Ngaba Inyaniso Buhle? Ngaba Ubuhle buyinyaniso? Ngamanye amaxesha kuluncedo ukukhunjuzwa ukuba into egqitha kubulumko banaphakade isenokungabinaso isiseko esingagungqiyo esinikwa kwakhona kukuphindaphinda.
Cinga ukulingana kweNyaniso noBuhle obonakala kuJohn Keats 'Ode kwi-Urn yaseGrisi, umzekelo. Isincoko esixhokonxa iingcinga ngu-Unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseHarvard uMarjorie Garber ngehlobo lowe-1999 loPhando oluCalucalulayo luthi makuphindwe kuhlolwe umlinganiso oqhelekileyo woBuhle neNyaniso- ubuncinci bendlela eqeshwe ngayo kwimithombo yeendaba ethandwayo nakwinkcubeko yolwimi (njengoko , umzekelo, kwi-American ngobuhle obuninzi obungenangqondo, ifilimu ene-satire engacacanga yamaxabiso asezidolophini ivakalisa indlela yokuziqhayisa ukuba Ubuhle buyinyaniso ephezulu ebomini.)
Ubuncinci uNjingalwazi uGarber uvule ingxoxo-mbumbulu yexesha elide kwizifundo zoncwadi malunga nokuba yena uKeats ngokwakhe, umbhali webinzana elithi Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyani, wayethetha njengesishwankathelo soBulumko, okanye ngandlela ithile ngokungaqhelekanga.
Mhlawumbi ukhumbula ubuncinci i-Keats 'Ode kwi-Urn yaseGrisi. Imalunga ne-icon yezobugcisa, i-urn ebonisa indawo yayo yokulandela inkanuko, ukulangazelela okungumkhenkce, ukuthanda okungagqitywanga, umculo ongavakaliyo kunye nedini lesiko elingachazwanga.
Kodwa iye yaba luphawu lobugcisa uqobo, hayi i-urn kuphela kodwa umbongo malunga nomchamo. KwiCleanth Brooks, umbhali we -Well-Wrought Urn, ukuzama ukuchaza umbongo owawunempembelelo enkulu kwisiqingatha senkulungwane emva kokupapashwa kwawo ngee-30, umfanekiso we-urn uquka ukuba yintoni imbongo, uphawu lomlomo, njenge-Brooks ugxa wakhe uWilliam Wimsatt wayibiza njalo. Ngumfanekiso uHerman Melville awuphendulileyo kumbongo wakhe malunga nomchamo owaphukileyo, iRavaged Villa (yeMelville, inyani iyabutyumza ubuhle, izandi zikaThixo). Lo mfanekiso we-urn oqhekekileyo, uVladimir Nabokov uchaza kwinqaku elisecaleni elinepensile, wamxakekisa ngexesha lokuqanjwa kwe-Ada. (Jonga isincoko sam sikaNabokov kwiNabokov Archives, ngoNovemba 24, 1997.)
I-Ode kwi-Urn yaseGrisi ngumzamo wokudibanisa imeko ephikisanayo yenyaniso kunye nobuhle bokumatanisa kwingcinga yaseNtshona, utyekelo lokubona ubuhle njengokuphazamiseka okuhendayo kwinyaniso, ukubona ubuhle njengobuxoki obuthandekayo, isilingo esonweni.
Ingxabano malunga neKeats 'Urn igxile kwisigaba sokugqibela esidumileyo. Xa, emva kwamabala aliqela achaza kwaye ebuza malunga nezigcawu eziboniswe kwi-urn, emangalisiwe kwindlela ubumnandi obumnandi bendawo ogcina ngayo amanani aphakade ngonaphakade, kwaye umncinci ngonaphakade / Yonke into yokuphefumla komntu ngaphezulu, imbongi iyathetha nomchamo uqobo:
… Umfundisi Obandayo!
Ekwaluphaleni kwesi sizukulwana,
Uya kuhlala, phakathi komnye umaye
Ngaphezu kwethu, umhlobo wendoda, lowo uthi kuye
Ubuhle yinyani, inyaniso yinyani – kuko konke
Uyazi emhlabeni, kwaye konke okufuneka ukwazi.
