Njengokuba ukugwetyelwa kukaBill Clinton kukhokelela kwisisombululo semozulu, inokuba ndim ndedwa okhathalayo ukuba asikasombululi uqhekezo lwaseWatergate, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwathintela inkqubo yokugqibela yokumangalelwa? Ngaba akunakuba awazi ukuba phantse amashumi amathathu eminyaka emva kokuqhekeka kukaJuni 1972, emva kwamakhulu kunye nekhulu leencwadi malunga nokuwa kukaRichard Nixon, akukho mpendulo ichanekileyo kumbuzo wokuba ingaba wayengenguye na ngubani owayalele uqhekezo?
Uyazi, ewe, ukuba amanqaku okubekwa ityala ngokuchasene noNixon yiKomiti yeJaji yeNdlu e1974, iteyipu yemipu eyamnyanzela ukuba arhoxe, ayimdibanisi nomyalelo wokuqala woqhekezo, umnxibelelanise kuphela nokufihla emva koko. Kukho ukuvumelana okungakhange kuhlolwe kakuhle phakathi kweentatheli kunye neembali zembali ezigxininise kwinyani yombuzo ka-Nixon wokuzibonisa: ukuba wothukile, wothuka xa wayeqala ukuva malunga nokuqhekeka, kwaye wayenetyala kuphela ukufihla, ukuba utshabalalise ubongameli bakhe ukuze azikhusele kwiimpazamo zabangaphantsi; ukuba yena, uNixon, wayelixhoba lokophulwa kwamanzi e-Watergate kunokuba abe ngumenzi wobubi.
Nangona kunjalo ubungqina balo mbono-bamkelwe phantse ngabo bonke abaphengululi kunye nababhali-mbali ngoku-bunokungaphezulu kokuphindaphindwa kukaNixon. Ibango lokuba, ndingaxoxa, ucelwa umngeni ngamazwi akhe kwiiteyiphu ze-White House ezisandula ukukhutshwa kwiindinyana ezimbini, imikhondo emibini eyatyeshelwayo xa umthamo omkhulu weetapeyipu ezazingazange ziviwe zatyhilwa, zabhalwa zaza zapapashwa nguNjingalwazi Stanley Kutler kunyaka ophelileyo (kwi Incwadi yakhe ethi Abuse of Power). Ukungahoywa ngenxa yevolumu, mhlawumbi, kodwa ukuhoywa kananjalo kuba akukho mntu, kubonakala ngathi, ngaphandle kwam, ebejonge- kuba kukho ukungabikho kwenkxalabo malunga nokucaca kwembali kulo mbuzo, ukungakhathali ngokungakhathali malunga nomcimbi osentliziyweni Elinye lawona maxesha aguqukayo kwezopolitiko nakwimbali kwimbali yaseMelika. Ngokwengxenye, mhlawumbi, ivela kwimfesane yokubuyela emva kukaNixon ziintatheli kunye nabagxeki abancede bamgxotha e-ofisini, emva kokurhoxa kwakhe-uhambile, masingabhalisi iinkcukacha, masingafumbi. Kodwa ukungakhathali okungakhathaliyo, ukungazi ngabom malunga nolu hlobo lweenkcukacha-ngubani na oyalele ukuba kuqhekezwe oku kuqale konke-yeyona nto izala iparanoia kunye nethiyori zelenqe. Ukanti abo bagqabazi kunye nababhali bemihlathi abasoloko bejongela phantsi iingcamango zelenqe ezingekho ngqiqweni babonakala ngathi abanako ukuwuphendula lo mbuzo ungaphendulwanga kwimbali yezopolitiko yakutshanje kukukhanya okungqongqo kohlalutyo olusengqiqweni.
