Kutheni abaGxeki besamthiyile uAndrew Wyeth?

Njengoko wonke umculi ogculelweyo ehlala esikhumbuza, abagxeki babezonda ii-Impressionists, nazo.

Kodwa kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi kwimiboniso yabo yeqela lokuqala, abapeyinti baseFrance bokunyanzelwa babethandwa luluntu kwaye bahlonitshwa ngabagxeki. UAndrew Wyeth (1917-2009) unomnye wabo — uthando nokunconywa luluntu ngokubanzi — kodwa eyona nto ayithethi kakhulu ngumzobi owaziwa kakhulu ngemifanekiso yobomi basemaphandleni. Okona kungcono, umntu usenokuthi ezona ntiyo zinoburhalarhume zifile okanye ziyaqhubeka, kodwa isithuba asikazalisekisi ngothando. Mhlawumbi kukho imbeko ethile enesikrokro, enokuthi ibalwe njengoloyiso lwala magcisa.

Ndicinga ukuba ulungile-uyaphucuka nangona enesithukuthezi. Ufile kwaye womile, ENew Yorker ’UPeter Schjeldahl uxelele uMqwalaseli, okunene kukuphucula i-Wyeth emehlweni omgxeki wobugcisa oneminyaka engama-74. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, uSchjeldahl ubize igcisa lomzimba ukuba likhuseleke kwimikhuhlane yokucinga ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwengqondo olungenangqondo kwaye wabiza izinto zakhe zobugcisa ezingasasebenziyo njengokubonisa 'ubunyani.' I-Wyeth ehamba ze ivelisa phantse akukho ntlawulo yenyama ngaphandle kokuba isini esicinezelweyo-entloko, iindidi zeRiphabhlikhi endikhetha ukungacingi ngazo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, abagxeki babambe ukuthambekela kwezobugcisa kwezomculo ngokuchasene naye, njengoko kungqinwa eWyeth INew York Times Umgxeki uMichael Kimmelman wakufumanisa kufanelekile ukubonisa ukuba uvotele uNixon noReagan. Ixesha Iphephancwadi uRobert Hughes ngokuchaza ngendlela yobugcisa ubuchaza ubugcisa buka-Wyeth njengokucebisa ngamathambo angenanto, aluhlaza ngumnqweno kodwa omiliselwe kwizinto zokwenyani, ezigidi zabantu zijonga emva njengomongo olahlekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika.

Oko kubonakala kubumnene xa kuthelekiswa nento ethethwe ngabanye. URobert Storr, wexesha lomgcini wepeyinti yanamhlanje kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwiMyuziyam yaseNew York yoBugcisa baNgoku kunye nomphathi weYale School of Art, wabhala ngo-Wyeth njengeyona 'kitsch-meister' yethu iphambili. U-Hilton Kramer, umgxeki wobugcisa INew York Times kwaye kamva umhleli we Inkqubo entsha , ukhalaze nge palet ka Wyeth ye scatological, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yinguqulelo entle yomgxeki ka Dave Hickey yokuba u Wyeth wayesebenza kwiphalethi yodaka kunye nomntwana osisisu.

Ngeli xesha, kwixa elizayo xa undwendwela iMyuziyam yobuGcisa bemihla ngemihla, ungabona ukuba ezona zihlwele zinkulu zingqonge umfanekiso weWyeth ka-1948 Ihlabathi likaChristina , exhonywe ecaleni kwesinye sezinyuko ezinyukayo kwaye mhlawumbi ibonakalisa ukungathandeki kwabalondolozi kwinto ekubonayo ukuba ngowona mzobo udumileyo wemyuziyam. Ndakhe ndabuza unogada kwi-Modern ukuba yeyiphi imibuzo awayeyifumana rhoqo, utshilo uJamie Wyeth, unyana womculi kunye nomzobi ngokwakhe. Uthe, ‘Liphi igumbi lamadoda? ' kwaye ‘Uphi Ihlabathi likaChristina ? '

