Ihlala inomdla xa iziko elinamandla lijonga uluntu. NgeCawe ephelileyo, iThe New York Times ipapashe uphononongo lokungcwatywa liThe Times: UkuBulawa kwabantu ngenkohlakalo kunye nelona phephandaba libalulekileyo eMelika, incwadi eyabhalwa ngumlobi-ndaba uLaurel Leff, enika iinkcukacha ngendlela iThe Times eyayibaleka ngayo into yoBulawa kwabantu ngenzondelelo ebutsheni beminyaka yoo-1940, yayisiya isaziwa ngakumbi into yokuba amaNazi ayekhetha amaYuda ukuba abulale abantu abaninzi. Ngelixa ubugwenxa obuhlazisayo beThe Times ngaphambili buye baziwa kwaye buvunywa ngabo bangaphakathi nangaphandle kweli phepha, uphononongo luyazikhusela kwithoni kwaye lusebenza nzima ukudelela umbono kaNks Leff.
Ngelixa iziganeko zeminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo zingasichaphazeli isizukulwana sangoku sabanini bexesha kunye nabahleli, ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe yayingengomzuzu wokuzingca kwimbali yephephandaba, kwaye kuyothusa ukuqaphela, xa ezinye iintlekele zafumana uhlalutyo ngononophelo kunye nengxelo, kude kangakanani Iscreen seRadar esikwi-Times uHolocaust wasala. Umshicileli ngelo xesha, uArthur Hays Sulzberger, kunye nosapho lwakhe babengamalungu esihlwele sethu samaJamani kweli lizwe, kwaye babengafuni ukwahlula amagunya akurhulumente nakwezoshishino. Ke imibuzo yesazisi samaJuda yayihlala ihlanjululwa kumaphepha ephepha, hleze iSulzberger ibonwe ikwicala lamaYuda. Isigqibo esathathelwa ingqalelo senziwe ukusuka phezulu ukuya kumabali angadlalwayo anokunika umbono wokuba iThe Times yayiliphephandaba lamaJuda. Iphepha lokuhlela ikakhulu lathintela ukukhankanya amaJuda njengamaxhoba athile amaNazi; njengoko kuxeliwe kwiThe Trust, incwadi kaSusan Tifft kunye noAlex Jones kwiThe Times, iphepha lalibhekisa kwabo babandakanyeka kwimvukelo yaseWarsaw njengabemi basePoland nabaseWarsaw. Eminye imizekelo: Amabali e-1943 malunga nokubulawa kwamaJuda e-Itali nase-Austria awazange afike kwiphepha 1. Kwihlobo elilandelayo, iThe Times laxela ukuba ama-400,000 ama-Hungarian amaJuda ayesele ethunyelwe ekufeni kwabo kwaye ama-350,000 ngaphezulu ayeseza kulandela bona-kodwa ibali lalifihliwe, linikwe kuphela iisentimitha ezine kwikholamu kwiphepha le-12. I-Sulzberger yayichasene kakhulu neentshukumo ze-Zionist kwaye yayichasene nokudalwa kwelizwe lakwa-Israyeli.
Ngelixa mhlawumbi bekungenakuphepheka ukuba iThe Times kuye kwafuneka iphonononge incwadi kaNks. Leff, hleze iphephandaba lityholwe ngokuzama ukungahoyi upapasho lwayo, uphononongo ngokwalo luphethe ithoni engathandabuzekiyo yokuzithoba. Ngelixa evuma esidlangalaleni ukuba iThe Times lalikhathalele kakhulu ngalo lonke ixesha, umhloli weThe Times, uRobert Leiter, uchitha isahlulo esihle sovavanyo lokuzama ukunyelisa uNkosk. Leff, ehlawulisa incwadi yakhe ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuziphatha kwaye eyibiza njengephakamileyo- Inkqubela phambili yokulwa nephephandaba elinye. Uphononongo luqulathe amabango anomdla: Umnumzana uLeiter uphawula ukuba ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iThe Times yayiliphephandaba eliphambili elizweni, kodwa ke lithetha ukuba nokuba iThe Times ibisoloko isematheni malunga nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, bekungayi kuba njalo ' babe nefuthe kwinkcubeko ngokubanzi. Inyani yile, amanye amaphepha kwilizwe lonke ahoye kakhulu oko iThe Times ikhethe ukukuqaqambisa; ngekhe balandela ngokukhawuleza iphepha elikhokelayo kulo naliphi na ibali elikhulu. Ukuya phambili, uMnumzana uLeiter uzama ukubeka ityala kwi-The Times 'ye-Holidayust uqobo: Ubhala athi, iinkampu zokubulala zamaNazi, zazingazange zibonwe ngaphambili, kwaye ngenxa yoko iiSulzberger zazingalindelwanga ukuba ziqonde ubungakanani bento eyenzeka eYurophu.