Njengomntu owayegubungele ukuxoxwa kwetyala ngo-1974 kwaye wayekhona kwigumbi laseMpuma le-White House ukubukela ukuphuma kukaNixon, ndandinomdla yindlela inkqubo yokuncitshiswa okushiyekileyo ishiye imibuzo emininzi malunga nemicimbi yaseWatergate ingasonjululwanga Umnqweno wokuvala iincwadi kungekuphela nje ngexesha lokuphumla kodwa nakweminye imibuzo engasonjululwanga, njengaleyo ibifunwayo ngabaqhekezi, zeziphi ii-bugger ezazimamele xa zazigqobhoza, ngoobani ababeyimilambo ngaphakathi kuLawulo lweNixon yehlise kwaye yeyiphi iminqweno ababenayo (nokuba uyakholelwa embindini-okanye ubukho be-Deep Throat, isazisi sabantu abangaphakathi abo ukuvuza kwabo kuncedayo kuzisa ukuwa korhulumente onyuliweyo kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye akukaziwa) .
Kwiminyaka eliqela, ndizamile ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu ukuba nomdla kubantu kule mibuzo. Kwiphepha likaJuni 1982 leRiphabhlikhi eNtsha engaphendulwanga imibuzo ye-Watergate kwiminyaka eli-10 emva kokuqhekeka, ndaphikisa ngelithi, ukuba ndazi ukuba uNixon ngokwakhe uyalele ukungena kungenza ukutshintsha ukuqonda kwethu konke okwenzeka ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Ndingadibanisa ngoku ukuba iyakutshintsha ukuqonda kwethu amandla angaphakathi kaRichard Nixon, omnye wabalinganiswa baseMelika abakhulu, abanzima, nabangcungcuthekiswayo. Ngaba wayivuma yonke into kwiimemo zakhe ezininzi kunye ne-mea culpa s emva kokuba emkile e-ofisini, ngaba waye wahlambuluka ngendlela yokucoca umphefumlo xa wayeqhubeka egxininisa ukuba wenza iimpazamo zokufihla uqhekezo kodwa ngewayengazange acinge uku-odola? Okanye ngaba waya engcwabeni lakhe ngolunye lokugqibela-mhlawumbi oluchazayo-ubuxoki obukhulu?
Umntu unokucinga ukuba abaxhasi kunye nabachasi bakaNixon bafuna lo mbuzo usonjululwe ngokuqinisekileyo. Unokuxolelwa okanye, nokuba ebengenguye, kusenokwenzeka ukuba unokukhusela indlela aziphethe ngayo ukuba kufunyenwe ukuba uthathe le mfihlo yokugqibela wayibeka engcwabeni lakhe: Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kukho abo basalikhuselayo iAlger Hiss nangona, okanye ngenxa yokuba ethathe imfihlo yakhe yokugqibela, ubuxoki bakhe bokugqibela engcwabeni lakhe. Ayizukungavumeleki elona tyala lilungele iNixon, elenziwe nguLeonard Garment kwiCrazy Rhythm, umzekelo.
Abaxhasi bakaNixon bangathi uyigcinile le mfihlelo ngokulungileyo kwesizathu okanye into ayifumeneyo njengesizathu. UNixon usenokuba wayeziva ukuba ukufihla le mfihlelo yokugqibela kubalulekile ukuze ekugqibeleni ufumane isigwebo esilinganiselweyo ngakumbi kwimbali. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, imbali imbonakalisile ukuba ulungile malunga ne-Hiss, nangona esanyeliswa ngenxa yeentetho zakhe kunye neendlela zakhe kwityala lika-Hiss, i-vilification ekhokelele kwi-paranoia yakhe malunga neentshaba, i-paranoia leyo, umntu anokuphikisana nayo, yabangela i-Watergate. Kungenxa yokuba isizathu esivelileyo sokuqhekeka-nokuba ngu-Nixon yayiyile yokuyalela-luloyiko malunga neentshaba zakhe kuye.
Ndiya kuphakamisa ukuba ukungabikho kwengcaciso yembali kwisenzo esichaziweyo soMongameli wokugqibela ojamelene nokuchaswa uthi nkqu nabakhuseli bakaMongameli uClinton kufuneka bacele ukuba kuhlolwe ngokupheleleyo ubungqina kwi-Senate kunokuba kuxoxwe ityala elithile.
