa kwizincoko zakhe Yokumodareyitha okanye Yesidima , Montaigne ngokuzolileyo waphula ukungunda yamandulo. Endaweni yokubhiyozela iziyolo zeCatos okanye iAlexanders, apha udwelisa umzekelo emva komzekelo wabantu abashukunyiswa yimvakalelo yokuzigqwesa okuzingisileyo kwizenzo zokubulala okanye zokuzibulala.

Nokuba isidima sinokuba nobundlobongela, ezi zincoko zithetha ukuba, ngaphandle kokuba siyazi ukuba singamodareyitha njani izigqibo zethu.

Kwamalungelo kunye nenkohlakalo

Ukuba kukho uhlobo olunye lwempikiswano iMontaigne isebenzisa rhoqo, yingxoxo yokuthandabuza edweba kuyo ukungavumelani phakathi kwabona magunya alumkileyo.

Ukuba abantu bebenokwazi ukuba, umphefumlo wawungafi, unawo okanye wawungekho umzimba, okanye wawunyibilika xa sisifa… abantu abalumkileyo ngebabefikelele kwizigqibo ezifanayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, impikiswano iyaqhubeka. Nangona abasemagunyeni abaziyo bengavumelani ngezi zinto, iMontaigne iyakuvuyela oko isibonisa .

Ubukho bezinto ezinjalo isiphithiphithi esingenasiphelo kwezimvo namasiko ayayeka ukuba yingxaki, eMontaigne. Ikhomba indlela eya kuhlobo olutsha lwesisombululo, kwaye enyanisweni ingasikhanyisela.

Ukubhala lo mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwamasiko nezimvo, kuye, ngu imfundo ngokuthobeka :

Isimilo kunye nezimvo ezichasene nezam azicaphuki kangako njengoko ziyalela mna; kwaye andizenzi ndibe nebhongo njengoko bendithobayo.

Isincoko sakhe Kwamalungelo umzekelo, iveza yonke imiba eyahlukeneyo yenkcubeko yase-Indiya yaseMelika, njengoko yaziwa yi-Montaigne ngeengxelo zabahambi emva koko bahluza i-Europe. Ubukhulu becala, ufumanisa ukuba aba bantu banesidima bayalingana ngokokuziphatha, ukuba akukho ngaphezulu kakhulu, kuleyo yaseFrance edlakazwe yimfazwe - umbono wokuba uVoltaire noRousseau bazokuphinda phantse iminyaka engama-200 kamva.

Sothuswa kukutya ookhokho bethu. Ukanti uMontaigne ucinga ukuba ngokwembono yamaIndiya, iinkqubo zaseNtshona zokutshisa umntu wethu oswelekileyo, okanye ukungcwaba imizimba yabo ukuze iqwengwe ziimpethu kufuneka zibonakale ngathi azikho ngqiqweni.

Kwaye ngeli xesha sikulo, uMontaigne wongeza ukuba ukuchitha abantu emva kokuba beswelekile kubonakala kuyinto entle engenabuntu kwaye engenabuntu kunokungcungcuthekisa abantu esingabaziyo nokuba banetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. ngeli xesha basaphila…

Ubulumko besini kunye nobuntu

Ke yintoni eshiyekileyo emva koko?, Umfundi angabuza, njengoko iMontaigne isingela phantsi ubugqwirha emva komnye, kwaye inyathela ngokungafaniyo nokuba ibinguye kuphela komgaqo.

Ininzi kakhulu , impendulo. Nge-metaphysics, i-theology, kunye nemisebenzi yezilumko ezifana nezithixo zonke phantsi kwe ukurhoxiswa kwesigwebo , Siba ngamangqina njengoko sifunda ii-Essays kuxwebhu oluphambili kuhlaziyo lwangoku kunye nokuxabisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Kukho, umzekelo, umkhwa kaMontanaigne wokuhlambalaza amagama, amabali kunye nezenzo ezivela kubamelwane bakhe, abalimi bendawo (kunye nabafazi abahluphekayo) ngemizekelo evela kwimbali yamaKristu kunye nembali yobuhedeni. Njengoko Ubhala :

Ngexesha lam ndazi amagcisa, ikhulu labasebenzi, belumkile kwaye bonwabile ukodlula abaphathi beyunivesithi, endiye ndafana kakhulu nabo.

Ukuphela kwee-Essays, uMontaigne uqalile ngokuphandle ukucebisa ukuba, ukuba noxolo, ukuzinza, isibindi, kunye nembeko ziinjongo ezinokusilumkela, zisenokubonakala zonke ngobuninzi obungakumbi Ngetyuwa yomhlaba ngaphezu kwezityebi nezidumileyo.

Ndicebisa ubomi obuqhelekileyo kwaye bungakhazimli: ‘sonke sinye… Ukungena kulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqhuba indlu yozakuzo, ukulawula abantu, zizenzo zodumo; uku ... ukuhleka, ukuthengisa, ukuhlawula, ukuthanda, ukuzonda, kwaye ngobumnene nangokufanelekileyo sincokole neentsapho zethu kunye neziqu zethu ... ukuba singazinikeli ubuxoki, obu bunqabileyo, obunzima ngakumbi kwaye obunqabileyo…

Kwaye ke sifika nezi Zincoko zokugqibela kuluvo olwaziwa kakuhle namhlanje lusuka kwesinye isithandi sobulumko, uFriedrich Nietzsche, umbhali Inzululwazi yeGay (1882) .

Isincoko sokuvala sikaMontaigne siphinda isivumo esithi: Ndiyabuthanda ubufanasini nobulumko ... Kodwa ngokuchaseneyo nalowo wayemthanda kamva waseJamani, umculo apha ungaphantsi kukaWagner okanye uBeethoven kunokuba kunjalo ngeMozart (ngokungathi kunjalo), kunye nomoya kaMontaigne ungcungcutheka kancinci kunokuba uzolile.

YayinguVoltaire, kwakhona, owathi ubomi yintlekele kwabo baziva, kunye nokuhlekisa kwabo bacinga. Montaigne yamkela kwaye iyayithanda imeko yokuhlekisa . Njengoko ebhala kumava:

Ayisetyenziswanga kakhulu ukuya kwizibonda , kuba, xa siphezu kweepali, kusafuneka sihambe ngemilenze yethu; kwaye xa sihleli kweyona trone iphakamileyo emhlabeni, sisezandleni zethu.

UMateyu Sharpe nguNjingalwazi oDibeneyo kwiFilosofi e IYunivesithi yaseDeakin . Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala ngo Incoko . Funda ifayile ye- Inqaku lokuqala .