Jonga la manqaku okucaphula – lawo ajikeleze uBuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyaniso. Zezona kugxilwe kuzo kwingxoxo kaNjingalwazi uGarber evula kwakhona kuPhando oluBalulekileyo. Inxalenye yesiqwenga esicingayo esinesihloko – oku kufanele ukuba kube mnandi kubahleli bekopi- (Amanqaku eKoteyishini). Isincoko esivela kummeli uHenry Hyde's kwikota ye-Clinton yokugcwalisa idilesi yempazamo kwimvelaphi yokuchwetheza yamanqaku okucaphuna kwinkulungwane ye-17 yesiNgesi njengee-commas eziguqulweyo, ngemibuzo ephakanyiswe libinzana lesicatshulwa se-unquote kunye nokuphakama komoya ojikelezayo ngomnwe. iikowuti kunye neendlela esisebenzisa ngazo amanqaku okucaphula kwiinzame zokubonisa isigqebelo kunye nobunyani.
Phakathi koku, UNks Garber uphindaphinda mhlawumbi eyona mpikiswano idume kakhulu kwaye inzima malunga neempawu zokucaphula kuncwadi lwesiNgesi, leya yoBuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyaniso. Ngubani lo utshoyo? Iikati? Umjelo? Ukuba amanqaku okucaphula aphela emva kobuhle – kwimeko leyo, yimigca emibini yokugqibela – Oko konke / Uyazi emhlabeni, kwaye konke okufuneka ukwazile- uluvo, mhlawumbi luyindida, kukulingana kwenyani kunye Ubuhle? Ngokubeka Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle bokwenyani ngaphakathi kwezicatshulwa, ngaba uKeats uzikhwebula kuye ngokuthe ngcembe kwindlela ombona ngayo-uyivavanya ngokunzulu okanye ngokuhlekisayo? Ngaba uKeats angade aphike ukuqiniseka, inyani, ukuba ubuhle buyinyani?
Okanye ngaba le nto isengqiqweni yinto nje yokubhala iziphumlisi eziphosakeleyo, ukumiswa kade kunye nokuphosakeleyo kweempawu zokucaphula uKeats angazange azimisele zona? Oko kuthetha ukuba yonke imigca emibini yokugqibela iyathethwa (qaphela isidingo sokusebenzisa iikowuti ezihlekisayo) yi-urn (leyo, ewe, ithi cwaka kwaye ke i-ventriloquised by Keats). Kwimeko apho, ngaba i-urn ngokwayo yayixakile malunga nokulingana kwenyaniso kunye nobuhle? Ngaba i-urn yayithetha ukuba uBuhle yinyani, ayisiyiyo nyani eyona nto kodwa yonke into ekufuneka uyazi, konke onokukunyamezela emhlabeni? Ngaba i-Keats okanye i-Keats 'urn ithi konke okufuneka ukwazi kuba iyazi ngakumbi? Kuba, njengoko uJack Nicholson ebeka, Awunakukwazi ukuphatha inyani?
Umbuzo malunga nokubekwa kweempawu zokucaphula, kwaye ke ngexabiso lembongi enqwenela ukuyinika ubuhle yinyani yokulinganisa, iphakanyiswe yimbali engazinzanga yemibhalo yesandla yeKeats yombongo.
Kwimibhalo emithathu yokuqala yombongo, akukho manqaku okucaphula kwaphela. I-urn sayst, Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle bokwenyani- yiyo yonke into eniyaziyo… ngaphandle kokucima amagama amahlanu okuqala kwizicaphuno. Umbuzo uvela kwinto yokuba kupapasho lokugqibela, olupapashiweyo lwemibongo, iikowuti ziye zongezwa malunga noBuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyani, kwaye uKeats ngokwakhe kuthiwa ulubonile olo hlelo lokugqibela ngokupapashwa. Ingxaki inzima kukuba asazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukongezwa kweempawu zokucaphula yinto uKeats ayenzileyo, ukongezwa ngumhleli athe wamkela, okanye, ukuba uzongezile ngokwakhe, nokuba wenza Uhlaziyo oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo ngendlela afuna ngayo ukuba uBuhle yinyani… mayithathwe, aziqhelise kubuhle benyaniso yobuhle. Okanye ngaba wayecacisa ngakumbi into awayecinga ngayo?
