Ukulandelela ukuvela kweConservatism, iLiberalism eMelika naseYurophu

Imbono yezopolitiko yathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo eYurophu naseMelika kodwa yaphuhliswa ngokufanayo.Ifoto nguThierry Charlier / AFP / Getty

Eli nqaku livele ekuqaleni kwiQuora: Kutheni le nto i-conservatism kunye nenkululeko yaphuhla ngokwahlukileyo eYurophu kunaseMelika?

Imbono yezopolitiko yathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo eYurophu naseMelika kodwa yaphuhliswa ngokufanayo.

Kwanangaphambi kwe- Ubudala bokukhanyiselwa , IYurophu yayihlala kwikhaya leqela kwiriphabliki (non-monarchical) oorhulumente. Ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa, iindidi ezininzi zeengcinga zaqala ukuphikisa ubukumkani kunye nelungelo lobukumkani elineengcinga ezakhiwe malunga nembono yolawulo lweriphabliki yolawulo oludumileyo. Liberalism ligama kuluhlu lweengcinga, ukusuka ubukhosi bomgaqo-siseko kwi-radical kwiriphabliki yamkelwe eUnited States emva kwayo Imfazwe yoHlaziyo .

I-United States ngexesha loloo mfazwe yayilikhaya lamagagasi amane ahlukeneyo okufudukela eBritane, inye kuphela yayo yayininzi Iingoma , okanye ukuxhasa ubukhosi baseBritane. Abanye babethanda ukwahlulahlula ukuze babaleke ingcinezelo eyafunyanwa eNgilane. La maza adityaniswa ngamaRiphabhlikhi oHlaziyo amaDatshi, amaFrentshi amaHuguenot, amaLuthere amaJamani namaLuthere aseSweden (iimbono ezimbini ezahlukileyo), uninzi lwabameli bala maqela bonwabile ngokushiya iYurophu ngasemva. Inkxaso yobukumkani yayiza kufunyanwa kuphela kwiipokotho ezithile, kwaye, emva kwemfazwe, ayizange iphinde iqiniseke kwakhona.

Inkululeko yayomelele eYurophu kwaye yayiqhubeka nokuziphatha ngobukhosi. Inzame yokuphinda i-American Revolution eFrance, i Uvukelo lwaseFrance , yaba ligazi elothusayo njengoko ukuphikisana kuwo onke amacala kwakunzima kakhulu kunokuba bekunjalo kumaKoloni aseMelika. Xa uguquko lwalandelwa ngu Bonapartism , Ukuphikiswa-ukukhanya uthathe umoya omninzi kwiseyile zentshukumo yenkululeko.

Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, amalinge ohlukeneyo kubusoshiyali amele iinzame zokubaleka phantsi kobukumkani. Ne Uhlaziyo lowe-1848 nokupapashwa kwalo nyaka ka Imanifesto yamaKomanisi ye IMarx kwaye IsiNgesi , ubusoshiyali bujoyine inkululeko njengesisongelo sesibini esijolise kubukumkani.

Isizukulwana kamva, nangona kunjalo, imvukelo eyaziwayo yabasebenzi uMarx wayexele kwangaphambili ukuba ayibonakali ndawo. Okwangoku, UOtto von Bismarck , onikwe umsebenzi wokumanya iinkosi ezininzi zaseJamani phantsi kukaKaiser Wilhelm I, waphawula isibheno esinamandla somyalezo wobusoshiyali ebantwini. Waqala iingxoxo zokuhlola kunye nabantu abathile bolawulo lwentando yesininzi.

Idemokhrasi yentlalontle yayiligama lendlela yobukomanisi engeyiyo eyenguqulelo kaMarx, into yeqhinga elenziwa yimfuneko bubukomanisi obunemvukelo obuqhuba ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwimithetho yovukelo eYurophu. U-Bismarck uthathe isigqibo phakathi kwenyani yokuba iidemokhrasi zentlalo bezingenamandla abo kwaye ubunkokheli babubonakala ngathi bubukumkani njengoko wayenjalo, bona ngokwabo kunokuba yiNdlu yaseHohenzollern ukuba babambe iqonga labo kubo kwaye baliphumeze egameni uKaiser.

Oku kuyasebenza, kushiya uMarx evutha ngumsindo. Emva kweenkokheli ezininzi I-SPD , umbutho wentando yesininzi waseBerlin, wawela waya kusebenza kurhulumente waseBismarck (ngeloxesha wayengu-chancellor ngelo xesha), wavele wabalahla abo basoshiyali abaseleyo ababengenjalo. Ukubanjwa kwedemokhrasi yentlalontle kwagquma idemokhrasi yentlalontle ngasekunene, ubugorha obugqithisileyo kwaye washiya uMarx evutha ngumsindo kwaye evakalisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kurhulumente ekunikezeleni ngoncedo lukarhulumente kunokubangela kuphela uzwilakhe ngoohlohlesakhe abadinga i-underclass esisigxina ukuthethelela lawula.

