Isini sikaSteve Humphries kwiMozulu ebandayo, uxwebhu olwalugxeka iiMagdalene Asylums, ezaziqhutywa ngoonongendi bamaKatolika eIreland ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100, zabangela isiphithiphithi xa sasiboniswa eNgilandi ngo-Matshi 1998 njengenxalenye yeChannel Four yamaNgqina. Baqikelelwa kwizigidi ezintathu abantu ababukele uxwebhu, elinye lawona manani aphezulu akhe abhalwa kolu ngcelele. Kwenziwa ulayini woncedo, owawufumana iminxeba kubantu abasetyhini abaphantse babe ngama-450 ababenamava okuphathwa gadalala kunye nokwenzakala kwiindawo zokuHlala zaseMagdalene nakwiCawa yamaKatolika. Uxwebhu lwalufakwe kuhlu lwe-RTE yenethiwekhi yase-Ireland kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku alukaze luboniswe ngokusemthethweni e-Ireland.
UMnu Humphries uvelise ngaphezulu kwama-80 amaxwebhu embali yentlalo kunye neencwadi ezibhaliweyo ezingama-20 ezisekwe kumabali obomi abantu abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa uyanyanzelisa ukuba iSini kwimozulu ebandayo lelona bali libalulekileyo alixelelweyo okwangoku. Ihlazo lokuba nguMagdalene lisaqhubeka nzulu eIreland akukho mntu u [thethayo]. Kwakungabafazi kuphela abaza kusinda eNgilane ababezimisele ukuthetha. Le yeyona filimu ndiyazingca ngayo. Kwakukho iiMagdalene Asylums kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kumazwe amaKatolika, ke le vidiyo ibalulekile kubantu abaninzi.
Omnye wababukeli befilimu kaMnu Humphries eyayiphikiswa ngo-1998 yayinguPeter Mullan, umdlali weqonga owaziwayo (iTrainspotting, iBraveheart, iGama lam nguJoe, iBango) nomlawuli-mbhali weenkedama (1999). Umnumzana Mullan wayephefumlelwe ngumbhalo obhaliweyo kangangokuba wagqiba kwelokuba ahambise eyakhe ingcinga ngalo mbandela, enesihloko esithi The Magdalene Sisters, esandula ukukhutshwa e-U.S. Nangona ihlaselwe yiVatican kunye neminye imibutho yamaKatolika, ifilimu iphumelele i-Golden Lion Award kwi-Venice International Film Festival kwaye yanconywa ngabagxeki e-Italy, eScotland kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, i-Ireland.
Okwangoku, kufuneka ndivume ukuba ingcinga yokujonga kwakhona i-Magdalene Sisters yayingabangeli mdla kwaphela, ngaphandle kokuncoma kwayo kwangaphambili. Ingxaki enye endinayo ngeefilimu malunga nokuBulawa kwabantu ngamaNazi, oko kukuthi kukho ububi obuninzi obungasetyenziswanga kwelinye icala lebali ukuvumela nayiphi na imithunzi yokuziphatha okanye ubunzima obunzima ukuba bufike. Okanye ubuncinci yile nto bendiyicinga ngoko.
Ngaphambi kokuba ndibone Oodade baseMagdalene, ndaye ndagqiba kwelokuba kunokuba yinto enomdla ukubukela iSondo kwimozulu ebandayo kuqala-emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yayingumbhalo kamabonwakude okhuthaze uMnu Mullan ukuba enze ukubhala kunye nolwalathiso lweeMagdalene Sisters. Enkosi kuGary Crowdus kwiCinema Guild Inc., Ndibe nelungelo lokubona iSondo kwimozulu ebandayo kanye phambi kokuba ndityelele iiLinema zeLincoln Plaza ukubona iiMagdalene Sisters.