Anditsho ukuba ndiphendule lo mbuzo ngokuqinisekileyo apha, kodwa imikhondo emitsha ndiza kuyibonisa ukuba kukho umntu ophilayo ongeza ngaphambili ukunceda imbali ukuba isombulule. Kuqala kufuneka siye kwiiteyiphu. Njengoko ukuvela kweetheyiphu ezintsha zeNixon kwinyanga ephelileyo (kwimeko yomgwebo welifa laseNixon) kubonisiwe kwakhona, ukuqonda kwethu iNixon kufuneka kuhlale okwethutyana de kuphume iiteyiphu. Kodwa siyazi ngoku ukusuka kupapasho luka-1997 lokukhutshelwa nguNjingalwazi uKutler ukuba uNixon wayengenakukuphikisa ukuyalela ukugqobhoza.
Ndifuna uqhekezo, uxelela u-HR Haldeman kwiteyiphu kaJuni 30, 1971, enyanzelisa okwesibini ukuba iqela lakhe le-White House liphule iBrookings Institution, itanki lokucinga elinenkululeko elihambelana nokukhutshwa kwePentagon Papers. Uya kungena endaweni, uphathe iifayile uze ungenise, wongeza. (Oku kungena kunye nesicwangciso esifanelekileyo sokuqhushumisa umlilo eBrookings njengesembozo esingazange senziwe.)
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, uNixon wayezamile ukusebenzisa iiteyiphu ukubanga ukuba bayamsusa kulowo u-oda-i-Watergate-break-in umbuzo. Kwimemori yakhe, i-RN, uthi ukukhutshwa kwe (i-edited) inguqulelo ye-White House yeetheyiphu ngo-1974 kwangqina ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ndandingazi malunga nokuqhekeka kwangaphambili. Isiteyitimenti ekufuneka sivuse ukuthandabuza, kuba ingxelo ebhaliweyo ayibonisi nto injalo. Kububuxoki obucace gca ukuphikisa ukuba ngenxa yokuba engeva kukhetho oluhleliweyo lweeteyipu evuma ngokungqalileyo ukuba uyalele ukugqobhoza, ngenxa yokuba uyayiphika ekhasethini xa wayesazi ukuba wayerekhodelwa imbali, ke, kungqinwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba khange ayenze.
Ukungafihlisi kobuxoki kucebisa ukuphelelwa lithemba okanye ukungabikho kwabo nabuphi na obunye ubungqina angakhange abenze. Ngaphandle kweyodwa: impikiswano evela kubunkunkqele. Kwimemori yakhe, kwiiteyiphu zakhe, kwidayari yakhe ebhaliweyo kwiintsuku emva kokuqhekeka, i-RN iphinda ivakalise indlela othuke ngayo, othuke ngayo, hayi kakhulu ngokuzikhethela kodwa kukhetho ekujoliswe kulo, IDemokhrasi Ikomkhulu leKomiti kaZwelonke eWatergate. Savvy, pols ezintsonkothileyo njengaye, i-RN isixelela (kunye nedayari yakhe), angazi ukuba akuzange kubekho nabuphi na ubukrelekrele kwezopolitiko obunokufumaneka kwikomkhulu leqela, ukungcola okwenyani kuya kufunyanwa kwikomkhulu lomgqatswa kaMongameli ohlukileyo. Iiteyiphu ezisandula ukukhutshwa (iitranskripthi zikaKutler zika-1997) zibonelela ngenguqulelo entsha yalo mgca-kodwa ngogqabhuko-mbala olumangalisayo olutyhila ukuba ngumgca nje.
NguJuni 20, 1972. UMongameli, owayephumle eKey Biscayne ngeempelaveki zikaJuni 17, ubuyile emsebenzini e-White House ecebisana no-HR Haldeman, umongameli wakhe oyintloko kwisicwangciso-qhinga. ukufihla okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kumhlise. Incoko yabo yokuqala erekhodweyo ngalo mhla yathatha malunga nemizuzu emi-2 kwaye ngoku ingumsindo omkhulu we-elektroniki, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ususe ngabom.
