Olona lwakhiwo lubalulekileyo lweSitishi saMazwe ngaMazwe sigqityiwe ngo-2004.I-Alain Nogues / Sygma / Sygma ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso kaGetty Isikhululo saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS) sineminyaka engama-22 ubudala. Kwaye ngoMvulo kuya kuphawulwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-20 sobukho obuqhubekayo bomntu kwibhola ekhatywayo yokulinganisa indawo ebhabha kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-250 ngaphezulu koMhlaba.
I-ISS idlala indima enkulu ekusincedeni siqonde iplanethi yethu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye sifunde ngendawo enzulu. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, iququzelele amawaka eeprojekthi zesayensi ngelixa ibonelela ngendawo yethutyana koosomajukujuku, oososayensi kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, kubakhenkethi.
I-ISS yeyona projekthi yokwakha inesibindi kwaye inzima eyakha yenziwa emajukujukwini. Kuyamangalisa ukuba yonke into ilingane ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye yonke isebenza kakuhle, usomajukujuku we-NASA osele umhlala-phantsi uMichael López-Alegría, obe kwi-ISS kathathu, utshilo kumsitho kule veki.
Apha ngezantsi ziziganeko ezilishumi ezingalibalekiyo kunye neenyaniso malunga ne-ISS ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 yobomi bayo.
Indibano yaqala ngo-1998.
Imodyuli yokuqala ye-ISS, iZarya, yasungulwa ngo-Novemba 1998 yirokethi yeRussia Proton eyayizimeleyo. Ubume obungundoqo besitishi sasemajukujukwini sagqitywa ngo-2004. Kodwa ubunzima nobume baso buye batshintsha rhoqo kule minyaka idlulileyo kwaye kongezwe iimodyuli ezintsha nesiphekepheke kunye nezindala.
UmMerika kunye nababini baseRussia ngabahlali bokuqala be-ISS.
Iqela lokuqala labahlali be-ISS, i-Expedition 1, yasungulwa nge-31 ka-Okthobha ka-2000 isuka kwiBaikonur Cosmodrome e-Kazakhstan isebenzisa I-Soyuz TM-31 oosomajukujuku noosomajukujuku abathathu ebhodini: uBill Shepherd weNASA kunye noosomajukujuku baseRussia uYuri Gidzenko noSergei Krikalev. Bafika ngoNovemba 2, 2000.
Bangaphezulu kwama-240 abantu abatyelele esi sikhululo sasemajukujukwini.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, oosomajukujuku abangama-241 abasuka kumazwe ali-19 batyelele isikhululo sasemajukujukwini. Uninzi lwazo luye lwaphindaphindeka. Abantu baseMelika nabaseRussia benza iipesenti ezingama-80 zazo zonke iindwendwe ze-ISS.
Kubandakanya abakhenkethi abasi-7 bendawo.
Phakathi konyaka ka-2001 ukuya ku-2009, oosomajukujuku babucala abenza i-ISS kwisiphekepheke saseRussia Soyuz kwiinqwelomoya ezisibhozo. Olo hambo lwadityaniswa ngu Izinto eziza emajukujukwini , ekuthiwa ihlawulise umntu ngamnye phakathi kwe- $ 20 yezigidi kunye ne- $ 25 yezigidi ngokuhlala iintsuku ezilishumi kwisikhululo sasemajukujukwini.
Ngaphezulu kwamazwe e-100 enze uphando apho.
Nangona ingu-19 kuphela amazwe athe athumela oosomajukujuku kwi-ISS, ali-108 amazwe athe aqhuba iiprojekthi zenzululwazi apho. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, i-ISS ibambe ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 yophando kunye neeprojekthi zemfundo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamabala.
Elona hambo lide lide lithathe iiyure ezilithoba.
Ukuhamba emajukujukwini yinxalenye enkulu yeentlanganiso ezininzi ezenziweyo kwi-ISS. Elona lide, elenziwa ngoosomajukujuku be-NASA uJim Voss noSusan Helms ngexesha lomsebenzi we-2001, lahlala iiyure eziyi-8 kunye nemizuzu engama-56.
Oosomajukujuku ababini bahlala kwi-ISS unyaka.
Usomajukujuku odla umhlala-phantsi weNASA uScott Kelly kunye nosomajukujuku waseRussia uMikhail Kornienko ubambe irekhodi lokuhlala emajukujukwini ixesha elide. I-duo igqibe i-mission yonyaka wonke kwisikhululo sendawo phakathi kuka-Matshi 2015-Matshi 2016.
I-ISS ixabisa i-NASA $ 3 yezigidigidi minyaka le.
I-ISS yiprojekthi ebiza kakhulu. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, isikhululo sendawo siye saxabisa ngaphezulu kwe-150 yezigidigidi zeerandi ukwakha. Unyaka ngamnye, i-NASA ichitha ngaphezulu kwe- $ 3 yezigidigidi kwiiprojekthi ezinxulumene ne-ISS.
Isikhululo sithuba okungenani sineminyaka eli-10 eshiyekileyo ebomini.
Njengokuba i-ISS ingena kwiminyaka yayo yamashumi amabini, imicimbi yolondolozo, efana nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwendlu yangasese kunye nokuvuza kwe-airlock, kuye kwavela kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ukanti, i-NASA iqikelela ukuba isikhululo sendawo sinokusebenza ubuncinci kude kube yi-2030. Sihlalutye ubomi beendawo zesikhululo sasemajukujukwini ukuya ku-2028, utshilo URobyn Gatens, umphathi we-ISS obambeleyo we-NASA. Sele siza kuhlaziya ngo-2032… Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, asiboni nto iyasilela okanye iphele.
Akukapheli.
Isikhululo sendawo ngoku sineemodyuli ezili-16 ezinoxinzelelo. Ezintlanu zisazakuqaliswa, kubandakanya iimodyuli ezimbini zophando zaseRussia, iNauka kunye nePrichal, iEuropean Robotic Arm, kunye neemodyuli ezimbini zamandla ezibizwa ngokuba yi-NEM-1 kunye ne-NEM-2. Imodyuli ye-Nauka kunye ne-European Robotic Arm zimiselwe ukwazisa ngentwasahlobo ka-2021.
