Umtshabalalisi waseMelika u-USS Shaw uqhuma ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kweJapan kwiPearl Harbour, ikhaya leAmerican Pacific Fleet ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.I-Keystone / i-Getty Izithombe Nge-7 kaDisemba ngo-1941 yayiyenye yeentsuku ezintlanu ezibulala abantu kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika, ngaphandle kweMfazwe yamakhaya yaseMelika. Kwimizuzu engama-90 yokuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour, amaJapan itshonile iinqwelo zokulwa ezine kunye nabatshabalalisi ababini, batshabalalisa iinqwelomoya eziyi-188, kunye nezakhiwo ezonakeleyo, iinqanawa kunye neenqwelo moya. Abantu abangama-2 400 baseMelika babulawa kwaye abanye abayi-1,250 benzakala kuhlaselo, olwathi lwasungula i-US kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ibange phantse Ubomi baseMelika abangama-300,000 buxabisa ilizwe i-350 yezigidi zeedola .
I-jolt enjalo yaqhuba abantu baseMelika ukuba benze into ababengazange bayenze ngaphambili. Ukongeza ekuhlanganiseni ngaphezu kwesigidi se-16 samadoda , Baye bavuma phantse i-400,000 yabasetyhini kwiinkonzo. Phakathi kwaba baphantse babe ngama-10 000 ababhinqileyo abenza iikhowudi, inkonzo yabo ivule indlela yabasetyhini abasebenza emva kwemfazwe, ubuntlola kunye nezopolitiko.
Ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour kutyhila isidingo sobukrelekrele obungcono
Ilizwe lethu lahlaselwa ngokuphendula kuthintelo lweoyile kunye a ukumiswa kweeasethi zorhwebo ngaphezulu kobubi obenziwe kwimfazwe yase-Sino-Japan, njengodlwengulo lweNanking kunye nokulinganisa iidolophu zaseTshayina. I-US ibisazi ukuba uhlaselo lunokwenzeka, kodwa ibisazi okuncinci malunga nokuba olo hlaselo luza kuvela phi okanye luyakwenziwa njani.
ipheli yehabha ilungiselelwe kodwa imfazwe engalunganga . Babenjalo ilungele ukuhlaselwa ngohlaselo , ke iimbumbulu zavalelwa, iinqwelomoya zadityaniswa, neenqwelo zokulwa zadityaniswa. Konke oku kwakulungile ukumisa abanqolobi emhlabeni kodwa kuyintlekele ukuzikhusela kuhlaselo lomoya.
I-Melika yayisasaze itekhnoloji yakutshanje, kwaye isikhululo se-radar sathatha inqwelomoya, kodwa ke satyholwa ngokuba liqela laseMelika lama-B-17, kwaye ke lagxothwa.
Njengophicotho-zincwadi lweZiko loBalo likaDisemba 7 kutyhila , NgoDisemba 6, 1941, i-U.S yathimba umyalezo waseJapan owawubuza malunga nokuhamba kweenqanawa kunye nezikhundla zePerarl Harbour. Isazi se-cryptologist sinike umyalezo kumphathi wakhe owathi uza kubuyela kuye ngoMvulo, nge-8 kaDisemba.
Abafazi basebenzela ukophula iikhowudi zamaNazi kunye nezaseJapan
Incwadi kaLiza Mundy Amakhowudi amaKhowudi ityhila ukuba emva kwe-7 kaDisemba ngo-1941, amawakawaka abasetyhini abavela kwiikholeji zobugcisa benkululeko, kwaye nakwezinye iiyunivesithi zikarhulumente, baqeshwa ukuba benze umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqhekeza amakhowudi esele iqalile ngabambalwa babafazi ngaphambi kweWWII. Phambi kwePearl Harbour, umkhosi wethu wawunama-codebreaker angaphantsi kwama-200 (iqaqobana yayingabafazi ababenegalelo elimangalisayo). Ukuphela kwemfazwe, Umkhosi wase-US wawunabaqhekeza iikhowudi abangama-8,000 ababeqeshwe ekhaya, kunye nabanye abangama-2 500 ebaleni, abangama-7,000 kubo yayingabafazi. Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US nawo wawunee-codebreaker ngaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ngomhla we-V-J, i-U.S yayinee-codebreaker ezingama-5 000 zomkhosi wamanzi; I-4,000 yabo ngabafazi.
KwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeMfazwe bhanyabhanya malunga ne-cryptography, i-archetype yindoda eqaqambileyo eneendlela ezingaqhelekanga, ezingakwaziyo ukusebenzisana kakuhle nabanye, abaza kuthi ngequbuliso babethwe ngamaxesha e-Eureka. Umboniso bhanyabhanya okhethwe ngu-Oscar Umdlalo oxelisa iinkwenkwezi uBenedict Cumberbatch odlala iqhawe lobomi bokwenyani u-Alan Turing. Kodwa umlingane kaTuring UJoan Clarke , edlalwa nguKeira Knightley, yayingeyontsomi yaseHollywood kuphela; Wayeligorha lokwenyani le-cryptanalyst elivela eBletchley Park.
Abenzi beekhowudi baseMelika bazenzele ukufumanisa okuqaqambileyo ngokusebenzisana, ukunikela ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha, ukuvumela omnye umntu ukuba athabathe udumo ukuze afumane umsebenzi-zonke ezi mpawu zintle.
Umsebenzi wabo wenza okungaphezulu kokukhulula amadoda ukuba alwe. Banikezela ngobuninzi bobukrelekrele malunga nonxweme lwaseFrance, ukuhamba kweenqanawa zaseJapan kwiPasifiki, kunye neenkwili kwiMeditera. Aba bafazi banceda abaphathi kunye namajoni ukuba bacinge kwaye babonakalise utshaba.
Umzekelo omkhulu Umsebenzi wempindezelo , apho abaphula iikhowudi zethu bafunda eyona ndawo kanye apho iAdmiral Isoruku Yamamoto iyakubhabha khona ukuze ihlole imikhosi yaseJapan. Iinqwelo-moya ze-P-38 zokukhanyisa ngombane zahlasela uBetty Bomber kunye nabalwi beZero, babulala umakhi wohlaselo lwePearl Harbour.
Thelekisa elo galelo kwiintshaba zethu zeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi: iJamani yamaNazi, i-Fascist Italy, kunye nolawulo lomkhosi waseTokyo. Amagunya e-Axis awazange ahlanganise abantu basetyhini ukuya kwinqanaba le-Allies, ubhala watsho uMundy. IJapan neJamani zazizinkcubeko zemveli kakhulu, kwaye abasetyhini babengacinezelwa kwinkonzo yexesha lemfazwe ngendlela efanayo, hayi ngokwaphulwa kwekhowudi okanye ngeenjongo zenqanaba eliphezulu.
Ukuqhekeka kweekhowudi zeentshaba ezikhokelela kwimpumelelo yangemva kwemfazwe kwabasetyhini baseMelika
Kwimbambano zangaphambili, xa abafazi bathatha indawo yamadoda kubasebenzi, bekulindeleke ukuba babuyele ekhaya xa sele kwenziwe umlo. Kodwa abenzi beekhowudi ababhinqileyo bayitshintsha yonke loo nto. Njengo-Elaine Showalter ubhala , UMongameli waseBryn Mawr uKatherine E. McBride uqaphele ukuba imfazwe yayidala amathuba angenakuthelekiswa nanto kubafazi abafunde kakhulu: 'Kukho imeko entsha yabasetyhini apha, ibango elingazange libekho ngaphambili.'
Ezinye zezinto zibangelwe lithuba lomsebenzi owongezelelweyo wobukrelekrele ngexesha loMlo obandayo, njengoko UAnn Caracristi wafunda, xa wayesebenza erenki ukuba abe lisekela mlawuli we-Arhente yoKhuseleko kaZwelonke. Kodwa uninzi lwayo lwalusuka kubasebenzi abasebenza nabo abangamadoda abafumanisa ukuba abasetyhini banokuba zii-riveters, kunye ne-codebreaker, kunye nezopolitiko zasemva kwezomkhosi, ezomkhosi kunye neenkokheli zezoqoqosho ngokunjalo.
Omnye umzekelo ngu U-Elizebeth Smith Friedman , ofumene impumelelo kungekuphela nje ekuqhekezeni iikhowudi zotshaba, kodwa nangokwaphula imiyalezo efihlakeleyo yolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo ngexesha loxolo, kunye nemisesane yempimpi yasekhaya ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngapha koko, esona sakhiwo siphambili se-Arhente yoKhuseleko kuZwelonke sithiywe ngaye kunye nomyeni wakhe, umntu awayekunye naye kumzamo wokwenza iikhowudi.
IMelika ifunde isifundo esibalulekileyo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi engazange ifunyanwe ziimbangi zethu zeAxis. Xa usilwa umlo ophambili, kungcono ukuba ubusebenzise bobabini ubufanasini nomsebenzi wokuphumeza uloyiso.
UJohn A. Tures nguprofesa wesayensi yezopolitiko eLaGrange College eLaGrange, eGeorgia. Unokufikeleleka kuye jtures@lagrange.edu . Iakhawunti yakhe ye-Twitter nguJohnTures2.
