Umongameli we-16 wase-US uyifumene ipeni ukusukela ngo-1909.Tim Boyle / Getty Izithombe Oorhulumente kudala beqhuba a Imfazwe ngemali kumzamo woku thintela ubugrogrisi kunye nokubaleka ukuhlawula irhafu . Ukugxila kwabo kuhleli kukususa amahlelo amakhulu, Njengebhili yaseYurophu eyi- € 500 okanye Inqaku lamawaka eerandi laseIndiya .
Abenzi bomthetho ababini baseMelika ukuba nethagethi encinci kakhulu engqondweni : ipenny ephantsi, mhlawumbi exhaphakileyo ifumaneka ezityeni nangaphantsi kweesofa ezishelwayo kodwa kunqabile ukusetyenziswa ukuhlawulela izinto.
Isikhalazo sabo kukuba iindleko ze-mint zezigidi zeengqekembe zonyaka ngamnye zibiza abarhafi imali encinci.
Lixesha lokuba iphele ingqekembe Iminyaka engama-230 ibalekile ?
Imbali yesenti enye
Ipeni, imali yokuqala yalo naluphi na uhlobo eligunyaziswe ngurhulumente wase-US, wabethwa ekuqaleni ngo-1787, nangona ingazange ibe yithenda esemthethweni de kwangowe-1856. Ukusukela ngoko, ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-300 zezigidigidi zemali ezinkozo ezineendlela ezili-11 ezahlukileyo ezenziweyo.
UAbraham Lincoln waba ngumongameli wokuqala wase-U.S ukuhombisa ingqekembe xa wayebekwa kwi penny ngo-1909 kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-100 sokuzalwa kwakhe (akazange afakwe kwi-US $ 5 kude kube ngu-1914). I-penny yaseLincoln yayiyinto yokuqala yokufaka umbhalo, KuThixo Sithemba.
Ummeli waseArizona UJim Hayes uqale wazama ukulahla le penny ngo-1989, phantsi kwe Umthetho wokujikeleza amaxabiso , kunye nabanye abaninzi Ndikhuthaze ukususwa kwayo ukusukela oko, kukhokelela kuthotho lweTV iWing Wing ukuhlekisa ngengxoxo kwesinye seziqendu zayo.
Owayesakuba nguMongameli uBarack Obama lenze ilizwi lakhe Kwisizathu kudliwanondlebe luka-2013, apho wabiza le penny sisikweko sobunzima bukarhulumente ekupheliseni iinkonzo ezilahlekayo.
I-salvo yamva nje yeza ngo-Matshi, xa iiSenethi uJohn McCain kunye noMike Enzi yazisa umthetho ukuphelisa ukuveliswa kweepeni. Umthetho osayilwayo ukwacebisa ukuba kutshintshwe iphepha eliyibhili yedola enye ukuya kwingqekembe kwaye utshintshe ukwakheka kwe-nickel ukuze kwehle iindleko zayo. Baye bathi izakukhokelela kuqikelelo lwe-16 yezigidigidi.
Ipeni ibingayi kuba luhlobo lokuqala lwemali i-U.S. Sahlukana Isiqingatha sesenti ngo-1857.
Kutheni ususa ipeni
Esinye sezizathu ezinyanzelekileyo ezikhankanyiweyo zokuphelisa le penny yinto yokuba iye ingabinangeniso ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso lezinyithi. I-Mint yaseMelika ilahlekelwe yimali kwi penny nganye eveliswayo ukusukela ngo-2006.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, oko Iindleko zetyeleba Iisenti eziyi-1.5 ukuvelisa idenariyo, kuyila ntoni kwihlabathi lemali eyaziwa ngokuba lilibi yogcino . Oko kwaba kukuphulukana ne- $ 46 yezigidi kwi ukuveliswa kweepeni ezingaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezilithoba .
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Isizathu esiphambili lixabiso lokunyuka kwesinyithi. Ixabiso le-zinc, okwangoku elenza iipesenti ezingama-97.5 zepesenti, iphindwe kathathu kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo. I-Copper, eyenza enye iipesenti ezi-2.5 (kwaye kanye yayikuphela kwesithako), iphakame phantse kane .
Ipeni asiyiyo kuphela ingqekembe engaphantsi kwamanzi. I-nickel, equka iikota ezintathu zobhedu kunye ne-nickel yekota enye, okwangoku ixabisa iisenti ezi-6.3 ukuyenza- le nto ibiyo xa ithelekiswa neesenti ezili-11 ezazibiza ngo-2011.
Icandelo likarhulumente wase-US sele liyekile ukusebenzisa iipeni. Umkhosi kunye noMkhosi woMoya, umzekelo, ziye zavala iipeni ukusukela ngo-1980 kulo lonke utshintshiselwano lomkhosi waphesheya, apho amajoni kunye neentsapho zawo zinokuthenga khona, kuba zazinzima kakhulu ukuthutha.
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Amanye amazwe Sele benqande isenti enye nezinye iimali zexabiso eliphantsi ngokupheleleyo. Kuhambo olusandula ukubakho eCanada, ndathenga ibhotile yewayini ngemali kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ndibuyise iisenti ezimbalwa kutshintsho. Endaweni yoko, umthengisi ujikeleze ixabiso lokuthenga kwam ukuya kwi-nickel ekufutshane-efaka umahluko, owaba yinto eqhelekileyo emva kweCanada isuse ipeni yayo ngoFebruwari 2013 .
Ostreliya lahla ipeni yalo ngo-1992 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba izembe nickel yayo kungekudala.
Abachasi bakaPenny banezinye izizathu ngaphandle kweendleko. Abanye banenkxalabo malunga ukonakaliswa kwendalo okubangelwe yimigodi izimbiwa zeengqekembe ezingasetyenziswanga kangako.
Abanye, njengo-physicist uJeff Gore, intloko yeqela lokukhuthaza Abemi baseRiphabhlikhi yePenny , Iyacaphukisa into yokuba siphathe iipokotho zeengqekembe zexabiso eliphantsi, siyibiza inkcitho enkulu, eyoyikekayo yexesha .
IWalgreen kunye noMbutho weSizwe weeVenkile zokuThengisa Ndizamile ukulinganisa elahle ixesha ngo-2006, xa yayiqikelela ukuba ukuphatha iipeni kudibanisa imizuzwana emi-2 ukuya kwengama-2.5 kuyo yonke imali eyenziwayo. Ukuba wonke umntu omdala wase-US wenza intengiselwano enye ngosuku, oko kudibanisa ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-60 kwiiyure ezichithwe kudityaniswa notshintsho.
Ukuthanda iipeni
Ngelixa ukubulala idenariyo kunokubonakala ngathi yityala le-slam-dunk, isizathu esingakhange sibethe nkqo: Abantu bayazithanda iiLincolns zabo, njengoko uMongameli u-Obama ebethethile Udliwanondlebe luka-2013 .
Xa kwavotwa malunga neemvakalelo zabo kwi-2014, uninzi lwabantu base-US bachase ukupheliswa nokuba yipenny okanye i-nickel. Ngapha koko, ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu bathi ukuba babone idenariyo emhlabeni, bayayeka ukuyichola INew Yorker iqikelelwa ngo-2006 ingathatha imizuzwana engama-6.15 kwaye ihlawule ngaphantsi komvuzo ophantsi).
Ngaphandle kwemvakalelo, nangona kunjalo, kukho izizathu zokugcina ezi ngqekembe. Abathengisi kumazwe athe avalile ipenny, njengeCanada, ziyafuneka ukujikeleza ukuthenga imali ezinkozo phezulu okanye ezantsi kweesenti ezintlanu ezikufutshane. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuthengwa yi- $ 1.01 okanye i-1.02 yeedola, ke umrhwebi ukuhlawulisa i $ 1 kuphela. Ukuba ixabiso li- $ 1.03 okanye i-1.04 yeedola, ke umrhwebi ubiza i-1.05.
