Xa ndizama ukucacisa ezinye zeembali zembali ye iingxaki kwinkqubo yanamhlanje yemidiya , abantu bahlala becinga ukuba ndibhekisa kubo Ixesha loBuntatheli obuMthubi . Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ubuntatheli babuyinto embi kakhulu kwaye ke bendihlala ndiyiyeka le nto.
Kodwa eyona nto ndifuna ukuyixelela kukuba ibuyela umva kakhulu kunoko. Ngapha koko, ukuba ufuna ukuqonda amajelo eendaba, inkuthazo yayo enetyhefu kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho, ulibale iMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika (ethi abanye bayayiqhuba yayiqhutywa lukhuphiswano lwamaphephandaba phakathi kwe-Hearst nePulitzer) kwaye funda i Udabi lasekuhlaleni . Kungenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwento onokuyifunda esikolweni, iMfazwe yamakhaya sisifundo esinomdla seziphumo ezinobungozi kumaphephandaba, kwezopolitiko nakubantu.
Yiyo loo nto ndandinovuyo lokufunda incwadi entsha kaHarold Holzer ULincoln kunye naMandla eendaba. Kuba ukongeza kwimfazwe edabini, kwiinkundla zamatyala, kwiCongress, noLincoln wayecelwa ukuba alwe kwaye aphumelele kumaphepha aphambili aphikisayo ashushu kumaphephandaba esizwe.
Ukuba ubuza kubuza umntu oqhelekileyo ukuba bazi ntoni ngoLincoln kunye namajelo eendaba, ngekhe bathethe into ngaye ukuphosa iintatheli entolongweni okanye ukuxhoma amalungelo athile oMgaqo-siseko. Kuyinyani kwaye kunomdla.
Kodwa eyona nto ibhalwe yirekhodi yile yokuba uLincoln wayeyiqili kwaye enobuchule bokusebenzisa ubuqhetseba kumajelo eendaba-wayebizwa ngokuba ngumphathi oyintloko. Kwakufuneka abe njalo. Kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo, abeendaba ngaloo mini bekufanelekile. 
UMongameli uLincoln wayengumntu onobuqili kunye nobuchule bokushicilela oonondaba kunye noluntu. (Ifoto esuka kwiThala leeNkcazo)
Uninzi lwabantu alwazi ukuba uLincoln ikwanguye yedwa owayehleli uMongameli wase-US bhalela umhleli ileta (isicatshulwa sakhe esidumileyo Ukuba ndingasindisa uManyano ngaphandle kokukhulula naliphi na ikhoboka, bendiya kuyenza, kwaye ukuba ndingayisindisa ngokukhulula onke amakhoboka, bendiya kuyenza, kwaye ukuba ndingayigcina ngokukhulula abanye ndishiye abanye bodwa , Nam ndingayenza loo nto isuka kuloo leta.) Abazi ukuba uLincoln eyeyakhe iphephandaba lakhe ngelinye ixesha-iphephandaba lesiJamani elingaphantsi (kwaye ukuba wakwazi ukufihla kubantu bexesha lakhe kunye ne-biographies). Abalazi ixesha alichithe ukuphononongwa kunye nokuchwetheza intetho yakhe edumileyo yomanyano ngobusuku bangaphambili kunye neentatheli- besazi ukuba kuzobanjani aqalise umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko okanye ngakumbi ngokudumeleyo, indlela ayile ngayo idilesi yaseGettysburg hayi eyesihlwele-esasinengxaki yokwenene-kodwa dlala kakuhle kumajelo eendaba . Ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhe beve ngemisebenzi, ukuvuza, ukubhengeza iidola kunye nokufikelela kwimigca ebalulekileyo ye-telegraph uLincoln ejingise kuyo ukuze afumane into ayifunayo.
Akuzange nanini na ngaphambili kwaye kungabikho kwakhona kude kube ngoku, i-America ibone umsila ugxotha inja ngendlela amaphephandaba-anikwe amandla yinkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha kumatshini wokushicilela kunye ne-telegraph-enza ngexesha likaLincoln.
Njengokuba uMnu.Holzer ecaphula omnye umgxeki wase-Bhritane ngelo xesha, amaphephandaba ayengabhalwanga kakuhle, ayeprintwe kakubi, ayemiswe kakuhle, kwaye enyanisweni ayengafundeki. Ubulungisa kunye nesigwebo esifanelekileyo, azikho mbuzo kunye nabo. Uxoka njengephephandaba kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19 malunga nabantu ongenakuthembela kubo. Okanye njengoko uLincoln wayekhe wahlekisa kumhlobo malunga nokuthembeka kwamaphephandaba, bayaxoka kwaye ke bona phinda uxoke. Ayisiyonto ilungileyo ukuba umntu atshintshe iphephandaba kwibhlog kuwo onke loo matyala kwaye achaneke ngoku njengokuba yayiyiminyaka eyi-150 eyadlulayo.