Ndiyaluthanda olu hlobo lwempikiswano yoncwadi, apho imibuzo ebalulekileyo yentsingiselo kuncwadi nakwezobugcisa ixhomekeke kukungalungiseki okanye ukungaqiniseki kokubhaliweyo kunye nokungaqondakali kokubhaliweyo kunye nembali. UJack Stillinger, oyena mhleli uhlonitshwayo wakutshanje wemibongo epheleleyo kaKeats, ubonelela ngamathuba angekho ngaphantsi kwesine xa kuthethwa ngokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngubani na othi Ubuhle buyinyani kuye kwimigca emibini yokugqibela ye-Keats 'Urn: (1 ) imbongi yokufunda, (2) imbongi eya kumchamo, (3) imbongi kumanani kwi-urn, (4) urn kumfundi. Ndinokongeza kuyo: (5) urn emntwini ngokuchaseneyo nomfundi – umfundi umamele urn athethe oko emntwini, kodwa ayisiyiyo imbonakalo leyo.
Kodwa, uMnu.Singeringer wongeze, ukuphikisa okunzulu kuphakanyisiwe kuwo omane amathuba anokuwakhankanya, kwaye ezo zine aziqali nokuxubusha iingxaki ezivelayo xa umntu kufuneka aqwalasele ukuba leliphi icandelo lemigca emibini yokugqibela-- Ubuhle yinyani, inyani yobuhle yinyani, okanye yonke imigca emibini yokugqibela – ithethwa ngumchamo okanye yimbongi, kwaye kubani.
Ke iphi inyani malunga neNyaniso kunye noBuhle? Ngaba uBuhle yinyani yeNyaniso, okanye ubuxoki malunga neNyaniso? Umhombiso wobuhle uyakrokra, uShakespeare ubhale oku kwi-Sonnet 70. Ubuhle bukrokrelwa, buyadlula, bugula njenge rosa elenzelwe iinkonkxa. Asifanelanga kukrokrela mntu –umntu, imbongi okanye urn – oyinqulayo njengenyaniso? Ukuba, enyanisweni, kwenzeka ntoni kumbongo, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwenyaniso nobuhle, akujoliswanga ukuba kwenziwe i-ayoni kwinqanaba elithile.
UMarjorie Garber uqala ngokucaphula into ayiphawulayo njengobulumko bokuvumelana kulo mbuzo, ovela kuHelen Vendler, umbhali weOdes kaJohn Keats, isifundo esihle endasibhiyozelayo ngaphambili kula maphepha. UNks Vendler uxoxa ukuba Imigca emibini yokugqibela iyathethwa ngumchamo, obeka ugxininiso olukhethekileyo kwi-motto-like epigram [Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyaniso] ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokubeka izimvo ngexabiso elikhethekileyo. Kodwa sonke isivakalisi sokugqibela sombongo [siqala ngeXa ekwaluphaleni…] sisivakalisi sesithethi, esiprofethweni saso, esichaza into eza kuthethwa ngumngxunya kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
UNjingalwazi Garber uthatha uxanduva kubo bobabini ooNjingalwazi uVendler kunye no-Stillinger malunga nokuba i-crux izinzile kwaye kufuneka ibe ngumlomo othetha yonke imigca emibini yokugqibela. Ubuza ukuba kungathetha ntoni ukuba amanqaku okucaphula asusiwe okanye andisiwe, nokuba ingaba isithethi sinokuthi siphawule ngesiqubulo somchamo emva kokuwucaphula.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba isicatshulwa esicatshulwe kuProfesa Vendler asenzi bulungisa kwingcaciso yakhe yesiqhelo ye-ode kunye nengxoxo yakhe yokuba oko kwenziwa nguKeats-kunye ne-urn-ayichazi inyaniso njengobuhle, kodwa ichaza ubuhle kwakhona njengoko oko kuyinyaniso. Hayi inyani yesicelo, uNjingalwazi Vendler ugxininisa, hayi ingcinga, kodwa inyani yokumelwa, ubuhle njengohlobo lokuchaneka okuphezulu, ndingatsho.