Ewe kunjalo, akukho mntu unokwazi ukuba ukusilela kweThe Times ukunika ingxelo ngokupheleleyo ngeNkohliso kuye kwaba negalelo kwiinzame zikarhulumente waseMelika ezibuthathaka kunye nesiqingatha sentliziyo sokuphelisa ukubulawa kwabantu. Ewe, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iThe Times ixele nzulu malunga nokucocwa kobuhlanga eBosnia naseRwanda ngelixa ulawulo lukaClinton luhleli ezandleni zalo. Kwaye eli phepha belingumzekelo ekuchazeni i-morass yemihla ngemihla e-Iraq ngelixa ulawulo lwe-Bush lusaqhubeka nokulandela umgaqo-nkqubo walo wangaphandle oyintlekele. Mhlawumbi abakwaSulzberger bafunde into encinci kuGeorge Santayana, owathi, Abo bangenakufunda kwimbali bayagwetywa ukuyiphinda.
Uye phi, iAAA?
Awe njani amagorha. Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1980, iinkampani ezingama-32 zaseU.S ezingezizo ezemali zaqhayisa ngerhafu kathathu yeA. Bamele ukhilimu weshishini laseMelika, iinkampani ezinje ngeCoca-Cola, 3M, A. T. & T., Campbell Soup, Eastman Kodak, Ford Motor Company, DuPont, Kraft Foods, kunye Procter & Gamble. Ngoku zintandathu kuphela ezinokuthi zibange kathathu-umahluko: i-Exxon Mobil, iGenerali yoMbane, uJohnson noJohnson, iPfizer, iNkonzo eManyeneyo yePasile kunye nokuPhathwa kweDatha ngokuzenzekelayo. Isigqibo samva nje se-Standard & Poor's sokulahla ityala le-Ford kunye ne-General Motors ukuya kwinqanaba le-junk-grade yayingenguye kuphela umzekeliso obonisa ukuba bangaphi abantu ababengabanini bamashishini baseMelika abaphulukene nexabiso labo ngokugqogqa, ukuphathwa gwenxa kunye nokuphulukana nesabelo sentengiso. ukhuphiswano lwangaphandle olubukhali.
Ibali lokwehla kwamanqanaba okuthenga ngetyala libali leshishini laseMelika kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo: ukunyoluka okuqhutywa kukuzithemba okukhulayo, okutshiswa kukuphakuzela malunga nendlela onokukhuphisana ngayo kwindawo yentengiso yehlabathi ekhulayo. Abaphathi abaziintloko kunye neebhodi zamashishini, ezilambele ukufunyanwa, baqala ukulinganisa iincwadi zeenkampani zabo kwintaba enamatyala amaninzi, bekholisa abanini zabelo kwixesha elifutshane kodwa besenza umonakalo kwixabiso lexesha elide lamashishini abo. Njengophicotho olunenkcaza, lwenkampani-olwenziwe yinkampani ngamanqaku eStandard & Poor, umthamo wamatyala wajongwa njengendlela yokujongana nokuma kweshishini ngelixa kugcinwa abanini zabelo bonwabile ngaxeshanye. Abanye bayithathile le mbono bayisa phambili, bafaka isixa esikhulu semali kumatyala e-LBOs kunye nokuthatha ngenzondelelo.
Ngaphambili, ngeminyaka yoo-1970 nasebutsheni bowe-1980, iinkampani beziqhutywa ikakhulu ngabaphetheyo ebebesele bekhulile ngamaxesha oqoqosho kwaye bezisebenza zikwindawo yokulondoloza ngokubhekisele kumngcipheko wetyala kunye namatyala. Isizukulwana esitsha esihlala kwezo zihlalo zegumbi lokubhoda sikhetha ukuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu, ohlala ucinga ngokungalunganga; njengamanqaku eStandard & Poor ngokubhekisele kuProcter & Gamble, abakhange bathandabuze ukuba babenakho ukuthengwa. Okanye uthini malunga nomphathi omkhulu weBeatrice Co, okhethe ukuthatha inkampani ehamba ngendlela entle yasendle?
Ngokwahlukileyo, ezo nkampani zinokuphindaphindeka kathathu-A zaziphawuleka kwinkcubeko yokuzibamba. Njengamagqabantshintshi oMgangatho kunye namahlwempu malunga ne-Exxon, ulawulo aluzange lubonakale ngathi luphulukene nombono wento eyenza ukuba inkampani iphumelele.
Iingxelo ze-Standard & Poor zokuba, xa iinkampani ziphulukana nenqanaba labo le-AAA, kunqabile ukuba nabaphi na abakwaziyo ukunyuka babuyele phezulu, kwaye uninzi luya kuqhubeka lutyibilika, lungaphumli kwi-AA kodwa luwele ngakumbi kwi-BBB njalo njalo.
Umntu uyazibuza ukuba ingaba i-C.E.O yenkulungwane yama-21 iyamamela na.
