Kutheni iWashington ingakhange ichaze i-1975 yeLaGuardia Airport Bombing?

Kwiveki ephelileyo kwaphawulwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-40 sesinye sezona zihlaselo zoyikekayo kubanqolobi kwimbali yaseMelika. Ukuqhushumisa kwesikhululo senqwelomoya saseNew York eLaGuardia ngoDisemba 29, 1975 kwabulala abamsulwa abali-11 kwaza kwabenzakalisa nabanye abangama-74, uninzi lwabo olubi. Bambalwa abasibonileyo isikhumbuzo, nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olothusayo khange isonjululwe kwaye ihlala ityala elibandayo.

Indawo eyoyikisayo yafumana ingqalelo eninzi ngelo xesha. Ibhombu, elingana neentonga ezingama-25 zedynamite, yabekwa kwindawo yokutshixa esebenza ngengqekembe kwindawo ebanga imithwalo kwisiphelo sendlela. Xa yaqhushumba emva nje kwentsimbi yesi-6: 30 emva kwemini, olo dubulo lwaluqhekeza udonga lweelokhari, lwenza ukuba kubekho ityholo elijongela phantsi wonke umntu owayesendleleni. Imizimba yaphulwe, kwahlulwa imilenze. Iikhamera zeTV zithathe imeko eyoyikisayo. Igazi, elixutywe namawaka eelitha zamanzi ezimpompoweyo ngabacimi-mlilo, zichitheke kwindawo yonke yesiphelo nakwitekisi ezimileyo ngaphandle.

Imizimba yabali-11 abafileyo yayixutywe, ezinye zingaziwa, ngelixa uninzi lwenzakalo lwalusondele ekufeni. Olu lolona hlaselo lobunqolobi lwalunegazi e-United States kumashumi eminyaka, kwaye iSixeko saseNew York asizukuphinda sibonwe njalo de kube li-9/11. Kuyinyani, iLaGuardia inethamsanqa kuba indawo yeempahla ye-TWA yayingenanto ngexesha lokutya. Amaqela ambalwa kwiiyure ngaphambili, xa bekugcwele ngabahambi, ngewayebabulele abaninzi ngakumbi.

Indawo yolwaphulo-mthetho yayiye yacinywa ngabaphenduli bokuqala bezama ukulwa nemililo kunye nokusindisa ubomi. Ibhombu ibijongeka ngathi yenziwe ekhaya-ayingomsebenzi weengcali.

I-NYPD yayincinci ekusebenzeni nayo. Indawo yolwaphulo-mthetho yayiye yacinywa ngabaphenduli bokuqala bezama ukulwa nemililo kunye nokusindisa ubomi. Uphando lwaluya kuthi ekugqibeleni lutyhile ubungakanani bebhombu kunye nokwakhiwa kwebhombu, kunye nexesha layo lakudala-lalikhangeleka lizenzele, hayi umsebenzi weengcali-kodwa enye into. Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya kwilizwe liphela zafumana izoyikiso zebhombu emva kobuqhetseba beLaGuardia, umsebenzi wee cranks. Akukho babanqolobi abanyanisekileyo abake bathatha uxanduva kolu hlaselo.

U-Ed Dreher we-NYPD, inkosi yabaphenyi baseQueens, wakhokela iqela elinamakhulu labaphenyi, abamele umkhosi wakhe, i-FBI kunye neearhente ezahlukeneyo zalapha kunye nezomdibaniso, kwaye babaleka bekhokelela ngomsindo. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, ubugrogrisi babuyinto eqhelekileyo, kodwa uhlaselo lwabantu abaninzi lwalunqabile. Uninzi lwabanqolobi ngaloo mihla lwalufuna ukuthumela imiyalezo yezopolitiko ngaphezu kokubulala abantu abamsulwa.

Apha i-LAGBOMB, njengoko i-FBI ibizwa lophando, yahlukile. Kuba kungekho mabango athembekileyo oxanduva avelileyo, iqela likaMnu. Dreher liye lakrokrela ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu kwakuyimpazamo. Ibhombu yamandulo mhlawumbi yayihlelwe lixesha ngendlela engeyiyo ngoogrogrisi abasandula kuqalisa kwaye bebefanele ukuqhushumba xa i-terminal ingenanto, okanye phantse njalo.