So, mhlawumbi lixesha lokuba usete kwakhona kwingxoxo kaAndrew Wyeth. Kunyaka olandelayo, ukuqala nge-24 kaJuni, iBrandywine River Museum yoBugcisa eChadds Ford, Pa., Ivula i-Wyeth retrospective eza kubandakanya imisebenzi eyi-100 (imizobo, i-temperas kunye ne-watercolors) ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-1930 kude kube ngaphambi nje kokuba asweleke. Umboniso, oquka imisebenzi ebolekiweyo kwiMyuziyam yaseMetropolitan yoBugcisa, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseDallas, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseSt.Louis, iMyuziyam yaseWhitney yoBugcisa baseMelika kunye neCrystal Bridges yeAmerican Art, kunye nezinye iingqokelela zoluntu. hamba uye kwiMyuziyam yase Seattle. Zimbini kuphela iimyuziyam ezithatha inxaxheba, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba kukho ukungabikho komdla, utshilo u-Audrey Lewis, umgcini weBrandywine kunye nomnye wabaququzeleli baka-Andrew Wyeth: In Retrospect. Isigqibo senziwe ngenxa yokuba amaziko abolekisa ngemali axhalabile ngemisebenzi esezindleleni ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintandathu.

I-Wyeth ngokubanzi ipeyintwe kwi-tempera yeqanda, equlathe ii-pigment ezixutywe ne-yolk binder binder, emthini, nakumaziko abolekisa nawo akhathazekile ukuba ukungcangcazela okusuka kwimizobo eshukunyiswayo kunokuyibetha ipeyinti. Baye boyika nokuba utshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu ngexesha lokuhamba kuya kubangela ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwisibophelelo seqanda esikhokelela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-efflorescence, ekhokelela kwiipositi ezimhlophe ezingumgubo ezakha umphezulu womzobo. Ndicinga ukuba ezo nkxalabo zigqithile, kodwa kufuneka siyihloniphe iminqweno yamaziko olondolozo lwembali azimisele ukuboleka imisebenzi kuthi. Imyuziyam enye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku enqabileyo ukuboleka yeyalaMuhlanje, engayi kuvumela Ihlabathi likaChristina ukuhamba konke.

Ukubuyela umva konyaka olandelayo kukaWyeth, ephawula ikhulu leminyaka lokuzalwa kwakhe, iyakuba lolokuqala uvavanyo olupheleleyo lomsebenzi wobuchwephesha ukusukela ngomnye kwi-MoMA ngo-1976. Loo nto yayisisiganeko esingathandekiyo nesibangele ingxabano naphakathi kweziko. Umgcini wobugcisa bemihla ngemihla uHenry Geldzahler wenqabile ukuthatha inxaxheba, ngokukaThomas Hoving, umlawuli wemyuziyam ngelo xesha, owabhala kwincwadi yakhe Ukwenza uMama woMdaniso: Ngaphakathi kwiMyuziyam yoBugcisa beMetropolitan ukuba umgcini uthe kuye, Iqela lam alithandanga ukuba ndidibane noAndrew Wyeth.

Eminye iminyuziyamu ibonakalise ukuba inomdla ngakumbi kumculi. Ngo-2014, igalari yeSizwe yezobuGcisa eWashington, D.C., yabonisa imisebenzi engama-60 eyabonisa umdla kaWyeth ngeefestile, kwaye ngoFebruwari walo nyaka i-Denver Art Museum yaqukumbela umboniso weenyanga ezintathu womsebenzi wabo bobabini u-Andrew noJamie Wyeth. Ngo-2005-06, iMyuziyam ePhakamileyo eAtlanta kunye neMyuziyam yasePhiladelphia yobugcisa yadibana ukubonisa imisebenzi emalunga ne-100 eqokelelweyo yosapho lakwa-Wyeth etyhila unxibelelwano lwe-Wyeth kunye nabazobi bexesha elidlulileyo (ngakumbi uWinslow Homer, uThomas Eakins no-Edward. Hopper), kunye nendlela yakhe eyodwa yokujonga abantu, imeko-bume kunye nezifundo zobomi.