Njengoko kusenzeka, Ukwabelana ngesondo kwimozulu ebandayo kungqineka kuyisityhilelo esimangalisayo kangangokuba oodade baseMagdalene, ngokuchaseneyo, badlala njengefilimu yasejele eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuba uMnu. Mullan wayenokwenyani ngakumbi kumfanekiso wakhe wasesihogweni wasemhlabeni owakhuthazwa zii-Asylums zaseMagdalene, ababebukele imiboniso bhanyabhanya ngebabevele bevela kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga, amehlo abo eqaqanjelwe lusizi, isisu sabo sikhathazekile, imiphefumlo yabo ibethwe lityala.
Ke yintoni kanye eyenzekileyo kwiiMagdalene Asylums? Ngamanye amaxesha, uninzi lwabasetyhini kwiminyaka yabo yeshumi elivisayo-bahlamba kwaye bahlikihla kwaye ba-ayine impahla yokuhlamba iimpahla ukusuka kwi-6 kusasa ukuya kwi-6 ebusuku, iintsuku ezintandathu okanye ezisixhenxe ngeveki, kunye nosuku lokuphumla ngeCawa (ngomthandazo ongapheliyo, ewe) kunye nekhefu leKrisimesi. Iimpahla zazinenzuzo enkulu ecaweni, kodwa aboni ababhinqileyo babengahlawulwa kwanto ngeminyaka nangamashumi eminyaka yokusebenza nzima.
AbaseMagdalene babengabanjwa, okanye bazame ukufunyanwa benetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho; Babanjiwe nje, njengamabanjwa aphantse alibaleke eGuantánamo Bay.
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, iindawo zokuhlala zaseIreland zathathwa yiCawa yamaKatolika zaze zaguqulwa zaba ziiMagdalene Asylums. Ekuqaleni babenzelwe ukuba babe yindawo yokubalekela oonongogo, kodwa inani labo lakhula, kunye nenani labantwana abalahliweyo ngenxa yeNdlala yeZambane. Amakhaya eenkedama amashishini avele njengesiphumo abhenceka kwakudala ngenxa yenkohlakalo yabo kunyango olwafezekiswa ityala labo elingenakuzinceda. Kodwa ngokumangalisayo, iMagdalene Asylum yokugqibela ayizange ivalwe kude kube ngo-1996.
Abemi abaninzi abalungileyo baseIreland bahlala kufutshane neeMagdalene Asylums. Ngaba ikhona into abayaziyo malunga nenkohlakalo eyenzeka phakathi kwabo? Kwakungekho mdla kwimithombo yeendaba kwinto eyayiqhubeka emva kweendonga zala maziko; akukho namnye isazela esashukunyiswa, akukho nyani iphazamisayo iveziweyo.
Aba bafazi bakaKrestu babethatha uxanduva lwabasetyhini abaphuma kwiintsapho ezihluphekileyo okanye ezingekhoyo, abanye ngokuba nabantwana ngaphandle komtshato, abanye ngokuxhokonxa abadlwenguli babo ngokuba neempawu ezinokuba nesono, ukanti abanye ngokugwetywa ngobungozi obunomtsalane ukuphepha ukuntywiliselwa isono kunye nabesilisa abachaphazelekayo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, amakhwenkwe kunye namadoda awonganyelweyo zange bathunyelwe kwizindlu zoonongendi ukuba baguquke ezonweni zabo, kwaye njengoko sele sisazi njalo, ababingeleli abaziphethe kakubi zange, baqeqeshwa.
Ukwabelana ngesondo kwimozulu ebandayo kudibanisa iinkumbulo zabantu abaphakathi ukuya kwabadala baseMagdalene bebalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kakubi kweziko. Abacoci bhanyabhanya bathambekele ekulugxothweni oluhlobo lokwenza imovie njengelinye ngaphandle kweentloko zokuthetha ezimileyo. Kodwa kule meko, yeyiphi intetho! Ezinjani iintloko! Kukho nemifanekiso emininzi kaMary Magdalene, ihenyukazi lebhayibhile eliguqukileyo kwizono zalo kwaye lamkelwa laza lahlawulelwa nguYesu. Imifanekiso kaMadonna nayo iza emfanekisweni.