Okwangoku, urhulumente wentlalontle wobuzali, okanye, ngamanye amaxesha, imeko ephezulu yanamhlanje, eyenziwa nguBismarck, yaba yinto emangalisayo kwihlabathi. Njengoko uBismarck kamva ngo-1880 waxelela udliwanondlebe waseMelika,

Umbono wam yayikukunyoba abasebenzi, okanye ndiza kuthi, ukubaphumelela, ukuthatha ilizwe njengeziko lentlalontle elikhona ngenxa yabo kwaye abanomdla kwimpilo-ntle yabo.

I-Bismarck yayisombulule ingxaki yobusoshiyali obabumele, kodwa uninzi lwee-monarchies zase Yuropu zazinobunzima bokuyiqonda loo nto. Ukungakwazi kwabo ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo oludumileyo olukhokelelekileyo kukhokelele kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala eyabulala ubukumkani obunamandla kunye nobukhosi baseYurophu. Ukunyuka yayiziintlalontle ezimbini ezitsha kwisicwangciso sobuzwilakhe seBismarckian-i-fascism kunye nobukomanisi baseburhulumenteni. Ezi ntlalontle zivele zacekisana. Idemokhrasi yentlalontle yayideliwe ngokwamkela ubungxowankulu kunye nokuhlala uthembekile kuKaiser kuyo yonke imfazwe. UbuFasi babudeliwe ngenxa yokuhlaziya zonke iingcamango zikaMarx ukuze zilunge ngoku zeitgeist . Kwaye urhulumente wobukomanisi wayecekisiwe ngenxa yokubambelela kwitemplate yantlandlolo yaseMarxian (ukusetyenziswa kwegunya likarhulumente ngaphandle) eyayiqwalaselwe ngokubanzi eYurophu ukuba iphelelwe lixesha.

Njengokuba bobathathu bezijonga njengendawo yokuphela engenakuphepheka yoluntu kwaye bobathathu bezama ukubhenela kwabona bantu kujoliswe kubo, iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yaqalisa njengobutshaba phakathi kobusoshiyali obukhulayo. Loo mfazwe washiya i-fascism kwi-dustbin yembali, kunye nokulandelayo Imfazwe ebandayo waqala ukubeka uxinzelelo oluza kubulala kungekudala kubukomanisi belizwe. Idemokhrasi yentlalontle iyodwa igcina imali, kwaye kuyo yonke iYurophu ikwadodobala kwiindlela ezikhululekileyo zoqoqosho kwaye ngenye indlela ihambile kude nokuncamathela kwayo kubusoshiyali, ihlala ibhekiswa kwezi ntsuku nje njengoqoqosho oluxubekileyo.

Inkqubo ye- Imfazwe yaseMelika yayiluloyiso kwinkululeko, iphelisa ubukhoboka kwaye ikhokelela kwizilungiso ezintathu zomgaqo-siseko ezomeleza inkululeko yethu. Nangona kunjalo, njenge Ixesha lokwakhiwa ngokutsha Ukunxiba, iiDemokhrasi eziLondolozayo eziseMazantsi zomeleze kakhulu ukumelana kwazo kumanani nobuqili. Kwangelo xesha, uMntla uya uzifumana ushukunyiswa ngabantu basezifama abaza kufika ngololiwe befuna imisebenzi yefektri, amakhoboka akhululweyo afika evela eMzantsi ngethemba lokuba abantu abaninzi base-Katolika base-Yurophu nabase Mpuma base Yurophu nama Yuda.

Ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, uninzi lweenkululeko ezisemantla ezomeleleyo zitshintshele kulwamkelo lwenkqubela phambili, umbutho wokuzisa idemokhrasi yentlalo yeBismarckian eUnited States. Yayiyindlela yokuphendula yemveli ukukhusela ilungelo lamaProtestanti e-Anglo-Saxon elalinolawulo lwentando yesininzi (Oko kukuthi, ukutshintsha imithetho yethu ukuba ibe nolawulo oluninzi). Umdibaniso wamaZantsi e-Conservative Democrats kwaye ulawula omabini amaqela ngu Ixesha leNkqubela , inkqubela phambili yabanjwa malunga neepesenti ezingamashumi alithoba zabantu baseMelika baseNtshona Yurophu, ngaloo ndlela bemele ukusondela kwisibini kwisithathu sabemi bebonke ngelo xesha.

Inkululeko yayisicaba emqolo. Iinkqubo zobuso ezingenabuntu eziqhubela phambili njengokunyanzeliswa kwenzalo yengqondo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho zathola kuphela inani elinye lenkcaso. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lokuchasana nenkululeko kulawulo lukaWilson kwaye, ngakumbi, ukukhula okukhawulezayo kuyabuyela Uthintelo ivuselele kakhulu inkululeko ngelixa isika amanani aqhubekayo malunga nesiqingatha.