Kodwa leyo yayiyingqikelelo, njengoko kunjalo. Phantse unyaka ngaphambili, ngoJanuwari 1975, abanqolobi basePuerto Rico babanga uxanduva ukuqhushumisa imbali yeFraunces Tavern kwisitalato esibanzi, ukubulala abane, kodwa kwakungekho nto yokuzibophelela kwi-LAGBOMB. Abaphandi ngokufanayo bahlola amaqela ayesaziwa ukuba ayasebenza kwindawo yaseNew York — iPalestine Liberation Organisation kunye ne-Jewish Defence League babephezulu kolu luhlu — kodwa, kwakhona, kwakungekho bungqina bubadibanisa nolwaphulo mthetho. Kwakungekho sizathu sibonakalayo sokuba kutheni i-PLO okanye i-JDL ingabhombela iLaGuardia ngaphandle kokubanga uxanduva. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa uphando lwe-LAGBOMB lumile, lisilele ukuvelisa nabarhanelwa abanzulu.

Emva koko, ngequbuliso, kwavela umrhanelwa othembekileyo emnyango kaMnu. Dreher. NgoSeptemba 10, 1976, iTWA Flight 355, iBoeing 727 enabakhweli abangama-41, yemka eLaGuardia isiya eChicago. Ngaphezulwana nje kweyure enesiqingatha kuhambo, abagqobi abahlanu bathabatha ulawulo lwenqwelomoya, bebhengeza ukuba banebhombu. Ngapha koko, yayiyinyani.

Emva kweenyanga zokuqalisa kokungeyonyani ityala laliqhekeka livulekile-abacuphi baziva ukuba bazokuvuma izono-emva koko i-FBI yavela yathatha indoda yabo.

Babelwela iCroatia yasimahla, abagrogrisi abathandayo babhengeza, kwaye bafuna ingqalelo yabo. Babemthiyile ubuKomanisi iYugoslavia — nto leyo eyayingahambelani neUnited States kunye neNATO kwimfazwe ebandayo-kwaye bafuna ukunyatheliswa komyalezo wabo ophambili weCroatia kumaphephandaba aphambili aseMelika. Babhengeze ukuba bashiye ibhombu kwisikhululo iGrand Central Station saseNew York, ngoncedo ukuxelela abasemagunyeni apho banokuyifumana khona. Umphathi wabo, u-emigré Zvonko Bušić oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, wayenxulunyaniswa neqela labanqolobi elingenangqondo elalibizwa ngokuba yi-OTPOR (ukunganyangeki ngesiCroatia), njengoko babenjalo nabanye abaphangi: umfazi wakhe waseMelika uJulienne kunye nabanye abathathu baseCroats.

Bathathe i-TWA 355, inqwelo-moya emfutshane, kuhambo olungaqhelekanga, ngokufika eMontreal, eNewfoundland (apho abagqogisi bakhulula abangama-35 kwabo babebathimbile), eIceland, ekugqibeleni eParis, apho abanqolobi bazinikezela kwabasemagunyeni, bengakhange benze nto yenzakalisa nakuphi na ukubanjwa, abanye babo baqaphela indlela abanesidima ngayo abagrogrisi, ngakumbi uNkskz. I-Busic, ibikhona.

Ukufika kwabo eNew York, eluvalelweni, abagqogqangi bafumana ilizwi lokuba ibhombu abayishiye eGrand Central Station -yiyinyani, ngokungafaniyo naleyo bayizise kwiFlight 355- yafunyanwa yi-NYPD kwaye, kwi Inkqubo yokukhutshwa izixhobo ngoochwephesha kwiRodman's Neck kwiBronx, yayiqhushumbe. Amagosa amathathu enzakele, elinye lonzakalise, ngelixa elinye ilungu leqela le-NYPD, elineminyaka engama-27 ubudala UBrian Murray , wabulawa.

Abacuphi baka-Ed Dreher ke bafumana uqhekeko eZvonko Bušić akufika kulawulo lwabo. Isigebenga esasilele ubuthongo, esasivukile kangangeentsuku, savuma ukuba sasingumbono wokubanjwa kwe-TWA 355, kodwa sasiqhankqalaza ukuba asikhe sithethe kakubi ngabantu baseMelika, ngakumbi i-NYPD. Kodwa abo babuza imibuzo kungekudala babuza malunga ne-LAGBOMB, nabo. Kwakubonakala ngathi kwenzeka ngamxhelomnye ukuba abagqogqangi bemke eLaGuardia, ngokunjalo-kwi-TWA akukho ngaphantsi-kwaye bakha ibhombu eyenziwe ngokwabo ebonakala ngathi iyaqhekeza indawo ye-TWA kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo.