Ngoku, ndikhule ndinolwazi oludlulayo kunye nezithethe ezingapheliyo zeCawa yama-Orthodox yase-Greek kunye nemifanekiso yayo emacala mabini kaKristu eMnqamlezweni, abafundi bakhe, uMama oyiNtombikazi, kwaye ndicinga njalo, noMary Magdalene. Kodwa ndaye ndachaphazeleka ngokunzulu kukuthuthuzelwa ngumama (okanye ukululeka-andikaqiniseki ukuba yeyiphi): Ipelwe ngefowuni, yahamba into efana no-Ee Panayitsa vlepee, ethi, iguqulelwe, ithetha ukubukela iMadonna. Inqaku lelokuba inzulu-nzulu-ndisazibona njengomKristu: Izimvo zosindiso kunye nenkululeko zide ziye kufikelela nakwimibongo ebalisa ngedrama.
Nangona kunjalo ndiyakholelwa ukuba iNtombikazi enguMariya noMary Magdalene, njengo-Eva eMyezweni wase-Eden, baye baba ziindaba ezimbi kwabasetyhini ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2 000. Kulula ngokwaneleyo ukugweba abaSista baseMagdalene njengezikhohlakali ezikhohlakeleyo ezivela kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa intsholongwane yendalo yesini iyaqhubeka nanamhla. Iyahlekisa ke into yokubona abantu abaphezulu abasebenza kulawulo luka-Bush beshumayela kumaSilamsi kwihlabathi liphela malunga namalungelo abasetyhini, xa abalawuli bezikhundla zabo beyeka ukuzikhupha, ukukhupha isisu, ulawulo lokuzalwa, uphando lwe-stem-cell kunye nazo zonke ezinye i-bugaboos ezinkulu ukuchitha amalungelo kunye nesidima sabasetyhini.
UPhyllis Valentine, uBrigid Young, uMartha Cooney kunye noChristina Mulcahy ngabantu abane abaphila ubomi bokwenene baseMagdalene ababoniswe kwiSondo kwiMozulu yeCold. Iifoto zabafazi njengamantombazana amancinci zenza igalelo elibi kwiinkumbulo ezirekhodiweyo zala maxhoba asindayo.
UNkosazana Young uchaza indlela umfundisi ekuvumeni izono aphulula amalungu esini kwilokhwe yakhe emva koko wahamba ngokungathi akwenzekanga nto; Intombazana encinci eyintombazana yayingenamava kakhulu ukuba ingazi ukuba kukho nantoni na enayo. UNks Valentine wanikelwa kwindawo yokhuseleko kuba wayejongwa emhle kakhulu kwaye ke eyingozi kuye nakwabanye. UNks Cooney wayevalelwe emva kokuba ekhalaze ukuba umzala wakhe wamxhaphaza ngokwesondo. Yayiyimpazamo yakhe, ewe. Kodwa eyona nto ichukumisayo yayilibali likaChristina Mulcahy, owavuma ukuthetha ngamava akhe kuphela ngenxa yokuba ukuxilongwa komhlaza ongapheliyo kuye kwamkhulula kwithemba lokufumana ibala lexesha elide ekufuneka elithwele. U-Mulcahy wahlulwa wasuka kumntwana wakhe ongekho mthethweni ngelixa wayemncancisa, ngezizathu zokuba wayengumama ongafanelekanga. Umntwana wabekwa ukuba amkelwe kunye nosapho olulungileyo lwamaKatolika, kwaye uMulcahy wathunyelwa eMagdalene Asylum kunye nobisi lomntwana olusemabeleni akhe. Wakhangela unyana wakhe owaxhwilwa ubomi bakhe bonke, kwaye waphinda wadibana naye kanye phambi kokuba asweleke ngo-1997.