Inkqubela phambili yaphulukana nenkalipho eyabakho ngenxa yokuba sisininzi esomeleleyo kwaye kungekudala yamkela amaqhinga akhohlisayo UFabian abazala e-UK. Enye yezo zinto yayikukuba, engafuni ukuzibeka emngciphekweni wokubalekela umongameli phantsi kwelebheli yakhe yoqobo ngo-1932, uFranklin Roosevelt waziphosa njengenkululeko. Waphindaphinda kabini kwelo qhinga ukuqala ngo-1937 akuba efumene uninzi lweNkundla ePhakamileyo enethemba lokufumana eyakhe amalungelo alungileyo I-ajenda idlulile ifihliwe njengenkululeko kunokuba ibe yindawo yobusoshiyali. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko ukubhekisa kwinkqubela phambili kuyinkohliso.

Emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, i-United States, ivakalelwa kukuba ilifa layo lenkululeko liphumelele emfazweni (kwaye hayi inkululeko yedemokhrasi yentlalo ye-FDR) kwaye inokuphikisana nobukomanisi belizwe, yayinemvuselelo ebanzi yenkululeko kuwo omabini amacala, aMdemokhrasi oLondolozayo ahlukene. Uxinzelelo lwamalungelo oluntu olwaphuma kuwo omabini la maqela lwatshabalalisa iiDemokhrasi eziLondolozayo, ngelixa ingxwabangxwaba phakathi kweDemocratic Party kwaye ngakumbi ukunyuka kwabafundi kwiintshukumo zokulwa imfazwe kunye nenkululeko yoluntu kwabangela ukuba kubekho igagasi lesithathu lenkqubela phambili, ngeli xesha isiqingatha kwakhona ubungakanani beliza lesibini kwaye lidinga umanyano kunye nabo bahlala nootatomkhulu noomakhulu noomakhulu babedelile.

Njengoko inkqubela phambili inyukile ngaphambi kweMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, inkululeko yasinda ikakhulu kwizifundo kwaye ikakhulu isekwe kuphononongo lwe-Irish Whig epalamente. UEdmund Burke Ngubani, owayengu-Whig, wayengenalo ugcino kwimo yaseYurophu yokuxhasa ubukumkani ngokulinganayo. Olo ntshukumo luphila njengolondolozo lwendalo kunye namanye amabakala anqwenela ukugcina ilifa lethu lenkululeko.

Emva kwemfazwe ngoo-1920, inguqulelo eyomeleleyo yenkululeko yavuselelwa, ubukhulu becala isekwe kummangaliso wabaphambukeli abasandula ukufika apho inkululeko edumileyo yaseMelika yayihambile. Lo mbutho uzibhekise kuwo njengowenkululeko yokubonisa into yokuba unqwenela ukugqitha kwiriphabliki yethu yakuqala, ethi, ngelixa ibinkulu, ikwazi ukukhusela Ikhontrakthi yentlalontle yaseLockean ubukhulu becala yeyamadoda aseNtshona Yurophu, kwaye yandisa kubo bonke.

I-Conservative, apho ingaqhagamshelekanga kwiqela njengase-UK, sisimo esifanelekileyo; enye igcinakele ngento ethile. Kukho iindawo ezilishumi elinambini zokulondolozwa e-US, uninzi lunqwenela ukugcina ilifa lethu le-liberal (nangona ingekho kwifomu eyoyikekayo njengama-libertarians) kwaye ezinye ziyinxalenye yezibalo. Zonke ezikhululekileyo zinqwenela ukugcina uhlobo lwenkululeko enkulu ngakumbi kunaleyo ifunyanwa eYurophu.

Okwangoku, inkqubela phambili yethu ibizama ngamandla ukutshintsha indlela yethu yoburhulumente ukusuka kwinkululeko ukuya kurhulumente wobusoshiyali nanjengoko abazalwana babo abalawulwa ngentando yesininzi eYurophu beyekelela kwinkululeko enkulu yezoqoqosho. Kuyinyani ukuthi ngelixa umbono wezopolitiko eYurophu naseMntla Melika zineengcambu ezifanayo kunye nophuhliso olufanayo, azinangxaki kangako, zincinci kuneziganeko kunye nophuhliso lwasekhaya, nangona ukuqhubela phambili kubumbano lwehlabathi kunethemba lokutshintsha oko. Ipolitiki kulula ukuyiqonda ukuba uyaqonda ukuba iphantsi phezulu (igunya), ezantsi phezulu (ulawulo oludumileyo) okanye kwindawo ethile phakathi.Umbhali unikiwe

I-United States ihambele kude ngasekhohlo kwe-Yurophu, isikhundla isikhundla sabantu abagcina iindlela zethu sokugcina ngokuchasene nomnqweno oqhubekayo wokusibuyisela ngasemva-ekunene. IYurophu ihleli iziko-ekunene. Le tshati ibonisa ukukhanya koKwandisa ukunyusa inkululeko elandelwa yi-Counter-Enlightenment ibuyela kwi-statism.

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