Kukho utshintsho lokwenyani lomhlaba kuluvo ngo-Wyeth, ukumbona ngakumbi kwimeko yezinye izithethe zaseMelika kunye namagcisa, anjengoPaul Cadmus, u-Ivan Albright no-Edward Hopper, utshilo uJohn Wilmerding, umbhali-mbali wezobugcisa wase-Princeton waseUniversity owabhala ikhathalogu Isincoko somboniso ka-2005-06. Kubekho impikiswano kwiminyaka yakutshanje phakathi kwabafundi malunga nokuba ngubani oyena mntu ubalaseleyo waseMelika. Ngaba yayinguHopper, ekuqanjwa kwakhe kwaziwa ngcono? Okanye uWyeth, ngubani ngobuchule ongumzobi ongcono?

NGAPHAKATHIIdumela lika-yeth lithathe utshintsho olomeleleyo kwisithuba seminyaka engama-70 yomsebenzi wakhe. Ngeminyaka yoo-1940 ukuya kutsho koo-50, wayengomnye wabazobi ababekekileyo kweli lizwe. Umzobi u-Elaine de Kooning wayengumlandeli omkhulu, njengo-Alfred H. Barr Jr., owayengu mlawuli weengqokelela kwiMyuziyam yoBugcisa bale mihla, owathengayo Ihlabathi likaChristina Iziko ngo-1949. Kodwa ke, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60, amaziko obugcisa ale mihla ayekwinkqubo yokudityaniswa eyanyusa i-avant-garde kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-Wyeth yinto yokuchasana noko babenomdla kuko, utshilo uDavid Cateforis , umbhali-mbali wezobugcisa kwiYunivesithi yaseKansas kunye nomhleli we2014 Ukucinga kwakhona ngo-Andrew Wyeth (IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press). I-Wyeth yayisisongelo kumaxabiso abo. Ukuthandwa kwakhe luluntu kwakugcinwe ngokuchasene naye, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wahlangatyezwa kwaphela. UHelga Ngu-Andrew Wyeth.Igalari yeFlickr / yeGandalf

Idolophu encinci yaseWyeth kunye nemifanekiso yasemaphandleni ihlala ihlikihla ezidolophini (funda: uninzi) abagxeki bobugcisa ngendlela engeyiyo. (Ii-vignettes ze-Wyeth's dreary zibhiyozela ukungahambelani kwenkcubeko kunye noluntu apho i-avant-garde ibitshixelwe ngokwesiko kumzabalazo, uRobert Storr wabhala emva ngo-1990 kwisincoko sekhathalogu yemyuziyam engenanto yakwenza no-Wyeth, kuba nje.) ithande ukuba bubugcisa basezidolophini-ubume kunye nesantya sobomi kunye namajelo eendaba anamava ezidolophini- ngelixa uninzi lwenzululwazi yemveli lujolise kwingqwalaselo yabo ezilalini. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba abagxeki bathambekele ekuboneni ubugcisa bokwenyani njengemvakalelo kunye nostalgic. Azikho nje izimvo ezahlukileyo malunga nobugcisa obusemngciphekweni kodwa imibono ekhuphisanayo yaseMelika.

