I-DENVER, CO-MEYI 19: u201cUluvuyo guyu201d lokuvuna amakhowa eMazatec psilocybin kwii-tubs zabo ezikhulayo ngoMeyi 19, 2019 eDenver, eColorado.UJoe Amon / iMediaNews Group / iDenver Post ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso kaGetty Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, uAlbert Hofmann, usokhemisi waseSwitzerland owafumanisa i-LSD ubukhulu becala ngengozi, waqala ukuzama into enamandla ngakumbi: amakhowa omlingo.
Abemi bomthonyama eMexico ziye zaqwalaselwa ukusebenzisa amakhowa kumasiko enkolo ngabatyeleli basentshona kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo. Omnye wabadibanisi wathumela isampulu kuHofmann, owaba sisazinzulu sokuqala sentshona ukuba achonge, ahlukanise, kwaye enze izinto ezenziwe ngokufanelekileyo, iikhompawundi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-psilocybin kunye ne-psilocin.
Ngokuqonda ixabiso lonyango lwamakhowa, umqeshi kaHofmann, ingxilimbela yamayeza uSandoz, kungekudala wawafaka epilisi waza waqalisa ukuthengisa iyeza elibizwa ngokuba yi-Indocybin. Iingcali zonyango kunye nabaphandi bavuya kakhulu. Nali ichiza elikhuselekileyo lokuxuba amayeza, elinamandla amakhulu okunyanga uluhlu olubanzi lwezifo zengqondo, kubandakanya uxinzelelo kunye nokulutha!
Kodwa ke imfazwe yeziyobisi yenzekile. I-Psilocybin yahlelwa njengeShedyuli I iziyobisi ngo-1970. Uphando, kunye nonyango, lwamisa. I-Indocybin yanyamalala kwiishelufa zoosokhemesti nakwiindawo zokugcina iingcali zonyango. INovartis, inkampani yabazali bakaSandoz, ayichazi nokuyikhankanya I-Indocybin kwimbali yenkampani yayo.
Ukusukela ngelo xesha, inkqubela phambili yokuqonda i-psilocybin kunye nokunyanga kwayo kunyanzelekile ukuba kube ngumkhenkce ngexesha. Ngoku, umdla omkhulu kwi-psilocybin njengesixhobo sonyango kunye notyando oludumileyo lokumisa ngokusemthethweni amakhowa omlingo kuqondwa ngcono njengokuphinda kufunyanwe, kunye nesikhumbuzo sokuba lungakanani uphando kunye nenkqubela phambili eyatshatyalaliswa yimfazwe yeziyobisi. Ulwazi lwe-Psilocybin ngeendlela ezininzi yicapsule yexesha elisusela kwiminyaka ye-1960.
Zeziphi iziyobisi ezinokuthi ziqalise ingqondo ukuze uHofmann okanye iproteni ayifumanise ngokulandelayo, ukuba uphando kunyango lwe-psychedelic alunqunyanyiswanga? Ziya kujongeka njani iziyobisi ezisekwe kwi-psilocybin namhlanje, kunye neminyaka engama-50 yenkqubela phambili? Nabani na okwangoku ophatha i-PTSD okanye ezinye izifo ezine-psilocybin, kuvavanyo lomntu kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins okanye ngentengiso engekho mthethweni, impendulo icacile.
I-Psilocybin kunye ne-psilocin (umzimba womntu uguqula eyokuqala ibe yeyokugqibela) ukusebenza ngokwenza ezinye ii-neurotransmitters kwingqondo, kubandakanya ezintathu ezibizwa ngokuba yi-5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, kunye ne-5-HT2C.
Kuba i-5-HT2B inokubangela ukubetha kwentliziyo ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye kungakhokelela kwiingxaki kwizigulana ezinezifo zentliziyo-ivalve, ukuqonda ukuba ichiza elivela kumakhowa linokujolisa njani kwezinye ii-receptors ezimbini-kwaye zingabangeli imicimbi kwisigulana esineemeko zentliziyo- u-Alan Kozikowski.