Kodwa ke ngokuthetha ngokuchaneka, uNjingalwazi uGarber umbeka kwezona ndawo azichazayo xa ebiza, mhlawumbi evela kwi-Truth-and-Beauty key enegama elibizwa ngokuba yi-Lexis-Nexis, indlela i-aphorism echazwe gwenxa kwaye isetyenziswe gwenxa kwisigama esiqhelekileyo senkcubeko yethu, Zonke izinto ezinokuthi zingaqondakali ziye zadilika zangumqondo olula.
Nayi eminye yemizekelo athe weza nayo:
Ukusuka kwingxelo yesayensi malunga nokutya okhalweni ukuya okhalweni kuhlobo lomntu:
Ubuhle buyinyani nenyaniso ubuhle, ukucaphula uJohn Keats. Kodwa iyintoni inyaniso ngobuhle? Uphando lwezenzululwazi lwento amadoda ayifumana intle kwimo yomfazi icebisa ukuba iingcinga zobuhle zinento yokwenza neempembelelo zaseNtshona kunaleyo iza ngokuba ngumnqweno owakhelweyo, okanye ongaphakathi.
Ukusuka kwinqaku malunga nokuwa kwamagqabi eNew England:
Ubuhle buyinyani- inyaniso yinyani – yiyo yonke into oyaziyo emhlabeni kwaye konke okufuneka ukwazi.
-UJohn Keats
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku nabani na ogqithe ngaphezu kwekwindla ezimbalwa eNew Hampshire uyazi ukuba kutheni amagqabi ombuso esiwa ngombala ngokuqaqambileyo.
Isikhokelo sokukhokela kwiNew York Times inqaku lobuGcisa kunye noLonwabo malunga nokulunga kokurekhoda okwenziwa ngoku:
NgokukaJohn Keats, ubuhle buyinyaniso, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Abanye amagcisa okurekhoda awavumelani.
Umxholo ophambili kwiThe New York Times, utsalela ingqalelo kwi-esthetic entsha yase-Israel ecaleni kweMeditera:
UmJuda weLizwe: Ubuhle yinyani: Yiyo yonke loo nto iStylish kufuneka siyazi
Isihloko somhleli malunga neLungelo Lesizwe LobuGcisa:
Ubuhle buyinyani: Urhulumente unendima yakhe ekukhuliseni ubuGcisa
Umxholo wekholamu yeLos Angeles Times:
Ukuba Ubuhle buyinyaniso, Ubuhle beNyaniso, ayisiyiyo yonke into ekufuneka siyazi namhlanje: Yintoni iTelegenic?
Kwaye, ngokungaqhelekanga ngokubhekisele kuphuhliso olulandelayo, lo mhlathi wokuvula ukusuka kwisiqwenga sowe-1983 kwiThe New York Times:
UJohn Keats ubhale ukuba Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle bokwenyani- yiyo yonke into oyaziyo emhlabeni kwaye konke okufuneka ukwazi. Kodwa ngaba kuko konke ekufuneka sazi ngoVanessa Williams, uMiss America omtsha?
Luhlobo lokuphazanyiswa, akunjalo, ukuzama ukulandela umkhondo wento ethethwa ngobuhle nenyaniso kuzo zonke ezo nyaniso nobuhle kunye nekopi elandelayo.
Kodwa ukuba umntu unokukwenza ngokubanzi, omnye unokuthi bonke babonakala ngathi bayamkele into enokubizwa ngokuba yiSupermodel Interpretation of Keats: Ubuhle buchaza inyani, kunokuba inyaniso ichaze ubuhle. Kwaye ubuhle buchazwa njengobuhle okanye umtsalane.
Ukubeka ecaleni into yokuba akukho nasinye kwezi zicatshulwa kuyavunywa ukuba uJohn Keats ngokwakhe akaze athi ubuhle yinyani – umbuzo wokuba ngubani othe wagutyungelwa kukungacacanga – uluvo ngokubanzi (kunye noluphosakeleyo) lwazo zonke ezi zicatshulwa kukuba nantoni na intle kufuneka ibe yinyani. Okanye, njengoko uFernando wayedla ngokutsho ngoMgqibelo ebusuku: Kungcono ukubonakala ulungile kunokuziva ulungile, sana.