Emangalisiwe nguMnu. Dreher, uMnu Bušić uvumile ukuba, ebeseLaGuardia ngomhla we-29 kaDisemba ngebhombu. Emva kweenyanga zokuqalisa kokungeyonyani, eli tyala lalivuleke ngaphakathi-abacuphi beva ukuba bazokuvuma izono-emva koko i-FBI yavela yathatha indoda yabo. Ukuqweqwedisa lulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni kwaye baqinisekisa igunya labo. Iqela likaMnumzana Dreher alinakuze liphinde lincine uZvonko Bušić kwakhona.

Abaduni bonke bafumana isigwebo esikhulu entolongweni ngokuthimba i-TWA 355 kunye nokusweleka kweGosa uMurray. UZvonko Bušić wafumana esona sigwebo side, wachitha iminyaka engama-32 kwintolongo yomdibaniso. Inkosikazi yakhe kunye nabanye abadlwenguli bakhonze malunga neshumi elinanye leminyaka ngenxalenye yabo kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Umnumzana Bušić uqhubeke wazigcina emsulwa malunga ne-LAGBOMB, egxininisa ukuba wayethethe kakubi ngokudinwa ngelixa wayencinwa ngabacuphi baka Mnumzana Dreher. I-NYPD yayithandabuza loo nto, kodwa ekuphela kwento ababenayo kukuba i-FBI yayingafuni ukuba bafumane ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni ngabasebenzi be-OTPOR abangaqondakaliyo.

Into eyayisenzeka nyani ihlala ingacacanga. Embindini wee-1970s, i-NYPD yabanjwa embindini wedabi elalisiliwa elalisiliwa yi-OTPOR kunye nabanye ababelwela i-Yugoslavia ngokuchasene nolawulo lwamaKomanisi eBelgrade. EMelika, eCanada, eOstreliya naseNtshona Yurophu, naphina apho babehlanganisana khona abagxothiweyo base Yugoslavia, baceba iyelenqe ngokuchasene noMarshal Tito. Bacaphuka, baqhankqalaza, batyala iibhombu, bathimba iinqwelomoya, bahlasela oonozakuzaku baseYugoslavia kunye noonozakuzaku.

Ukuphendula, uMnu. Tito wavula i-UDBA, amapolisa akhe amabi afihlakeleyo, aqala iphulo lokusongela nokubulala i-OTPOR kunye nalo lonke uluhlu lwamaqela aquka oko iBelgrade ikubiza ngokuba kukufuduka kotshaba. Imfihlo ye-UDBA yabetha amaqela awela umhlaba, ebulala abagrogrisi kwaye abanye babezigqala njengeentshaba kwinto ababeyibiza iintshukumo ezimnyama. Phakathi kwe-1960s kunye ne-1990, xa iYugoslavia yaqala ukwehla, i-UDBA yabulala malunga nekhulu labantu eNtshona, uninzi lwabo ingamaCroats, kodwa amaSerb namaAlbania, nawo. Ezilishumi elinambini zokubulawa kwabo kwenzeka eUnited States. Akukho namnye owakha wasonjululwa.

Ngexesha eliphakathi le-1970s, i-UDBA yayineembewu ezifihlakeleyo ngalo lonke ixesha lokufuduka kotshaba, kwaye naliphi na iqela elichasene neYugoslavia lalingene, i-OTPOR ibandakanyiwe, ihlala ikumanqanaba aphezulu. Iimpimpi zikaMnu Tito zadlala umdlalo wekheji ngobukrelekrele baseNtshona, i-FBI ibandakanyiwe. Nanini na xa iarhente ye-UDBA ibonakalise eMelika ngemishini eyimfihlo yokuthatha ubugrogrisi, wayehlala enikezela ngenkonzo yakhe kwi-FBI, eyayifuna abanolwazi abayimfihlo ngaphakathi kuluntu olunobundlobongela kunye nobundlobongela baseBalkan emigré. Ngenqanaba lokhuseleko lwe-FBI, umbulali wayekhululekile ukuba enze i-hit yakhe kwaye aphume kuyo.