Uphando malunga nezinto ezinjenge-psilocybin ezinokuthi zenze zazingabikho ngexesha leminyaka emashumi mahlanu yemfazwe yeziyobisi ngenxa yolawulo olunzima olwenziwa ngaphezulu kwesiyobisi seShedyuli I. Abaphandi kufuneka bathobele ukhuseleko olungqongqo kunye neeprotokholi zokugcina irekhodi. Olunye uhambelo phambili lwenziwe, kodwa alukhokelanga kuninzi. Kwaye ngaphaya koko, kwakungekho ndlela ilula yolwazi enokuguqulelwa kwintengiso, imveliso emiselweyo njenge-Socond's Indocybin.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kunciphise izinto, ukuba akuyeki ukujonga i-psilocybin njengonyango loxinzelelo, uKozikowski kutsha nje uxelele uMqwalaseli. Ukuba akunjalo, Mhlawumbi sinokuba nento kwintengiso ngoku, wongeze watsho. Mhlawumbi singakwazi ukunyanga uxinzelelo olungcono kunokuba lwenziwe ngoku.
U-Kozikowski kunye nenkampani yakhe, i-Bright Minds Biosciences, bathathe intambo elahliweyo ka-Hoffman, besusa uthuli kwikhemesti eneminyaka engama-50 bethwa yimfazwe yeziyobisi. Unjingalwazi othathe umhlala-phantsi kwi-chemistry yezonyango kwiYunivesithi yaseIllinois eChicago, eKozikowksi unelungelo elilodwa lomenzi elinamachiza amaninzi afana namakhowa e-psychedelic, kodwa musa ukwenza i-receptor ye-5-HT2B, njengoko i-psilocybin eyenziwe ngamakhowa izakwenza njalo.
Ngokubeka ngokulula, Sizama ukuyila kwakhona i-psilocybin, utshilo.
Kodwa kanye njani, kwaye yeyiphi enye i-receptors ekujoliswe kuyo, kwaye yeyiphi ivolumu, ebonisa umbuzo wophando. Inkqubo ye- umbuzo wophando.
Abanye abaguli banokufuna iimvakalelo zovelwano, imincili, kunye nokubonakaliswa ngaphandle kovakalelo lomzimba kunye nolwazelelo lohambo. Kukho iindlela zokwandisa imetabolism yomzimba ukuze ixesha lokuhamba lifutshane. Kodwa ukuphelisa loo nto iyonke kuthetha ukuba ichiza elinokubangela lisenokungabi lunyango olusebenzayo. Ngaphandle koko, bekungayi kubakho siphumo sonyango.
Yintoni ebalulekileyo malunga nomsebenzi we-2A kukuba ivumela umntu ukuseta kwakhona ingqondo, utshilo uKozikowski. Yindlela yokubuyisela ubuchopho kwakhona. Sifuna umsebenzi we-2A.
Ngesi sizathu, uninzi-ukuba ayingabo bonke-unyango olusekwe kwi-psilocybin lusenokufuna unyango olukhokelwayo olubonwayo kunyango lwamayeza amakhowa eCanada. Ngaphandle kokuba, kunokwenzeka, unyango lubethe nje i-5-HT2C receptor. Umsebenzi kuloo receptor unokukwenza uzive ugcwele, uyakuthomalalisa, wongeze watsho. Inazo zonke iintlobo zeziphumo ezihle.
U-Kozikowski ukholelwa ukuba i-psilocybin-efana neziyobisi ekujoliseni ii-receptors ezithile ngesixa esifanelekileyo inokuba lunyango olusebenzayo lweziyobisi kunye nokutya unyango ukuxhuzula.
Kwizifundo zezilwanyana, iigundane kunye nezinja zinikwe iziyobisi ezijolise kwi-5-HT2C receptor yabonisa iziphumo kulawulo lwazo, kubandakanya utshintsho kwi-nicotine.
Into esijolise kuyo yinto ekhuselekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungayithatha ebusuku, uye kulala, kwaye uvuke kusasa ngengqondo ecacisiweyo, utshilo. Uyisusile intlungu, awusadandathekanga.
Iingqondo eziqaqambileyo okwangoku zibhengeza i-zebrafish kwiziyobisi ezizayo ze-psilocybin. U-Kozikowski uthi unethemba lokuqala izilingo ezibanzi zeklinikhi ngesiyobisi esisekwe kwi-psilocybin kwiimpuku nasezinja ngasekupheleni kuka-2021.
Nokuba ziingqondo eziqaqambileyo zilandela ukuxhuzula ekujoliseni iziyobisi, okanye uxinzelelo, okanye umlutha kuya kuxhomekeka kwiziphumo ezivela kwezi zifundo zezilwanyana- kwaye nokuba uphando lwezilwanyana lunokuxhomekeka kangakanani i-IPO yenkampani iyahamba . Uphando olwenziwe ngabantu luya kulandela, kwaye ngesele lugqityiwe kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ukuba bekungekho ukuphazamiseka kwemfazwe yeziyobisi.