Ewe unokuphikisa ukuba i-aphorism imalunga nobuhle beArt kunokuba bubuhle beVogue. Ukuba lo mbongo okanye i-urn iphikisana noko uPercy Bysshe Shelley abize ngokuba buBuhle beNgqondo. Ayisiyonto intle, kodwa kukunyaniseka kwiNyaniso yoBuntu. Kodwa emva koko unyanzelwa ukuba ubize, yithi, Shoah, Uxwebhu lukaClaude Lanzmann lweeyure ezisithoba zokuBulawa kwabantu ngenkohlakalo, mhle. Ubuhle buyinyani kuphela ukuba, ngandlela ithile Pollyanna-ish, uyakholelwa kwindalo, imbali kunye nendalo yomntu intle. Kuthekani ukuba zimbi ngendlela engenabugcisa?
Okwangoku, iTheory ye-Supermodel yobuhle ayikho ngaphandle kwabakhuseli ababalaseleyo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Hymne of Heavenly Beautie, imbongi yenkulungwane ye-16 u-Edmund Spenser wathi ukuqiqa ngobuhle behlabathi- ubuhle be-supermodel, sinokuthi ngokufutshane-ayizukugxothwa kwaphela kuba ekugqibeleni ingazishukumisa iintliziyo zabantu ukuba:
… Baziphakamise,
Kwaye ndithandane nothando olunenzondelelo
Umthombo waseTh’eternall wobuhle basezulwini.
U-Spenser, ewe, uphinda umbono kaPlato wendima eyothusayo yobuhle behlabathi, eyayisetyenziselwe ukuthethelela ukulandela kukaSocrates amakhwenkwe amancinci abo, enyanisweni, babeziimodeli eziphambili zeAthene yamandulo.
Kodwa kubonakala kum ukuba imigca yokugqibela kaKeats e-Ode kwi-Urn yaseGrisi ingaphantsi kwesandi sikaPlato kunempikiswano neHamlet. Ukuba Ubuhle buyinyani ye-aphorism yimpendulo ecacileyo kwindima apho uHamlet no-Ophelia baphikisana khona malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokunyaniseka nobuhle.
Kukutshintshiselana okwenzeka kwakamsinya emva koKuba okanye ukungabi soliloquy kwinto eyaziwa njengendawo yoonongendi. Ukuba uthembekile kwaye ulungile, uHamlet uthi ku-Ophelia, ukunyaniseka kwakho akuyi kuvuma ntetho kubuhle bakho.
Ngaba ubuhle, nkosi yam, bungaba nezorhwebo olungcono kunokunyaniseka? Ubuza, ethatha into eza kuba sisikhundla sikaKeatsian kamva.
Ewe ngokwenene, uHamlet uyaphendula, kungenza ngcono, kungcono ukwahlula inyani nobuhle, kuba amandla obuhle aya kutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukunyaniseka kule nto ayiyo kwi-bawd kunokuba amandla okunyaniseka anokuguqula ubuhle afane naye; le yayiyinto exakayo ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa ngoku ixesha liyayinika ubungqina.
Iinkulungwane ezimbini zidlulile, kwaye uJohn Keats uzama ukunika eso siphikiso isikhalazo, ukusibeka kwindawo exakileyo. Ubuhle abuguquli ukuthembeka kwi-bawd; ubuhle kukunyaniseka. Inyaniso yenza ubuhle bunyaniseke, kwaye ubuhle buyenza inyaniso ibe ntle.
Andazi, kodwa mva nje ndizifumana ndincike kwicala likaHamlet lempikiswano kuneKeat. (Nangona ndicinga ukuba uKeats ngokwakhe wayeyinto encinci ye-Hamlet kumbuzo.) Ndivakalelwa kukuba xa usixelela-urn, uluntu, nabani na oyithethayo-ukuba Yiyo yonke into oyaziyo emhlabeni, kwaye yonke into ekufuneka uyazi Ucebisa ukuba kukho enye into ekufuneka uyazi, into onokuthi ubengcono ukuba ungayazi, kodwa into edlula i-equation elula Ubuhle yinyani, ubuhle benyani. Ndiyathemba ukuba ii-supermodels azizukundicaphukisa ngokutsho njalo.
