Yintoni enokuba ngcono?Iipelisi Ukusukela oko iBhulorho yeSango leGolide yavulelwa ukugcwala ngoMeyi 27, 1937, ibiluphawu lomfanekiso kubume baseMelika.
Ngo-1870, abantu babesele beqonda ukuba kufuneka kwakhiwe ibhulorho ehamba ngeGolden Gate Strait ukuze idibanise isixeko saseSan Francisco neMarin County. Nangona kunjalo, yayisesinye isiqingatha senkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba injineli yolwakhiwo uJoseph Strauss angenise isicelo sakhe sebhulorho. Izicwangciso zavela, kwaye iprojekthi yokugqibela yamkelwa njengebhulorho yokumisa eya kuthi ithathe ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine yokwakha .
Xa iGolden Gate Bridge yenyuka, yayiyeyona ibhulorho imiswe ixesha elide emhlabeni - iintambo zibambe indlela phakathi kweenqaba ezimbini, kungekho ncedisi iphakathi. Isimo sasinemiceli mngeni emininzi eyindalo. Ixabise malunga I-US $ 37 yezigidi ngelo xesha; ukwakha isakhiwo esifanayo namhlanje kuya kuxabisa malunga neebhiliyoni zeedola. Ke uyilo lubambelele njani kule minyaka ingama-80 idlulileyo- kwaye singazenza izinto ngokwahlukileyo ukuba besiqala kwangoko namhlanje? 
Umzobo webhulorho yokumiswa. Iintambo ezibomvu ezixhasayo zihambisa imikhosi ukusuka kwintambo emnyama yokumisa iye kwiinqaba eziluhlaza kunye neeankile.Incoko
Elide ibhulorho yokumiswa emhlabeni
IGolden yeSango leBhulorho yibhulorho yokumisa, okuthetha ukuba ixhomekeke kwiintambo kunye nabanqumli phantsi koxinzelelo kunye neetawuli eziphantsi koxinzelelo ukuwela umgama omde ngaphandle kwenkxaso ephakathi. Umgangatho wendlela oxhonywe kwiziphathamandla ezithe nkqo eziqhagamshela kwiintambo ezimbini eziphambili ezihamba phakathi kweenqaba kunye neeankile ekugqibeleni. Abarhoxisi batshintshela imikhosi yezithuthi kunye nobunzima bokuzimela kwiintambo ezixhasayo ezibotshelelwe kwiinqaba nakumhlaba oqinileyo. 
Ibhulorho elula yokumisa.Izahluko zeRutahsa
Inkqubo ye- iibhlorho zokuqala zolu hlobo mhlawumbi udibanise amawa amabini kunye neentambo eziguqukayo ukuwela intlambo okanye umlambo. Amakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ezi ntambo zazenziwe ngefayibha yezityalo; imixokelelwane yentsimbi yeza kamva. IBhulorho yaseBrooklyn kwisiXeko saseNew York, eyavulwa ngo-1883, yaba yeyokuqala ukusebenzisa iintambo zentsimbi, ezathi emva koko zaba ngumgangatho.
Iinqaba ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zaqala njengelitye kwicala ngalinye lentlambo; ekugqibeleni iinjineli zisebenzise amatye amakhulu okanye iintsimbi zentsimbi. Umzekelo, iBhulorho yeSango leGolide, ixhaswe kukungqengqeleka kwelinye icala nakwinqaba ezimbini, ezibekwe ngaphezulu kweziseko ezifakwe kulwandle.
Iintambo ezimbini zeGolden Gate Bridge ezixhasayo zimalunga nokuphela kwento engatshintshwanga okoko ibhulorho yavulelwa ukugcwala kwabantu ngo-1937. Intambo nganye ephambili yenziwa ziingcingo zentsimbi ezingama-27 572 ezinobunzima obulinganiselweyo bepensile. Abasebenzi bokwakha baxhoma phantse Iikhilomitha ezingama-80,000 zeentambo zentambo ukusuka kwelinye icala lebhulorho ukuya kwelinye.
