Amabanjwa kwintolongo yase-Williston, eMantla Dakota.Andrew Burton / Getty Izithombe Into ehlala ihoywa yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nenkqubo yezobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho eMelika iyenyanyeka amazinga okungafundi kwiintolongo kulo lonke elaseUnited States. IProjekthi yokuFunda nokuBhala ifunyenwe ukuba abantu abathathu kwabahlanu kwiintolongo zase-U.S. abakwazi ukufunda kwaye iipesenti ezingama-85 zabaphuli-mthetho abaselula banengxaki yokufunda. Olunye uphando luqikelele ukuba amaqondo okungafundi kwiintolongo aphezulu njenge Iipesenti ezingama-75 yabantu abasentolongweni. Lo mbandela ungasombululwanga kwinkqubo yeentolongo zaseMelika inxulunyaniswa ngokungenakwahlulwa namazinga aphezulu okubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngo-2006, i Chronicle yeSan Francisco ixelwe , Uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ukuxhobisa amabanjwa ngesiqina imfundo yenye yeendlela eziqinisekileyo zokunciphisa izinga apho baphela khona emva kwezitshixo emva kokuba bekhululwe. Ngokusemthethweni, iCalifornia yamkele imfundo njengeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuvuselelwa, kodwa inyani yahluke kakhulu. Yiipesenti ezintandathu kuphela zamabanjwa akwiklasi yezifundo, kwaye ezintlanu ekhulwini bafunda iiklasi zokufundela umsebenzi. Lo mbandela ugcwele kwiintolongo kwilizwe liphela.
Nini UClifford Spud Johnson wagwetywa iinyanga ezingama-210 ejele okwesihlandlo sokuqala engenatyala lobundlobongela, waqonda ukuba ukungafundi kuyaqinisa ukubanjwa kwamanye amabanjwa awayesoloko ephathwa gadalala kwinkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho eyilelwe ukuqhubela phambili inzuzo ngokwenza umsebenzi wasentolongweni. . Ngaphezulu kwe 2.2 yezigidi zabantu ngoku uvalelweyo, iUnited States inayo enkulu Inani labantu abasentolongweni emhlabeni. Njengendlela yokujongana nesigwebo sexesha elide entolongweni, uJohnson waguqukela ekubhaleni kwaye sele ehambise iincwadi kubapapashi abohlukeneyo. Oko wakhululwa entolongweni, iOrban Books, eyona nkampani inkulu epapasha amaMelika aseMelika kwihlabathi lipapashe iincwadi ezininzi zikaJohnson phantsi kophawu lwaseKensington, kwaye uJohnson uyaqhubeka nemizamo yokuxhasa ukuzama ukunceda amabanjwa afunde ukuzifundela nokuzifundisa.
Ndiqale ukubhala xa ndandisentolongweni ukukhulula ingqondo yam, uJohnson uxelele uMbonisi kudliwanondlebe. Andinayo iminqweno yokuba ngumbhali opapashiweyo; yayiyindlela yokundinceda ndijongane nemeko yam. Ewe kunjalo, ngokwenza oko, amadoda amaninzi ngaphakathi entolongweni kunye nam ayedla ngokufunda iincwadi zam. Indinike inkxaso engummangaliso kodwa bekukho i-flip ecaleni enabafana abaninzi abafuna ukufunda iincwadi zam kodwa bengenako kuba bengazi ukuba kanjani. Oko kwandichukumisa ngoko, kwaye kuyandichukumisa ngakumbi ngoku xa ndijonga emva njengoko ndizama ukuba lilizwi labo bafana. Njengokubhala amabali eentsomi entolongweni kwandinceda ndaziva ndikhululekile entolongweni, namhlanje ndifuna ukubalisa amabali ayinyani ala madoda ashiyekileyo ukukhulula umphefumlo wam.
UJohnson, owakhulela e-Inglewood, eCalif kwaye wayelilungu lamaGazi, ngoku uxhasa uhlengahlengiso lwentolongo kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho. Ucacisile ukuba unyanzelwe ukuba athathe isivumelwano kwisicelo segqwetha lesithili, elabeka iindlela ezintathu kuye: ukuxhwila abanye abathengisi beziyobisi ukuze bafumane isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukuvuma ityala lokufumana isigwebo seminyaka eli-17, okanye ukuya enkundleni iDA I-ofisi enezinga elitshatileyo lokutshutshisa, elinokuthi likhokelele kwisigwebo sobomi. Ngelixa imfazwe yeziyobisi kunye nokuncitshiswa okunyanzelekileyo kuchaphazela kakubi abantu abambalwa, inkqubo yeentolongo iyaphumelela kubuhlanga.
Uxinzelelo lobuhlanga luvela koonogada. Baziva nje ukuba bathotywa kwaye bakugcina uphantsi, gcina iinyawo zabo entanyeni yakho, banokukulawula ngakumbi. UJohnson ucacisile ukuba olu nyango lwenzeka njani yonke imihla, kwaye nakuphi na ukubanjwa okunokwenzeka kuthintelwe intolongo. Yonke imihla, bathetha nawe ngokungathi awuyonto. Kukukhoboka lwanamhlanje nje, kwaye akukho nto unokuyithetha. Kuba, ukuba uthetha nantoni na kwaye uzama ukuvukela, okokuqala uza kubethwa, emva koko bakutshixele kwaye bakubeke kwizindlu ezizodwa ze-SHU (ukuvalelwa wedwa). Kwaye, xa uzama ukubhala amaphepha ukukhalaza, bathi, 'Hayi ilahlekile.' Kwaye ngenxa yokuba yonke iposi ijongiwe, nantoni na endiyithumela ngayo ngeleta baya kuthi, 'Hayi zange bayifumana.' Ungajonga nosapho lwakho kwaye ufumane ezinye izikhalazo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa ligama lakho ngokuchasene nelabo, kwaye ngekhe ungqinisise. Ngexesha umntu esiza kukubona, uphilile. Kwaye akufani nokuba ndinekhamera endinokuthi ndithathe imifanekiso yamanxeba am xa ndihlaselwe ngoonogada abanomkhethe, okanye unayo. Kukulawula, ukulawula, imeko yekhoboka. Ukusuka kwindawo yokutyala, kunye neefektri ezifanayo nayo yonke into, indlela abasebenza ngayo apho.
Wongeze ukuba iitsheki kunye neebhalansi kwinkqubo yasentolongweni yomdibaniso ayisebenzi: Ukongamela iimaski ezona zono.
UJohnson uyacacisa, Bonke abantu abakhulu abavela e-D.C. beza kuwo onke amabanjwa aseburhulumenteni kanye ngonyaka ukwenza uhambo, ukuthetha namabanjwa, nokuzama ukubona ukuba bafunda ntoni na, kodwa intolongo iyazi ukuba bayeza ngale mihla. Ke kwinyanga ephelileyo, bafumana i-gung-ho, baqiniseke ukuba iyacocwa intolongo, yonke into ilungile, emva koko bathathe abantu abathandathu abaya kuthetha nabantu abakhulu be-DC babaxelele, 'Hayi, kungcono ungathethi kwanto awufanelanga kuyenza. Oko kwandibonisa ukuba konke oku kungumbono omkhulu nje, kuba abanandaba. Kodwa ngoku ndisekhaya, ndifuna ukuyazisa kwaye ndibonise into abayenzayo ukuze sizame ukwenza utshintsho olwenziwe.