Kodwa kwincoko elandelayo ngala mini, incoko yokuqala erekhodiweyo ukusinda, uNixon noHaldeman baxoxa ukuba ngubani oza kuthatha ityala kwiWatergate: Kule meko, uMongameli uyadanduluka, Thixo wam, ikomiti ayifanelekanga, kwiingcinga zam. Akufanelekanga ukuba kuguqulwe kuba abapolitiki bayazi ukuba ikomkhulu leqela yimingxunya eyomileyo. Sivile ukuba kuye ngaphambili, okanye sikubonile kwiiteyiphu ezikhutshiweyo ngaphambili kunye neememo, kodwa ke wongeza ukwamkelwa okumangalisayo malunga nesi sizathu, Yiyo eyam intambo yoluntu.
Lowo ngumgca wam woluntu. Isiphumo esingathandabuzekiyo kukuba inyani eyimfihlo ngalo mbandela yahlukile; Inyaniso yabucala kukuba uyazi kakuhle ukuba bekukho isizathu sokuba yena kunye ne-henchman yakhe bacinge ukuba ikomkhulu le-Watergate le-Democratic National Committee kufanelekile.
Yintsingiselo ebonakala ngathi iqinisekisiwe yimpendulo kaHaldeman, othi bekungafanelekanga ukwenza bugging ngaphandle kwento yemali. Bacinga ukuba banento eyenzekayo kuloo nto.
Aphendule uRichard Nixon, engabonisi nto ingamangalisiyo, ngokungathi ziindaba ezindala ezi, le nto yemali: Ewe, ndicinga njalo.
Ukuba olu tshintshiselwano alungqineli ukwazi kwangaphambili kokuqhekeka kwecala likaNixon okanye ukuba uyalele, kuyanikezela ubuxoki ekuphikiseni kwakhe okuphindaphindiweyo ukuba yonke loo nto ibingenakucaciseka kuye kuba ebenolwazi olunzulu lokujonga iWatergate njenge ekujoliswe kuko. Kodwa uthini ngento yemali ayithethayo uHaldeman, umbono wokuba-nokuba ngubani na-babecinga ukuba banento eyenzekayo? Kubonakala ngathi kukuqhubeka kokuxhasa ithiyori ethe yavela ukuze icacise ukuba ngowesibini umcimbi ongasombululwanga obaluleke kakhulu kwithiyori yeWatergate: Zazifuna ntoni izigebenga, zazimamele ntoni iibugger?
Into yezemali ibonakala ngathi ibhekisa kulwazi olunokuba nobungozi lokuzibandakanya kwezemali eNixon ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayikusihlalo weDemocratic Party uLarry O'Brien, iofisi yakhe yayiseWatergate kwaye ifowuni yakhe yayijolise kuyo. Njengoko ongasekhoyo uJ.Anthony Lukas, ongomnye wababhali-mbali abachanekileyo baseWatergate, Imikhosi yaseNixon ibizama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni u-O'Brien awayeyazi malunga nokusebenzisana phakathi kukaNixon noHoward Hughes, ngakumbi i-100, 000 yeedola eyadlula kwisigidi sezigidi saya kuMongameli. Umhlobo uCharles (Bebe) Rebozo, inxalenye yayo ethe kamva yachithwa kwimpahla nezinto zobucwebe kuMongameli nosapho.
UJeb Magruder, indoda eyanika abaqhekezi baseWatergate ukuya phambili emva kokufumana uxinzelelo kubantu abaphezulu, yaqinisekisa kuLukas kwiforum kawonkewonke ngo-1987 ukuba eyona njongo yokuqhekeza yayikukujongana nolwazi oluye lwathunyelwa. malunga noHoward Hughes kunye noLarry O'Brien kwaye oko kwakuthetha ntoni malunga nemali ebekucingelwa ukuba inikwe uBebe Rebozo kwaye ichithwe kamva nguMongameli.
Ngu Mnu.Magruder ojolise kwisalathiso sesibini sokuyalela ukuba ngubani owayalela ukuba kuqhekezwe imfihlakalo, kungcwatywa kwimibhalo ebhalwe nguKutler. Ewe, ibingangcwatywanga ncam, ibibonakala ngathi iyandihlaba, kodwa ikwabonakala ngathi ayihoywanga ngabo bonke abanye abantu. Abanye abavavanyi kunye nabagqabazi malunga nokukhululwa kwe-1997 enyanisweni bathathe umgca weNixon ukuba iiteyiphu ezintsha zaqinisekisa ukuba uNixon akazange ayalele ukugqobhoza ngamandla kwigama likaNixon yedwa, ilizwi lendoda ekufuneka ithethwe. , kakhulu njengoBill Clinton, akazange ayivume into de ukutshaya-umpu okanye ubungqina obunxibe iimpahla bumnyanzele.
