'Umboniso wongenelelo ngoncedo (Manifestazione Interventista)' (1914) nguCarlo Carrà. (© 2013 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / SIAE, Rome, ngoncedo lweSolomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, eNew York) Ngo-1909, F. T. Marinetti's Founding and Manifesto of Futurism yabhengezwa, Siza kuyizukisa imfazwe… ukulwa, ukuthanda ilizwe… nokugculela abantu basetyhini. A Umboniso omtsha kwiMyuziyam yaseGuggenheim Ubonisa ubugcisa be-Futurists yase-Italiya phakathi kowe-1909 nowe-1944, malunga nemifanekiso engama-360 ngamagcisa angaphaya kwama-80, ngumfundi ophononongwayo kunye nembali yokhenketho lomlawuli nguVivien Greene. Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwemodeli yomboniso wemyuziyam (apho kule meko inokuthi igxile kwimainin Marinetti, umsunguli wentshukumo), Ukwakha ngokutsha iUniversal kukujonga okubandakanya intshukumo kunye nokufikelela (umboniso usisa ngqo kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi) kunye nobunzulu obuvelisa ukuqonda malunga nokuba ubugcisa babamkela njani ubuchwephesha, kwaye nendlela amagcisa asebenzise ngayo itekhnoloji entsha ukwenza ubugcisa, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20.
Imizobo yasekuqaleni ye-Futurist ebolekwe kakhulu kuphuhliso lobugcisa baseFrance belo xesha; bavumelana ukwahlula-hlula kwe-de-siècle kunye neCubism kodwa kugxilwe kwitekhnoloji entsha. Giacomo Balla ’s Ukukhanya kwesitalato (Ngo-1911) ubonakalisa umdla wakhe ngokukhanya okunganyanzelekanga kwimeko yayo yenyanga kunye nesibane sasesitalatweni. Izifundo zika-Umberto Boccioni ziintsingiselo zedolophu kwaye zihlala zibonisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwentshukumo. Umboniso omnandi wemiboniso ye-Futurist ibandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa kukaMarinetti kwe-Syntax-Wireless Imagination-Words-in-Freedom kodwa ne-Valentine de Saint-Point ye-1913 ye-Manifesto yoMfazi we-Futurist, ebhalwe ukuphendula i-techno-chauvinism kaMarinetti, kunye ne-Futurist Manifesto yakhe yokucinga ngokukhululekileyo Inkanuko. Ezi mpapasho zazisasazwa simahla esitratweni okanye ngamanye amaxesha zide ziwe kwiinqwelomoya. I-Futurism yathanda ukuthayipha okanye ukukhupha isemantic; amagama ngokukhululekileyo , amagama kwinkululeko, yayiyeyona nto ibizwa ngokuba ziilingo ze-proto-Dada zolwimi. Ziyamangalisa.
Intshukumo yenzeka ngokulandelelana kwayo ixhoma ukujikeleza kwendlela ye-Guggenheim. Kukudibana kwenhlanhla kwesihloko kunye nokusingqongileyo-Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yeBoccioni yamanani ashukumayo abonakala edynamite kwindawo emyuziyam emhlophe emhlophe. Imizobo kaGiacomo Balla yowe-1913 yandikhuphela ngaphandle- ioyile ye-monochrome kunye ne-inki yokuhambisa iimoto ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu okanye indlela yokuhamba kwabantu esitratweni.
Ngelixa uBalla noBoccioni benokwaziwa, ubuncinci kubaphulaphuli bobugcisa, ukufunyanwa komboniso nguFortunato Depero, umzobi wovavanyo kunye nomdlalo wokudlala kunye nomyili wemveliso. Iithoyi zakhe zeFuturist ezenziwe ngomthi — phakathi kwazo kukho imikhombe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namnyama — kunye nemizobo yeqonga leFuturist, apho iirobhothi zilwa nabadanisi beebhaleyi kunye neebhere, zibubugqi. I-Depero ikwenze neebhulukhwe ezinemibala ezinemibala ezinokuthi zinxitywe ngamadoda ukubonisa ukungathandwa kwabo.
Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, imizobo yohlaselo lomoya olwenziwe nguMarinetti yanika isandi sokuqhushumisa kwizandi: UKkkkkkk kunye neBum bum bum, uZang Tumb Tuum wafunda imigca ejikelezayo yesicatshulwa. Kodwa imfazwe yabeka isifotho kwi-Futurism: UBoccioni wabulawa esenzweni, kwaye uMarinetti wenzakala. Ngaphandle kwawo onke amatanki avela kwimizobo, amaxesha emfazwe exesha lexesha elizayo kubandakanya ifilimu ethe cwaka ka-Anton Giulio Bragaglia, IsiThai , kunye neseti yayo yemifanekiso emnyama nomhlophe. 'Iifom ezizodwa zokuqhubeka kwesithuba,' ngo-1913 (cast 1949) ngu-Umberto Boccioni. (© Metropolitan Museum of Art, ngoncedo lweSolomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, eNew York)
Emva kwemfazwe, izinto zokuhombisa zikaBalla kunye noyilo lwemidlalo yeqonga zithatha indawo ephambili. Kwigumbi lokuzonwabisa lobungakanani begumbi leproto-psychedelic laser light show awayilungiselela uIgor Stravinsky Imisebenzi yomlilo , iimilo ezakhiwe zezibane ezinemibala ezigqitywe ngexesha zithatha indawo yabadanisi. Umsebenzi waboniswa kanye kuphela, ngo-1917 ukuziqhelanisa nokunxiba-imveliso ngokwayo ayizange yenzeke ngenxa yeembambano zabasebenzi. I-Balla's technology-sentimental 1920 ukupeyinta Amanani kuThando ijongeka ngathi yinto onokuyibona nakweyiphi na igalari yedolophu yedolophu namhlanje. Amagumbi okutyela e-Futurist, aphindaphindiwe apha, ayingxube yecicy yecamp. Iifoto zeFuturist zinamaphepha amilisiweyo, ukuveza ngokuphindwe kabini kunye nokuveza ixesha elide intshukumo engacacanga-yonke ingxowa ye-avant-garde yamaqhinga.
Uhlobo lwangoku aluhlali lulingana nezopolitiko ezilungileyo. Umboniso awunciphi kwimixholo yobuFascist kubugcisa bexesha elizayo, phakathi komzobo kaDepero Isibhengezo kunye noKoyisa kweFlegi yeSizwe. (Ikhonkco le-Futurism kunye ne-fascism inokuba kungoko iimyuziyam ziye zawushiya umbandela kwixa elidlulileyo.) Imbono ethe tyaba yabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abajonga abazobi ababona imbali yobugcisa base-Itali-ikhaya lokuzalwa kombono-eguqulwe bubuchwephesha bexesha lemfazwe.
Imisebenzi yokugqibela kulo mboniso yimizobo emihlanu ebolekwe kwigumbi lenkomfa yeposi yasePalermo. Ipeyintwe ngeminyaka yoo-1930 ngu-Benedetta Cappa, eli lixesha lokuqala ukuboniswa ngaphandle kwe-Itali. Bawonga imixholo ye-Futurist: ukuhamba, umbane kunye nee-1930s iindlela zonxibelelwano ezinje ngonomathotholo, ucingo kunye nomnxeba. Iingcingo zomnxeba ezihambayo zihamba ngaphezulu kweMeditera. Iijometri zokuthintitha zentshukumo ebikhe yarhoqo ibekwe kulo mzekelo ugqibeleleyo woburhulumente bezi mini, iposi. Sisiphelo esigqibeleleyo, esibonisa njengoko isenza indlela izithethe zaseNtaliyane zokupeyinta ezitshintshe kakhulu ngexesha elitsha.
Ngempelaveki, iqela lihlasele i-Guggenheim, kwavuleka izibhengezo eziqhankqalaza imisebenzi yemyuziyam e-Abu Dhabi. Kuqhankqalazo, ungabona amahlokondiba amacebo e-Futurist-ividiyo ethunyelwe kwi-Intanethi ibonisa amaphecana asimahla awela kumgaqo womoya weGuggenheim. Kunzima ukungaboni ukufana phakathi kwe-Futurism kunye nobugcisa bexesha lethu. Njengamagcisa namhlanje amkela i-brash kunye neebhloko ezinobundlobongela ezinjengoJerry Magoo, iifom populist ezinje nge-Occupy Wall Street kunye nefuthe leemvakalelo zefonti kunye ne-Facebook, baya kuba benza kakuhle ngokujonga ngokulumkisa ngendlela i-Futurist aesthetics ephazanyiswe ngayo kwezopolitiko.
(NgoSeptemba 1, 2014)