Unyango lukaMnumzana Mullan lwalo mbandela kwi-Magdalene Sisters lunokuncoma. Abaphenyi bakhe abane, yonke imizobo edibeneyo enezinto ezithile ezifanayo kwabasetyhini abakwabelana ngesondo kwimozulu ebandayo, ukusuka kuMargaret (Anne-Marie Duff), ixhoba lokudlwengula elityhola ngokukhuthaza umdlwenguli, kuRose (uDorothy Duffy), osana lwakhe athathwe kuye ngexesha lokuncancisa, waya kuBernadette (Nora-Jane Noone), osono sakhe kuphela siyintandane entle kunye nawo onke amakhwenkwe ajinga ngapha kocingo, kuye oyena mntu ulusizi kunabo bonke, uCrispina (uEileen Walsh), Umama ongatshatanga udade wabo owamkela umntwana oyinkwenkwe, uhlala emzisa emasangweni ukuze umama wakhe ambone. Emva kokulukuhlwa ngumfundisi kunye nokuphakamisa isikhalo, uCrispina uyarhuqwa wasiwa kwindawo yokuphambana, apho ekugqibeleni abulawa yianorexia.
Ukusebenza kwaba bafazi bane yonke inqanaba lokuqala, njengoko kuboniswa nguDade Bridget odlamkileyo nguGeraldine McEwan. U-Mary Gordon, kuhlalutyo lwakhe olunengqiqo lwefilimu ngokwembono ye-Irish Katolika nge-3 ka-Agasti ye-New York Times, ukhalaze ngelithi indima ka-Ms McEwan yayiyi-burlesque enzima, kwaye wayeya kubanda ngakumbi ukuba [Nks. McEwan] wayebonakala ngathi akanangqondo, kwaye uzolile ngakumbi kwindima yakhe yokuba sisicakakazi seNkosi.
Umnumzana Mullan uxelele umnumzana Crowdus ukuba umlinganiswa ka Dade Bridget wayewusekele kunongendi owayesazi eLondon, umfazi owayenesimilo esihlekisayo enxibe uncumo. Le proto-Bridget yaphinda yamthanda uIngrid Bergman njengoDade Benedict kwiBell yaseSt. Mary's (1945), njengoko esenza noBridget oyintsomi kumdlalo kaMnu Mullan. Ezi mbono zichaseneyo zikaDade Bridget ziyimbonakalo eyoyikisayo yoko u-Al Franken wakugculela njengomcimbi olungileyo nolungeleleneyo. Ngokucacileyo, iinjongo ezithandekayo zoSondo kwimozulu ebandayo kwaye oodade baseMagdalene abakuvumeli ukuhlawulwa ngokulinganayo kwiCawa yamaKatolika okanye kwaMagdalene Sisters ngokwabo, nokuba umntu uceliwe okanye uyafumaneka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, njengoko u-Ms Gordon ecebisa, ayingabo bonke oonongendi abakhohlakeleyo nabanengqondo. Cinga ngoMama uTheresa nabanye abaninzi.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, omnye wooSista baseMagdalene-owayezibona ekhulisa kakhulu kunabalingane bakhe abakwindawo yokukhosela-washiya i-odolo wabhala umdlalo malunga namava akhe, esenza inqaku lokuba oonongendi abaneentliziyo ezintle babengakhuthazwa ukuba bakhonze apho.
Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki ihlala ikukuba izixhobo zohlobo lwentolongo uMnu. Mullan usebenzisa ukulinganisa okungekho sikweni kwesihogo kuthanda ukunciphisa ukungcungcutheka okungaphaya: ukungqinelana phakathi koluntu ngokubanzi kunye nombutho ekuthiwa ungcwele owakhuthaza udidi lwabafazi ukuba bangene kwihlazo kwaye Ukuzicekisa, ukuthintela bonke abantu kodwa bambalwa ekugqibeleni ekuboniseni ubungqina ngokubandezeleka kwabo.
