Mhlawumbi ngoku lixesha. Mhlawumbi ukupapashwa okusondeleyo kwidayari ekuthiwa zezika-Adolf Eichmann's kwenza lo mzuzu wokubeka enye yezona mbono ziphosakeleyo nezisoloko ziphikiswa malunga no-Eichmann kunye nabenzi bobubi bamaNazi bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe: into esefashonini kodwa engenabungqina malunga nobungendawo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba bangaphi abantu abalithethayo eli binzana ngokungathi ngandlel 'ithile liyimpendulo enobunkunkqele kwiinkampu zokufa, ngelixa enyanisweni iyindlela ephucukileyo yokwala, enokuthi isondele kakhulu ekubeni ingumbono wobuNgcungcutshe ( ukukhanyela. Ukungabukhanyeli ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ukubukhanyela ubugebenga obupheleleyo babenzi bobubi.
Mhlawumbi ngoku lixesha. Mhlawumbi ukupapashwa okusondeleyo kwidayari ekuthiwa zezika-Adolf Eichmann's kwenza lo mzuzu wokubeka enye yezona mbono ziphosakeleyo nezisoloko ziphikiswa malunga no-Eichmann kunye nabenzi bobubi bamaNazi bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe: into esefashonini kodwa engenabungqina malunga nobungendawo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba bangaphi abantu abalithethayo eli binzana ngokungathi ngandlel 'ithile liyimpendulo enobunkunkqele kwiinkampu zokufa, ngelixa enyanisweni iyindlela ephucukileyo yokwala, enokuthi isondele kakhulu ekubeni ingumbono wobuNgcungcutshe ( ukukhanyela. Ukungabukhanyeli ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ukubukhanyela ubugebenga obupheleleyo babenzi bobubi.
Mhlawumbi uqhelene nemvelaphi yokungabikho kobubi: Yayingumxholo wencwadi ka-Hannah Arendt ka-1963 U-Eichmann eJerusalem: Ingxelo ngeNzululwazi ngobubi . (Khange ayisebenzise kwi ENew Yorker iziqwenga ezazisisiseko sencwadi.) Ibinzana lokususwa kobubi lazalwa nguNks. Arendt's naïveté omangalisayo njengentatheli. Bambalwa abanokuphikisana nokuphakama kwakhe njengesithandi sobulumko, ukubaluleka kweenzame zakhe zokuchaza, kwi -Imvelaphi yoBuzimele geqe, kanye le nto yenza ukuba ubuzwilakhe bunganyaniseki kwaye butshabalalise.
Kodwa wayeyona ntatheli yenkundla imbi kakhulu emhlabeni, umntu onokuthi ahlaziswe lilo naliphi na igqala kwinkundla yombhali evela kwitheyibhile yaseNew York. Ngandlel 'ithile khange yenzeke kuye ukuba ummangalelwa onje ngo-Eichmann, ojamelene nokubulawa xa enetyala, angalala ngokuma malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenjongo zakhe. Uye wathatha uEichmann ngelizwi lakhe. Yintoni awayeyilindele kuye ukuba athethe kuyo inkundla yakwa-Israyeli eyayinamandla okuphila nokufa phezu kwakhe: Ewe, bendiwathiyile amaYuda kwaye ndithanda ukuwabulala?
Kodwa xa u-Eichmann wayethathe indawo yakhe wangqina ukuba ngenene akazange abambe ubutshaba kumaJuda, ukuba xa kufikwa kweli shishini lincinci lokutshabalalisa amaJuda, wayengumphathi wecala nje, umntu oshicilela iphepha elandela nje imiyalelo evela phezulu, UArendt wamthatha ngelizwi lakhe. Waphatha ubuxoki bukaEichmann ngokungathi babuluhlobo lwephepha lokuma lefilosofi, isicatshulwa sokuhlalutya endaweni yokuba ligwala lobugwinta ngumbulali.
Wayexineke ngokupheleleyo ngu-Eichmann, ngokuziphatha kwakhe ngobulali kwisitandi ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala lakhe; Wathenga isenzo sakhe sokuba yi-nebbishy schnook. U-Arendt emva koko wenza u-Eichmann's disingenuous self-portrait isiseko sokwanda ngokubanzi malunga nobubi bobubi abo iingcinga ezingenasiseko umntu asazifumana zilahliwe njenge-aperçus ephucukileyo namhlanje.
I-generalization ebonisa ukuba ukuqonda, ukuthanda, ukwazi ububi akuyiyo okanye akukho nto: ukuba uhlobo olubi luhlala lucinga, uhlobo olubi olwenziwe eJamani lukaHitler, lulo lwabantu abancinci abangenanto abalandela imiyalelo embi, ukuba oku kunengqiqo, Ububi obunomdla ngakumbi, nokuba bubudala obudala ukuba yinto yabantwana, kukho into ephucukileyo kubukrelekrele. Nokuba loo nto okanye ikhuseleke kakhulu ukuba ingabonwa.