Inkqubo ye- Ingubo esiyibonayo namhlanje -Yayiyilwe kwaye yafezekiswa ngelo xesha. Yenza iiglothi ezimbalwa zityebile, kwaye inefuthe, njengenkcitho yomntu wonke. Njenganamhlanje, yayiyeyokuphazamisa itekhnoloji xa idityaniswa nenkcubeko yangaphakathi enomdla eyenze ukuba abeendaba babe yinkqantosi enzima ukubalwa nayo.
Ukongeza kulwandiso lweeMbane zoMbane ezenze ukuba kunokwenzeka kwaye kube noqoqosho kumaphephandaba amakhulu emihla ngemihla, i-telegraph entsha inokuba nefuthe elinye kubuntatheli be-1800s. Njenge Ukuhanjiswa kweRichmond ngoJulayi ngo-1863 malunga nefuthe le-telegraph ekunikeni ingxelo:
Isigubungela yonke indawo ngobuxoki, igcwalisa umoya esiwuphefumlayo kwaye isitha nelanga; kusenza sithandabuze ngayo yonke into esiyifundayo, kuba siyazi ukuba amathuba alishumi ukuya kwelinye bubuxoki; kwaye usishiya singaqinisekanga, ekugqibeleni ngobukho bethu. Abantu bathi izisa ubukrelekrele ngokukhawuleza; ukanti yonke iminyhadala ebhengezwe ngulo ihlala ishukuxwa zezi ngxelo ziza ngokukhawuleza, zonke zitshabalalisana, kangangokuba ibali eliyinyani ngokubanzi inde ekuqinisekisweni kunangaphambili. '
Eli yayililizwe apho iingxelo kunye neendaba ezasasazwayo zazisasazeka ngexesha lokwenyani, kodwa uMantla wayehlala engazi ukuba uphi uMkhosi wonke waseTennessee de wabuyela kwiradar ngoDisemba emva kokuthimba isixeko saseSavannah.
Ngamanye amagama, izixhobo ezingathembekiyo kunye nelizwe eliya lisanda ngokwanda, kudityaniswa nobundlongondlongo, ubudenge, ukubawa, iinkolelo zopolitiko ezomeleleyo kunye nesoyikiso sokwenene semikhosi yokuhamba kunye nomthetho wemfazwe.
Ngokubanzi, bambalwa abaliqondayo inani elikhulu lamandla, isicwangciso-qhinga kunye nobuchule athe uLincoln wanyanzelwa ukuba aphathe amaphepha-ndaba ukuba wayenqwenela nje ukuphumelela unyulo lukaMongameli njengeziko elingaziwayo elivela eMidwest kodwa nokugcina umanyano kunye nokuphumelela iMfazwe yamakhaya. . Oku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokuba sinemibono engeyonyaniso yokujongwa kwiphephandaba kwaye ukuthembeka kweendaba , sinenkathazo yokucinga ngomatshini wokushicilela owawungapheleli nje ekulweni netekhnoloji entsha, kodwa uhlala esenza abahleli abanganyanisekanga kunye neentatheli bezama ukufumana amandla ngokwabo kunye nokuxhasa amalungu osapho, abasebenzi kunye nabahlobo.
Umzekelo, uMnu Holzer ubalisa ibali lika Hor Ace Ngobubele , Umshicileli we Kwihlabathi leNew York kwaye edume ngokuya kwakhe eNtshona, umfana ozimiseleyo, obonakala eyindoda yezinto ezininzi eziphikisanayo. Isampulu nje: Njengomtshabalalisi onenzondelelo wayegweba ngokuchasene nobukhoboka xa kusiliwa emfazweni. Ukanti, emva kwedabi laseBull Run (ilahleko yokuqala yoManyano) wathumela uLincoln ileta engenamakhonkco ecebisa ukuba aphose itawuli. Ngokutyebileyo wayefuna ukufikelela kwangethuba kwiingxelo kunye neentetho zikamongameli, imisebenzi kurhulumente kubasebenzi bakhe, kwaye waqhekeza amaphepha eendaba ukuba abe kwindawo yokuqala kwezopolitiko nakwezomkhosi. Njenge umhleli wephephandaba, Khokele into engacelwanga- kwaye ndingathi ndingumngcatshi-inkomfa yoxolo kunye noonozakuzaku baseMazantsi egameni le-United States eNiagara Falls eye yasilela ngokumangalisayo. Kwaye emva kwemfazwe, wathumela ibheyile kuJefferson Davis, owayesakuba nguMongameli we-Confederate. Konke oku kuvela endodeni ethi ixhaswe umanyano. 