Ngu-Matshi 27, 1973. UNixon kunye noHaldeman baphinde babanjwa ekhasethini, ngeli xesha ngomzuzwana xa ukugquma abakugcinayo kule khasethi yokugqibela bekungqubeka, abo bangaphantsi kwabo baseWatergate njengo Mnu. Magruder, Hugh Sloan noJames McCord kwiijaji ezinkulu kwaye bezama ukucoca ubugqwetha ababenzileyo ukuxhasa ukhuselo (oluye lwaphumelela ekubambeni nasekuncedeni i-RN ukuba iphumelele ngoNovemba 1972). Kule khasethi, uHaldeman unento ejika ibe ziindaba ezimnandi ze-RN: ukuba uMnu.Magruder woyika ukuhlawuliswa ngobuxoki ukuya kuthi ga apho uMnu Magruder manani ukuba sele ekuye-ukuba uza tsala wonke umntu, kuye kwafuneka azicoce naye.
Emva koko uHaldeman uxelela uNixon ngento ayivileyo uMnumzana Magruder uza kuthi: eyona nto yenzekileyo kwiWatergate kukuba konke oku kucwangciswa bekuqhubeka… babenazo zonke izicwangciso kodwa bebengakulungelanga ukuqala ngazo, emva koko [Umncedisi kaHaldeman uGordon] uStrachan ubize [Mnu. Magruder] okanye ugqithe kuye okanye into ethile wathi: UHaldeman uthe awunakulibazisa ukuqala kwalo msebenzi kwaye uMongameli ukuyalele ukuba uye phambili kwangoko kwaye awuzukuma kwakhona, kufuneka uwufumane. yenziwe.
Nantsi: uMongameli uyalele ukuba uqhubeke. Ingxelo yesithathu yoko kuthethwe nguMnu. Magruder, kodwa ingxelo yesithathu ukuba iyinyani, ngompu wokugqibela wokutshaya. Akukho nanye kuphando lwangaphambili lweWatergate olunike impendulo eqinisekileyo malunga nokuba ngubani ophakamileyo-owayengu-Aristotelian Ofanelekileyo Unobangela wokuqhekeka. Isizathu esisesikweni yayisisimo separanoia malunga neentshaba kwiNixon White House, kodwa ngubani owanikezela ngenkqubela phambili yokugqibela: Ngaba yayinguHaldeman, uMitchell, uCharles Colson okanye uMongameli ngokwakhe?
Oku kulandela oku kubonakala ngathi nguMongameli kwiteyiphu akufani nokukhanyela ngokuqinisekileyo umntu anokulindela. Oku kulandelayo endaweni ye-colloquy engathandekiyo apho uNixon kunye noHaldeman bobabini bayazi ukuba iteyiphu ibaleka le tapile ishushu ye-Nixon oda ngapha nangapha, ihlala iliginger. Akukho namnye kubo obonakala eqinisekile ngokupheleleyo okanye engathandabuzekiyo ekuyikhanyeleni.
Ewe, uBob, utsho uNixon. Makhe sijonge iinyani ezikhoyo apho. Ngaba oko kwenzeka? Umntu unokucinga ukuba uya kuba nguye owaziyo ukuba kwenzeke, kodwa ayisiyiyo le ayithethayo.
Hayi, uHaldeman uphendula ngokunyaniseka, ngekhe kwenzeke. Kodwa uNixon usabonakala efuna ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona: Ubuza uHaldeman.
Andikholelwa njalo, utsho uHaldeman ngaphandle kokugwetywa ngokupheleleyo. Ayikwazanga? URN ubuza kwakhona.
Ayisiyo inguqulelo malunga neWatergate, uHaldeman uthi ngokuthe ngqo.
Ke kabini i-RN ithi, andikholelwa ukuba iyinyani, apho afaka khona ukuzikhusela kwakhe kweklasikhi: Uyazi kakuhle ukuba thina-siyothuka kakhulu xa sasisiva ngento kaThixo.