Kuphantse kube nzima ukuvelisa intambo ende, engqindilili kwisiqwenga esinye kungekho ziphene zokwenza lo msebenzi. Kwaye ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba intambo enye enkulu ibambe ibhulorho phezulu kwaye kukho into eyenzekileyo kuyo, kuya kubakho ukusilela okuyintlekele. Ukuthembela kwiingcingo ezincinci kuthetha ukuba nakuphi na ukusilela kuya kuhamba kancinci, kushiye ixesha lokuguqula intlekele.
Ukusukela oko abantu baqala ukucingisisa ngebhulorho ethekwini laseSan Francisco, bekukho inkxalabo enkulu malunga nokubanakho kwesakhiwo ukumelana nomoya onamandla wendawo, amanzi ashushu kunye namandla enyikima. ISan Francisco ibekwe kwindawo ekuhlangana kuyo ezimbini Amacwecwe asebenzayo etektoni -Kucacile ukuba akukho mntu wayefuna ukubona inyikima izisa ibhulorho, ngoku ejikelezayo Izithuthi ezingama-112,000 ngosuku .
Ukuthintela le ngxaki, abakhi bakwabeka izixhobo zokumothusa kwisiphelo ngasinye sebhulorho ukuze bathathe amandla avela kumoya okanye kwimikhosi yenyikima. Ezi zithambisi ziyilelwe ngokukodwa ziyisilinda zobubanzi bemitha ezenziwe ngumbindi okhokelayo ogqunywe ngerabha. Ibekwe kwiindawo ezinobuchule, ifumana amandla anokubangela ukuba ibhulorho iwe.
Ukuyigcina ikwimo entle
Ubulumko obuqhelekileyo bunokucebisa ukuba iprojekthi yeziseko zophuhliso yenziwa kwakamsinya emva kokumiselwa. Kodwa ukugcina iBhulorho yeSango leGolide kwifomu ye-tiptop kufuna ulondolozo oluqinileyo oluqhubekayo. Kwiminyaka engama-80, abasebenzi abazinikeleyo kulondolozo bayilungisile ibhulorho, bayapeyinta kwaye batshintsha izinto ezonakeleyo okanye ezaphukileyo xa kukho imfuneko.
Lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe kwimigangatho engxamisekileyo. Umzekelo, xa kukho amawaka ezibholithi adibanisa zonke iziqwenga zebhulorho efuna ukutshintshwa, akukho ngaphezulu kwesibini esikhutshwa ngaxeshanye, ukugcina ibhulorho ikhuselekile kwimimoya enamandla okanye kwimikhosi yenyikima.
Kukho imiba yolondolozo lolwakhiwo, nayo. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokwahluka kobushushu okuqhubekayo, iintambo kunye nezixhomisi ziyaphakama okanye zenziwe ngekhontrakthi, kwaye zifuna ukujongwa ngamaxesha athile kunye nokuhlaliswa. Olu hlobo lohlengahlengiso lubhekiswa kulo njengolungisa kwaye luyafana nendlela imvumi egcina ngayo isixhobo somculo esikhala kakuhle.
Yintoni enokutshintsha ukuba siyakhe namhlanje?
Ngenxa enkulu iindleko zokugcina , Abanye abantu bacebise ukuyakha ngokutsha iGolden Gate Bridge ngendlela eya kuthi inciphise amatyala aqhubekekayo okugcina nokusebenza. Ukubeka ecaleni ukusebenza kwezopolitiko, iinjineli zingayiyila njani ibhulorho ukuba bezokuyakha kwasekuqaleni namhlanje?
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abaphandi baye bavelisa izinto ezilula. Sebenzisa ifayibha eziQinisekisiweyo zePolymers (i-FRPs) endaweni yesinyithi okanye ikhonkrithi yindlela yokunciphisa ubunzima besakhiwo sobukhulu obu. Ubunzima bokuzimela buqhelekileyo ekusebenziseni i-70 ukuya kwi-80 yeepesenti yokuxhathisa kwayo -ngowona mthwalo mkhulu onokuwuthwala ngaphambi kokuba ungaphumeleli. Ngokunciphisa, isakhiwo sebhulorho siya kufuna amandla amancinci, sivumele ukhetho oluncinci nolulula.