Ewe, kukho iingxaki ezimbalwa kolu hlalutyo, imingxunya embalwa kwithiyori yakhe. Nokuba kuyinyani malunga no-Eichmann, umzekelo, ukuba wayengu schnook engenazimvakalelo zinamandla kulandela nje iiodolo, umntu kwakufuneka anike ii-odolo. Ii-odolo kufuneka zivele kwenye indawo kunokuba ziye ndawo ngaphambi kokuba zilandelwe, okona kubaluleke kakhulu kumntu, emntwini. Ukuba loo miyalelo yaloo mntu yintshabalalo yabantu, ayisiyiyo imeko yokuyekiswa. Imiyalelo ka-Eichmann yavela ku-Reinhard Heydrich, umzekelo, owayethumela ngenzondelelo enkulu (engekho-banal) ye-exterminationist ka-Adolf Hitler. Akudingeki ukuba kuthiwe ukuba uHitler noHeydrich babengazukuyibhangisa nangayiphi na indlela. Isondele kule nto u-Ms Arendt ngokwakhe wabiza ngokuba bububi obunamandla. Kumsebenzi wakhe weklasikhi Imvelaphi yoBuzwilakhe (Ngo-1951), wabhala ngobukho bobubi obungenakuqondwa kwaye buchazwe ngeenjongo ezimbi zokuzingca, ukubawa, ukubawa, inzondo, ukuthanda amandla nobugwala, ububi obugqithisileyo… kunzima ukubuqonda nokuba ujongene nobungqina bayo. (ikekeliswe yam)
Kwakukho, kwimpendulo yokuqala kaNks. Arendt kwiinkampu zokubulala, uhlobo lokuthobeka kwefilosofi: ububi bamaNazi babugqithisile, babungenakuqondwa okanye bucaciswe, ngokuqinisekileyo akukho lula; kwakunzima nokucinga. Kodwa njengoko uRichard J. Bernstein, unjingalwazi wefilosofi kwiSikolo esitsha soPhando lwezeNtlalo, esitsho UHana Arendt kunye noMbuzo wamaJuda (IMIT Press), enye yezona ngxelo zibalaseleyo zalo mbandela, ngo-1963, uNksz Arendt wacinga ukuba unempendulo, ukuguqulwa okupheleleyo: Ububi abuzange bube nkulu, wabhalela uKarl Jaspers, ayichazeki, iyaqondakala, ichazwe libinzana elibonisa ububi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba abo bazifundisayo abathi bayamhlonela uArendt we-The Origins of Totalitarianism nangoku ngokungathandabuzekiyo bayalahla ibinzana lokuthintela ububi ngentlonelo, bengazi ukuba le ntsingiselo yamva iyakugatya oko kwakusenziwa-kukuphikisana okupheleleyo!
Kodwa kutheni le nto ibinzana lokungabikho kobubi lalinomtsalane kule minyaka idlulileyo, hayi eyabafundileyo kuphela? Enye yezinto endizifumene ndinomdla zokwenza uninzi lweenkqubo zentetho zikanomathotholo, ukusuka kwizikhululo ze-NPR ukuya kusasa ngexesha lokuqhuba kutyelelo lwam lwencwadi Ukuchaza uHitler , yayiyindlela ephantse yaqinisekiswa ukuba umnxeba omnye kuwo wonke umboniso uyakukhankanya ukungabikho kobubi ngokungathi sisilumkiso sobulumko nesingachaswanga malunga noHitler kunye nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Iyalungisa loo nto. Sikufumene konke oko. Akukho sidingo sokuzikhathaza ngakumbi. Konke malunga nokuvalwa kobubi. Ukupheliswa kobubi kuye kwaba yenye yezona meko zimangalisayo zokungabikho okwenene kwinkcubeko yethu.
Impendulo enye endinokuyinika abo batsalela umnxeba abathi nangona ndinengxaki ngokujonga ngqo ithisisi kaDaniel Goldhagen AbaGwebi Abavumayo bakaHitler , Enye yeenkonzo ezixabisekileyo ezenziwa yincwadi kaMnu Goldhagen kukubeka ixesha lokuphumla ngalo lonke ixesha umbono wokuba uHolocaust ngandlel 'ithile uyimveliso yesibhengezo. Abaphumezi bakaHitler abazimiseleyo, amakhulu amawaka abo, ukusuka ku-Eichmann ukuya ezantsi kumadoda abeke i-oveni, babonisa umdla kunye nomdla, ukuthanda umsebenzi wokubulawa kwabantu endaweni yokulandela nje-uku-oda ubukrelekrele. (Olu hlobo lokugqibela ngokungathandabuzekiyo luyafumaneka, ezangaphambili zazinempawu ngakumbi.)