RN: wothukile, wothukile kwakhona.
Umbuzo wokuba uyakholelwa na kwingxelo kaMagruder malunga nokuqhekeka kwe-RN uxakanisiwe kancinci yiakhawunti eyahlukileyo kaMagruder yokuphula kuka-Mongameli. Njengokuba ndibonisile ngo-1991 emva koko kwimbali yam yeRiphabhlikhi eNtsha (epapashwe kwingqokelela yam yobuntatheli Ukuhamba noGqr. Ukufa, eza kuphinda ikhutshwe yiMacmillan yase-UK kamva kulo nyaka) kukho enye iakhawunti ebalulekileyo yeMagruder ebonakala komnye umthombo ongakhathalelwanga: Umbhalo osemazantsi kwiCitizen Hughes, nge-1985 yebhiliyoni ye-eccentric billionaire kunye nemfihlo yeNixon funder nguMichael Drosnin. Kuyo, uMnu. Drosnin ubalisa ngencoko awayenayo nomntu ongabizwa ngegama ovela kumxholo (ngokungathandabuzekiyo kum) ukuba abe nguMnu. Magruder. Kuyo, wathi wayekhona e-ofisini yenkokheli ye-RN uJohn Mitchell ngethuba uMitchell efumana umnxeba ovela kwi-RN emcela ukuba abeke umsebenzi ngokuchasene no-Larry O'Brien.
Oku akuthethi kuthi kuyaphikisana nengxelo yokutshaya ngo-Matshi 27, 1973, itheyiphu: I-RN ibinokuba nomdla wokufumanisa ukuba utshaba lwakhe olukhulu u-O'Brien wayenalo kuye (yintoni u-O'Brien anokuyifunda kwindima yakhe njengomcebisi U-Hughes) wayenokubiza uMitchell noHaldeman ukuba babacele ukuba baphume kwi-dime kwaye babeke isicwangciso. Kwimbali yam yasemva kwe1991 kwibali elitsha leRiphabhlikhi, ndacebisa ukuba ingxelo yencoko kaMagruder kwincwadi yeDrosnin isenokuba yeyona ikufutshane esinokuze sidibanise iRN ngqo kwisigqibo somyalelo, nangona oko kuhlala kunganyanzelekanga- Iakhawunti yesabelo somnxeba osuka kwi-RN ngummeli.
Kodwa ukuphelelwa lithemba malunga nesisombululo esichanekileyo sombuzo kunokuba kubangelwe kukungazithembi malunga nokucaca kwembali (ithemba elaligxininisa ekubhaleni lichaza uHitler), kwaye mhlawumbi kuhlobo lokungafuni ingxelo. Ndizamile ngentliziyo engaphelelanga amatyeli aliqela ukulandela umkhondo kaMnu. Magruder, ekuthiwa urhoxile endaweni yokulandela ubizo lwenkolo. Kodwa nokuba bendifikelele kuye, obunye ubuthathaka bam njengentatheli kukungafuni kwam (okanye ukungakwazi kwam) ukujija iingalo zabantu abangafuni kuthetha.
Kodwa uze ucinge ngayo, kutheni le nto kufuneka silandelele uMnu Magruder phantsi kwaye sijije ingalo yakhe? Umntu uthiyile ukumphazamisa kubizo lakhe lokuzinikela, kodwa ngaba akanatyala kuthi, kwimbali, kwisazela sakhe kunye noMdali wakhe ukuba ekugqibeleni acoce kwaye acacise izinto? Ngokufa kukaHaldeman noMitchell, uMnu Magruder inokuba kuphela kwakhe oyaziyo inyaniso. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngandlel 'ithile le kholamu iya kumfumana kwaye uya kuthi-ngeli xesha lifanelekileyo, xa sihamba kwenye ingxaki yobugqwetha, ngaphandle kokugqitywa kokugqibela enze uxolo noThixo, noRichard Nixon nabantu baseMelika kwaye Sinike, ukuba anganako, impendulo esisweleyo kulo mbuzo ubalulekileyo ungasonjululwanga.