Umzekelo, abaqulunqi sele beqalisile ukusebenzisa izixhobo zeFiber Reinforced Composite (FRP) kwiibhulorho ezinje ngeNtengiso yeTrato yesitalato iWest Virginia. I-FRP isebenzisa i-resin yeplastikhi ukubopha kunye iglasi okanye imicu yekhabhoni, enika amandla kwinto leyo. Ukuba khaphukhaphu kane kunekhonkrithi, ii-FRPs ziphindwe kahlanu ukuya kwesithandathu zomelele.
Mhlawumbi ithagethi yokuqala yoyilo yotshintsho endaweni yeGolden Gate Bridge iya kuba kukwakhiwa kweentambo. Isinyithi esisetyenziswayo ngoku siyabola, sinzima amaxesha amane kunezixhobo ezitsha kwaye sinokusilela kubume obufumileyo kunye neqondo lobushushu-njengalezo zidibana nazo kule ndawo. Iintambo zekhabhoni zingene ngakumbi kwaye sele zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. 
Kwibhulorho ehlala intambo, iintambo zidibanisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumgangatho weenqanawa ukuya kwiinqaba.Incoko
Ezi zinto zikhaphukhaphu kunentsimbi zinokusetyenziswa nakwezinye izinto zebhulorho, ezinje ngendlela yendlela. Ukusebenzisa iplastiki edibeneyo kunokuzisa umgangatho weGolden Gate Bridge ukuzithoba ubunzima ngesihlanu. Oko kuyakwenza ukuba iinjineli ziyile kwaye zakhe ibhulorho ehlala intambo kunokuba ibhulorho yokumiswa. Uncedo apho kuya kubakho ukubanakho ukubasusa abaxhomileyo; kwintambo-ehlala ibhulorho imikhosi ihanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumgangatho ukuya kwiinqaba ziintambo. Ibhulorho yokuqala yentsimbi ehlala ibhulorho eneentambo zeCFRP yiStork Bridge yaseSwitzerland, evulwe ngo1996.
Intambo ebhulorho ehlala ikhebula inokuba nexesha elide kunebhulorho yokumiswa, ke ulwakhiwo lwayo phakathi kwenkxaso kunye nonxweme kunokuba lula. Kwakhona ukwakha iinqaba ezikufutshane nonxweme, apho ibhedi yamanzi ingaphantsi, inganceda ukunciphisa enye yezona ngxaki ziphambili xa kwakwakhiwa ibhulorho yeGolden Gate okokuqala: Kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ukusebenza kwiziseko zenqaba emanzini anzulu ngemisinga enamandla.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi inokuqwalaselwa uyilo olutsha. Izithambisi ezikhokelayo ezisisiseko ezazisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kweSango legolide zinokuthi zithathelwe indawo bubuchwephesha obutsha obukwaziyo ukumelana nomoya, ukugcwala kwabantu kunye neenyikima. Olu phuculo luya kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusilela okunje nge-Tacoma Narrows Bridge- xa umoya uvuthela ibhulorho ecaleni, yajija kwaye yawa-iyakuthintelwa.
Ngayo yonke loo nto ithethwayo, iGolden Gate Bridge isasebenza kakuhle. Ngaphandle kwezinye iindlela ezinokubakho kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, akukho mntu usebenza ngokuchanekileyo endaweni ye icon yeArt Deco kunye nomsebenzi wepeyinti owaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela. IGolden Gate Gate ibekwe iliso elibukhali ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayidluli kwimida yoxinzelelo ngenxa yezithuthi, umoya kunye nemithambo yenyikima. Singakhangela phambili ubuncinci kwiminyaka engama-80 yobugcisa bobunjineli.
Hota GangaRao nguNjingalwazi wezoBunjineli boLuntu noKusingqongileyo e IYunivesithi yaseWest Virginia kwaye UMaria Martinez de Lahidalga de Lorenzo nguMncedisi woPhando ngeZidanga IYunivesithi yaseWest Virginia . Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala ngo Incoko . Funda ifayile ye- Inqaku lokuqala .