UAbraham Lincoln wayekhonza ixesha lakhe elilodwa kwiCongress ngo-Agasti 1847. Amaphephandaba, njengeNew York York Braganca, ayehlukile ngelo xesha. Okanye ngaba babenjalo?Isikrini se-1847
Khawufane ucinge xa uzama ukukhokela kule ndawo-singasathethi ke ngokugungqiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Sicinga ukuba uRupert Murdoch kunye noTed Turner kunye noRoger Ailes abaqhelekanga. Ngobubele, nangona kubonakala ngathi yindoda elungileyo, iyavakala uphambene.
Ngandlel 'ithile, waquka isiphithiphithi esasiyipolitiki yaseMelika ngelo xesha. Kwakungekho nje ukuba babini abakhuphisanayo, amacala aphikisanayo njengoko ukuhlukana kuya kusebenza. Ngapha koko, zazikho izihlwele. AmaRiphabhlikhi, amaRephabliki eRadical, amaDemokhrasi, iiCopperheads, Abolitionist, abaNtsundu abaMnyama, amazwe aManyeneyo, amazwe angathathi hlangothi-ndiyathetha, iNew York idlale ngokuzimela kuMantla kwaye uMzantsi. Kwaye elinye nelinye lala macala lalinamaphephandaba alo kunye nendlela yabo yokumisa injini ukwenza ungquzulwano olongezelelekileyo.
Into uLincoln akwazi ukuyenza yayikukulawula ngobuchule lo mhlaba ukuze usebenze. Ngaba wayenokuntywila kwangoko kwangoko ngokuvula incwadi yakhe eneentloni? Ewe kunjalo-kwaye eneneni, yile nto abacebisi bakhe bamcebisa ukuba ayenze. Endaweni yoko, wakwazi ukuguqula indoda engalindelekanga ukuba iqhubele phambili i-ajenda yakhe izihlandlo ezininzi ( umqobo yindlela, akunjalo? ). Ngaba wayenokubaleka kunye nengcinezelo engakumbi yokucinezela kwintetho yasimahla? Mhlawumbi kunjalo.
Oko ekugqibeleni wakwenza kakuhle kakhulu kukusebenzisa umatshini wokushicilela ngokuchasene nawo -Ubugcisa beleta ebhalwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, isitshixo esivuzayo kwintatheli elungileyo, nokuba uyazi ukuba uvumele nini ingqumbo ukugqithisa nokuzithoba. Ukubona nokuqonda oku kukujonga umphathi wezopolitiko kunye nonxibelelwano emsebenzini.
Kodwa…
Emehlweni am, umntu unokujonga i-19thImithombo yeendaba yenkulungwane kunye noLincoln kwaye bothuka kuphela ngendleko ezingeyomfuneko kunye nomonakalo wokwenyani obangelwe lilizwe ngamaqela amaqela okhathalelo, ingqalelo kunye nokuxhasa abahleli abalambileyo kunye neentatheli.
Umzekelo, uNjengele uWilliam Tecumseh Sherman — ngaphambi kokuba abe ngoyena mphathi welizwe okrelekrele kakhulu — waphantse wakhutshelwa ngaphandle ngenxa yengxelo ezibaxekileyo nezinyolileyo zephephandaba malunga nokuziphatha kwakhe ngengqondo ngenxa yokona kwakhe. INew York Tribune’s kwintatheli yakhe. (Ibango? Ngokutsho ukuba uManyano luya kufuna imikhosi engaphezulu kwaye lifune iminyaka yokulwa ukuze liphumelele emfazweni).
Ngomnyaka we-1864, amaphephandaba amabini amakhulu aseNew York awela kwaye apapasha isimemezelo sobuxoki somongameli esilula ukuba sikwazi ukubeka umjikelo wesibini weengxabano ezibulalayo. Uvelaphi umthombo wentatheli yobuxoki? Ngaphambili INew York Times mthumeli kunye Ukhozi lwaseBrooklyn umhleli okhohlise uxwebhu ngenzame yomdlalo wentengiso yesitokhwe. Kwaye iyonke imfazwe, i-Confederate cinezela ngabom imfazwe ngokugqwetha rhoqo kunye nokucinezela iindaba ukuze kuqiniswe isimilo ekhaya kwaye kusingelwe phantsi eMantla apho iingxelo bezihlala ziphinda zishicilelwa (ngeendlela ezithile efuna impendulo njengebhl ody kunye netotali njengo-Matshi ukuya eLwandle ukuze aphule intando yokulwa).