Kodwa, ukubuyela kumbuzo wokuba kutheni: Kutheni le nto ukupheliswa kobubi kuye kwaba yimpendulo engenakucingelwa ngaphandle kokwenza isibheno esingeyonyani sokubhengeza ubuqhetseba bayo benkcubeko yefilosofi? Ndicinga ukuba impendulo inokuphakanyiswa ngokujonga malunga nemvelaphi yokulahlwa kuka-Arendt ngobubi obugqithisileyo kunye nokwamkela kwakhe isibhengezo, ngokoqobo nangokomfuziselo.
Umbhali ngobomi buka-Arendt, u-Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, unika ingxelo ebhaliweyo, ekhankanywe nguMnu. Bernstein: UArendt wazikhaba iingqondo awayezisebenzisa Imvelaphi yoBuzwilakhe ukwalatha kubume obungenakuqondakala bamaNazi ‘obungendawo obuqhelekileyo.’ Njengokuba wayesenza le nto wazikhulula kwiphupha elibi; Kwakungafuneki aphile noluvo lokuba izilo ezikhulu kunye needemon zazenze ukubulala izigidi. Ndicinga ukuba uNks. Young-Bruehl ulungile kwindawo ekuboniseni indibaniselwano, ixabiso lentuthuzelo lokushiya ububi bobubi obugqithisileyo ngombono wesibhengezo, nangona ndingathatha kancinci kwindlela uNks. Young-Bruehl Iphupha elibi lika-Arendt. Iphupha elibi yayingelilo izilo kunye needemon nangayiphi na indlela engaphaya kwendalo ezazisenza ubugebenga bamaNazi, kodwa ukuba abantu babekwazi ukwenza njengezilo kunye needemon. (Nks. Young-Bruehl kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayethetha le nto kwaye wayesebenzisa nje into emfutshane ukuyidlulisa.) Yayilulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe ngabantu abanoxanduva ngokupheleleyo, ababandakanyeka ngokupheleleyo, hayi oomatshini abangacingiyo bokurhweba iphepha, bengazi ukuba babesenza ntoni, ukwenza imiyalelo yokugcina uqeqesho kunye noloqeqesho, njengoko ukungabikho kwesikolo esikhohlakeleyo kunako. Abantu abakwaziyo ukwenza ukhetho olukhulu kunye nokukhetha ngokuzithandela ububi obubi.
Ukuyikhanyela le nto, njengoko esenza uNksk. Arendt kwimeko ka-Eichmann, kukuphika ubuso bobungqina obuyinyani, njengoko naye wayekhe wakubonakalisa oko. Nkqu Mnu Bernstein, ozama ukuzikhusela ngokungathandabuzekiyo ekubuyiseni u-Mme Arendt kunye nokwala ububi obugqithisileyo besibhengezo, uyavuma ukuba ubungqina buchaza ukuba u-Eichmann wayenenzondelelo yempambano ngakumbi ekwenzeni umsebenzi wakhe. Usikhumbuza kumbhalo osemazantsi obalulekileyo wokuba u-Eichmann wenza amatyelelo aphindaphindiweyo ukuya eHungary ukukhawulezisa ukubulala ngomzuzu wokugqibela phantse amaJuda asisigidi, de kwangoko wasinda kuthumelo lwenkampu zokufa. Ayisiyo isenzo sephepha elinombala elingenambala, kodwa ngumtshabalalisi onomdla onomdla.
Eli liphupha elibi abalekayo kubo, u-Arendt wabaleka ebusweni, ubungqina bokwenyani besisombululo sokugqibela, esinika ubuxoki kwiingxelo zabo zokuzimela kwindawo yokuma amangqina ejongene nokubulawa.
Kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto uninzi lutsala ngokucinga ngokungakhathali. Ayikuko kuba befuna ukuvumela abenzi bobubi ukuba baphume kwi-hook (nangona iyayenza loo nto) kodwa ngenxa yokuba iphupha elibi lika-Arendt licebisa ubunzulu oboyikisayo obunokuthi imeko yendalo yomntu iwele kuyo. Ukuwa ngaphandle komnatha. Iphula ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kwithemba lomntu, uGeorge Steiner wayichaza xa ndandidliwanondlebe naye ngencwadi yam. Kuthetha ukuba ususa umnatha wokhuseleko, umda kubunzulu esinokucinga ukuba ubume bomntu bunokuntywila. Ngulo mbono woyikisayo, le nyani uArendt ubalekile wajongana. Ubalekele kwisibhengezo.
Masithembe ukuba itheko lokuvela kweedayari ezizimeleyo zikaEichmann (enyanisweni ikwanguloo mkhuba wobuqhetseba obudala wokuba ingxelo ka-Arendt embi inike igqabi elisemthethweni) lingangumngcwabo, okanye ubuncinci Unaphakade, intuthuzelo engeyonyani yelaa mfo yobudenge malunga nokungabikho kobubi.