I-OTPOR yangena kakhulu kwi-UDBA kangangokuba kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba loluphi uhlaselo lwabo banqolobi eMntla Melika-oku kubandakanya ukuqhushumbisa nokubulala amaCroats alwayo, kunye ne-TWA 355 debacle-yayingumsebenzi weBelgrade ngenene. I-OTPOR ayenzanga nto ukuphelisa ubuKomanisi e-Yugoslavia, kodwa yaphumelela ekubambiseni iinjongo zaseCroatia ngenkohliso, ubugrogrisi kunye nokubulala. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokubanjwa kukaZvonko Bušić I-FBI ithathe uninzi lwenethiwekhi ye-OTPOR eUnited States, nto leyo eyaphumela kumatyala amabini ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni amalungu alishumi eqela afumane izigwebo ezinde entolongweni.

Abatyholwa kwezo zilingo banyanzelisa ukuba babemiselwe yi-UDBA, evakala ngathi yinkqubo ye-movie embi, kodwa enyanisweni iyacaca. Ngelo xesha linye, kwenzeka ityala lase-Australia phakathi kwabafuduki baseCroatia ababenetyala lokuceba ubunqolobi e-Down Under. Abatyholwa abanesiqingatha, abathi babizwa ngokuba yiSydney Six, baqhankqalaza ukuba msulwa kwabo, bema ngelithi babekwe ngummeli we-UDBA owayethumele ipesenti yelinye ilizwe ukuba lihle nabo. Oko kwavela ukuba yinyani ngokupheleleyo .

Ngaba kwenzeka into efanayo nge-LAGBOMB? Kumashumi eminyaka, uZvonko Bušić wanyanzelisa ukuba akananto yakwenza nolo hlaselo. Amarhe amade ajikeleza kwizangqa ze-Balkan, endiziqhelileyo , ukuba i-OTPOR yayenze uhlaselo lweLaGuardia, olwalungacetyelwanga ukubulala nabani na-ithiyori ye-NYPD ephosakeleyo ichanekile-kodwa ibhombu yenziwa ngumphembeleli we-UDBA efuna ukungcolisa iqela. Igqala lezandla ze-UDBA libalisa ibali lokuba oyena mntu uhlasele ngenene ibingomnye wabo kwaye ekwazisa nge-FBI, nasemva kwentlekele ye-LAGBOMB i-Bureau yamkhusela.

Oku, nako, kuvakala njengezinto ze-B-bhanyabhanya, kodwa akunakukhutshelwa ngaphandle. Kunyaka emva kokuba uBušićes evalelwe, umbulali we-UDBA wabulala umgqugquzeli waseSerbia eChicago, wamgwaza ngokumasikizi amatyeli aliqela, kwaye kwinkqubo waye wabulala nentombi yakhe eneminyaka eli-9 ubudala. Umbulali osenokwenzeka wayeyimpimpi eyaziwayo ye-FBI , kunye nemithombo ye-UDBA inyanzelisa ukuba iiFedede zimkhusele kwaye zimmise ngesazisi esitsha eMelika, sikhuselekile ekutshutshisweni.

Ngaba i-FBI yenza okufanayo nombulali okanye ababulali be-LAGBOMB? Ngaba enye into eyimfihlo yayingalunganga kangangokuba kwakungekho mntu eWashington, D.C., owayefuna ukucacisa? Kumashumi amane eminyaka ukuya phambili, ibali elinegazi libonakala lidala kakhulu ukuba lingatyhilwa ngokuchanekileyo. Zvonko Bušić Yadityaniswa ngo-2008 wafudukela eCroatia eyayizimeleyo ngoku, apho wafumana ukwamkelwa njengegorha kubathandi bobuzwe, abamncoma njengolwela inkululeko nxamnye nobuKomanisi. Mr. UBušić uthathe ubomi bakhe Kwi-2013, eneminyaka eyi-67, ndilahle ithemba ngobunyani bobomi eCroatia yasimahla. Wagxininisa kwada kwasekupheleni wayengenanto yakwenza nenkohlakalo ngoDisemba 29, 1975.

Okwangoku abakho abanye abarhanelwa abathe bavela kwesi sigwebo sokubulala singasombululwanga, ngaphandle kokuchitha iiyure zabantu kule meko ibanda kakhulu. Ngubani ngokwenene ohlasele iLaGuardia? Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amane kamva, kubonakala ngathi kuya kusiba nzima ukuba uluntu luyazi.