Le algorithm yokujikeleza ilungile ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba amaxabiso asasazeke ngokulinganayo kwibhodi yonke. Nangona kunjalo, abathengisi bahlala bebeka ixabiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba abarhwebi ababeke amaxabiso ngobuchule banokwenza ipeni enye okanye ezimbini kuzo zonke iintengiselwano zemali.
I-Chipotle yaseMexico yaseGrill uzame le ndlela yokujikeleza kwezinye zeendawo zayo ngo-2012 ukukhawulezisa imigca. Yajongana nayo Ukubuya kwabathengi kwirejista xa abantu benikwa utshintsho oluncinci kunokuba bebelindele.
Abezomnotho babiza eli xabiso lihle-lokuseta irhafu. U-Ray State Lombra wase-Penn State uqikelele ukuba ukuphelisa ipenny kunye nokujikeleza ukuthengwa inokuxabisa abathengi baseMelika ubuncinci i-600 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka. Ngapha koko, ukusukela amahlwempu nabahlelelekileyo Sebenzisa imali ukodlula izityebi , irhafu yokujikeleza iya kuwa ngokungalinganiyo kubo.
Abanye bayaphikisana ukuba irhafu yentengiso kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zikhokelela ekusasazekeni kwamanani okugqibela angenakwenziwa lula ngumthengisi. Kwaye amanye amashishini, anje nge ikhonkco levenkile yeziyobisi kwaSirayeli , kuthintelwe ingxaki iyonke ngokuzithandela usoloko ujikelezisa kunokuba uphakame emva kokuba ilizwe libulale ingqekembe yalo enexabiso eliphantsi.
Ukunyoba kusebenza ngcono kunokuvalwa komsebenzi
Ke iyishiya phi loo penny yethu intanda?
Ndiyakholelwa kwingxoxo ephambili yabachasi, yokuba siphulukana nemali kubo, ayithandabuzi okoko urhulumente echitha irhafu yomrhafi kwimisebenzi yakhe emininzi, enjengePosi yaseMelika ( elahlekileyo i $ 5.6 yezigidigidi ngo-2016) kunye iiprojekthi zebhokhwe zehagu ezingenakubalwa .
Ukongeza, ukuvala iipeni ngumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ombi kuba abantu abaninzi base-US bayazithanda iingqekembe.
Endaweni yokudlulisa isibhengezo esingathandekiyo, indlela ekrelekrele yokunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kweemali zemali ezinamaxabiso asezantsi kukucenga intambo ezimbalwa zentengiso ezenza ishishini elininzi ngemali ukujikeleza ukuthengwa kweesenti ezintlanu ezikufutshane, njengesiyobisi sakwa-Israeli. ivenkile yenze.
Kutheni benokwenza oku? Ukuba ngentla koqikelelo Ukuphatha iipennies kongeza imizuzwana eliqela kuyo yonke intengiselwano kuchanekile, emva koko ngokusondeza phantsi, iinkampani ziya kulonyusa inani labathengi eliza kuphatha imali kwaye lenze nabathengi bonwabe. Imveliso eyandisiweyo inokwanela ukuhlawulela ingeniso elahlekileyo.
Ukunyanzela abantu ukuba batshintshele kude kwiipeni kunye nokunyoba okuncinci kwemali kuya kuba sisicwangciso esiphumelele ngakumbi kunokunyanzela abantu ukuba banikezele ngeemali abazithandayo.
UJay L. Zagorsky Ingcali yezoQoqosho noPhando kwiNzululwazi IYunivesithi yaseOhio State . Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala ngo Incoko . Funda ifayile ye- Inqaku lokuqala .