Mhlawumbi, impumelelo kwezorhwebo kufuneka ibuyekeze uhlobo lokugxekwa kobugcisa be-Bronx cheers, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba eyona nto ithi hayi sisiphumo sempumelelo yorhwebo. URichard Merryman, obhale i-biography ka-Wyeth ngo-1996, uxelele le ntatheli, phambi kokuba asweleke kunyaka ophelileyo, ukuba iyabacaphukisa abagxeki ukuba abantu baya kubona umsebenzi ka-Wyeth hayi lo msebenzi bawuthandayo nabagxeki. Ubungqina bokuba uluvo olunje lunokufunyanwa kuphononongo lwe-biografi, ebhalwe nguKimmelman: UMnumzana Wyeth akanguye umculi obalaseleyo. Kutheni ke kufuneka sizikhathaze ngaye? Ngenxa yokuba isiqingatha senkulungwane udumo lwakhe luye lwaba yi-barometer yongcamango oludumile. Lo mbono wobupapa wagxininiswa ngumgxeki wezobugcisa uPeter Plagens, owathi ngokukrokra ukuba abagxeki babonakala besithi, 'Eli gcisa sele lisenza imali eninzi kwaye lidume kangaka-kutheni ndinokongeza kulo?'

Ingxaki noAndrew Wyeth inzima; ayipheli nakumculi ngokwakhe. Udadewabo, uCarolyn, naye ongumculi, wafuna ukumelwa yiTatistcheff Gallery kwisiXeko saseNew York ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye waxelelwa nguPeter Tatistcheff ukuba kuyakufuneka ejonge kubo bonke abanye amagcisa ukuze avume. Imvakalelo yam yobuqu ngokubhekisele kwinto yonke ye-Wyeth kukuba andifuni ukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo, utshilo uTatistcheff. Komnye umzekelo, umboniso wokuqala awayenonyana kaWyeth uJamie kwigalari yaseNew York kaJames Graham, ngoSeptemba ka-1993, wayezinyaswe kakuhle wathengiswa kakuhle, kodwa kwakungekho namnye owabhalayo nakweliphi na iphephandaba lesixeko okanye iimagazini zobugcisa. Ndicinga ukuba igama elithi Wyeth lithumela iiflegi ezibomvu, utshilo uJamie.

UKUYAKweli nqanaba, nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabazondileyo base Wyeth badlulile kwindawo yesehlo-uHilton Kramer no Robert Hughes bafile; UDave Hickey uthathe umhlala phantsi ekugxekweni kwezobugcisa; kwaye bobabini uRobert Storr noMichael Kimmelman abasabhali malunga nobugcisa. Isizukulwana esitsha siqalise ukujonga umculi kwaye safumana okuninzi ukuthanda kwaso.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, eyona nto yayiyeyona ibalaseleyo kwezobugcisa, utshilo uHenry Adams, umbhali-mbali wezobugcisa e-Case Western Reserve University eCleveland, eOhio, obhale malunga nendlela u-Wyeth awayechatshazelwa ngayo ziifilimu zaseHollywood zakudala. Ngoku, ubugcisa obunomdla kakhulu buya kumela, kwaye siye sabona ukuvuseleleka okukhulu kubaphengululi ababhala ngomsebenzi kaWyeth. Kubekho imiboniso emininzi, izifundiswa ezininzi, ezinye dissertations.

Ukubuyela umva konyaka ozayo kwiBrandywine River Museum kuya kuthatha ixesha lokujonga umsebenzi kaWyeth, ukubona indlela umzobo wakhe ovele ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nendlela edibana ngayo nezithethe kubugcisa baseMelika naseYurophu.

U-Wyeth uswelekile, kwaye abo bamthiyileyo abakude ngasemva, kodwa konke okutshintshileyo ngokwenene bubungakanani kunye nenqanaba le-decibel yokugwetywa ngamadolo. Umntu usadinga ukutyhala phakathi kwezihlwele ukuze ajonge kufutshane Ihlabathi likaChristina kule mihla, kwaye isantya esicothayo salo mhlaba sibonisiwe yindlela ababukeli abawuthatha ngayo umsebenzi. U-Wyeth ube ligcisa elinomdla kakhulu, utshilo u-Adams. Kodwa, ewe, wayehlala enjalo.