Ngaba isohlwayo sabo kwiziganeko ezinje ngeziphumo ezibulalayo kunye nezibonda eziphezulu? Akunjalongo noko.
Xa owayesakuba ngumhleli weGawker uJohn Cook uyalila ukuba imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nemigangatho ibonakala iyilelwe ukugcina uHoi Polloi ephuma kubuntatheli ulungile. Sizamile ngaloo ndlela kanye kwaye ibibuhlungu. Kukho i umgca odumileyo ukusuka kuSherman: Ilizwi labantu? Ilizwi loThobekileyo g. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthembela kwilizwi labantu xa ilizwi labantu lalisetyenziswa kwaye liphembelela inzuzo yobuqu.
Ngapha koko, siphuhlise amaziko amaninzi abaluleke kakhulu kumajelo eendaba athembekileyo, athembekileyo ukuphendula ulwaphulo kunye nomonakalo kumaphephandaba ngelo xesha. Yayingu-Adolph Ochs owathenga i-New York Times entsha kwaye wayakha kwakhona ngokuzimisa ngokuchasene namaphepha afana Kwihlabathi kwaye i Herald . Zonke iiNdaba eziFanelekileyo ukuPrinta ziyimpendulo ngokuchasene isiqubulo sexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya sePrinta ngokoqobo ngayo nayiphi na into- kwaye Damn Iziphumo (Owu, kwaye ndingaba nekhomishini kaRhulumente ekhawulezayo?) usapho isalawula iphepha ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla bubungqina bokubaluleka kokuguquka kwezinto. 
Incwadi kaMnu Holzer ibalisa ngeziganeko ezingaphantsi ezaziwayo zikaLincoln namaphephandaba esizwe. (Ifoto ngu-Emily Assiran / New York Braganca)
Oko uLincoln wakubonisayo ngelo xesha nangoku kungumendo oya phambili-indlela ezopolitiko ezinokukhokelela kwaye zoyise imeko yemithombo yeendaba eyityhefu. Njengoko uMnu Holzer ebalisa, njengoko imfazwe yayiqhubela phambili uLincoln waphula iziyobisi ebomini bakhe kumaphephandaba. Wayeqonda ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ufuna ukuba abone umfanekiso omkhulu kunentatheli ekhohlakeleyo, ephosakeleyo kunye neengqondo ezincinci ezinokubamba.
Nangona u-Greely wayekhe wacebisa u-Lincoln ngokubambelela kwinkohliso yokuba unyamezelo, kunye nomonde kunye nokumodareyitha kunye namagama athambileyo asaza kuphelisa konke ukuxabana okubulalayo, enyanisweni uLincoln wayelungile. Njengoko uMnu Holzer esitsho, kuphela emva kwesibhengezo sokukhululwa apho uLincoln aqala ukujonga ngaphaya kobuntatheli besikhashana ukuqinisekisa indawo yakhe kwimbali. Uqale ukuthumela ukutya kwakhe kwimithombo yeendaba kubantu abangaphantsi kwakhe kwaye wakhetha ukusebenzisana nabantu bokwenyani (amajoni, iileta, iiyure zeofisi kunye nodliwanondlebe ngokungaqhelekanga kunye neentatheli ngqo emva ngaphambili) kwinto ayithethayo izimvo zoluntu . Ulwimi lwaseLincoln lwasekhaya kunye namabali-ezi yayingezizo ezentatheli kunye nabahleli, abathi, enyanisweni, bajonge kubo ngokuzithoba kodwa kwabo abantu ngubani oyithandayo-ngubani oyifumeneyo.
Ngandlela thile, uLincoln wakwazi ukugqithisa okwethutyana amaqhekeza eendaba ngokukhanya kwinjongo enkulu. Wayeyindoda elungileyo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo owenza izinto ezilungileyo, indlela elungileyo. Kuya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani, nangona kunjalo, asazi. Ukuba akazange abulawe uLincoln ngewayephantse wabuyiselwa kwangoko kumgxobhozo (kucetyiswa ukuba kufundwe: Ukunyanzelwa kuka-Abraham Lincoln nguStephen L. Carter ujongo oluyintsomi kule ngcamango). Ngewayephendule njani, asinakutsho, kodwa incwadi kaMnu Holzer yenza ukuba kukhuseleke ukucinga ukuba ibinokuba yinto entle kwaye ibalaseleyo.
