IColossal Statue kaFaro ovela kubukumkani obuPhakathi base-Egypt, (malunga. 1919-1885 B.C.). (Ifoto: UMyuziyam wase-Egypt kunye nokuQokelelwa kwePapyrus, iMyuziyam kaRhulumente, eBerlin) Wonke umntu ongaphezulu kweminyaka eli-18 kufuneka akhumbule iTut-mania. Ukusukela nge1922, xa umembi wezinto zakudala uHoward Carter wafumanisa ingcwaba likaKumkani uTutankhamun, inkwenkwe eyayilawula iJiphutha de wasweleka eneminyaka eyi-19, umhlaba ubufuna isidibanisi sokuhleba kukaKing Tut. Nokuba ubungomnye wabantu abazizigidi ezisi-8 abakhe umgca wokujonga igolide yakhe esulungekileyo, ibhokisi eneepawundi ezingama-240 eMetropolitan Museum of Art ngo-1978 okanye kwimiboniso ngo-2010, ubundlobongela abuzange buguquke phantse ikhulu leminyaka. INtloko yeSitampu sika-Amenemhat III enxibe isithsaba esimhlophe
IGreywacke, (malunga ne-1859-1813
()). (Ifoto: Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)
Impucuko yase-Egypt ithatha iminyaka engaphezulu kwama-3 000, ukanti uluntu luye lwaxhalaba malunga ne-sliver yayo: I-King Tut inokuba yeyona indumasi yobugcisa base-Egypt, nkqu nobuso bayo, kodwa kuthekani ngomzimba wayo? Yiyo kanye le nto iMetropolitan Museum yoBugcisa eza kutyhila ngomboniso wayo ozayo, I-Egypt yamandulo iguqulwe: uBukumkani obuPhakathi, Ukuvula ngo-Okthobha 12.
Umboniso omkhulu kwaye ubanzi: imisebenzi yobugcisa engama-230 evela kwiimyuziyam ezingama-33 zamazwe aphesheya, uninzi lwazo oluya kwenza amatyala abo kumhlaba waseMelika ukugcwalisa iindawo ezingenanto zolwazi loluntu. Iyaboniswa kude kube nguJanuwari 24, 2016, kwi- Itheyibhile yeegalari , Isithuba esikhulu seMet kwii-15,000 zeenyawo zenyawo, iziqwenga ezibukhulu ngokobungakanani obusuka kwi-intshi enye ye-scarab amulets ukuya kwii-10.5 Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaFaro iya kutshatisa indlela ngeli xesha lokungakhathalelwa kwimbali yobugcisa base-Egypt.
Ukhetho lweMet lubetha. Luhlobo lwexesha elingaziwayo. Yinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu ukuyenza, utshilo uSam Merrin, umthengisi wezinto zakudala kwiFifth Avenue's Igalari yeMerrin -Kwaye ungumnini wesigidi esiyi- $ 1.1 se-mummy kunye nesarcophagus. [Kodwa] akukho mbuzo engqondweni yam ukuba izakubanomdla.
Ukufihlwa kwexesha yayiyinxalenye yesibheno kumphathi oyintloko, uAdela Oppenheim. Kulungile ukuveza uluntu kunye nomntu abangaqhelananga naye, uxelele uMqwalaseli. Unethemba lokuba abatyeleli bazakhela umbono kubugcisa base-Egypt obungagcini nje [ngokujolisa] kwezi faro zidumileyo ezaziwa ngumntu wonke kwaye [ziqonde] ukuba yayiyinkcubeko ebanzi kwaye ityebile-ayimanga njengokuba ndicinga ngamanye amaxesha . Ixesha leentlanzi zegolide. (Ifoto: ngoncedo lweMyuziyam kaZwelonke eScotland)
Ubugcisa obulungileyo babunako ukukhula kuphela ngenxa yopharao wesibini, uMentuhotep II (Men-two-hoe-tep), okhokela i-Egypt kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiminyaka yobumnyama malunga ne-2030 BC, ephawula ukuqala kobukumkani obuPhakathi. (malunga nowe-2030-1650 BC).
Jonga yonke iMboniso yoBugcisa yokuwa apha.
Emva kweminyaka engama-100 okanye malunga neengxabano, wahlanganisa kwakhona imimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseMntla naseMzantsi waza walawula iminyaka engama-50. Ngoku bakwazi ukuchitha ixesha elincinci kwibala lomlo, ama-Egypt kunye nobugcisa bawo bachuma, kwaye kwabakho impumelelo ekwakhiweni kwetempile.
Ubugcisa bobucwebe bafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngexesha loBukumkani baseMbindi. Kwimali mboleko evela kwiMyuziyam yaseManchester Riqqeh Imiphefumlo , igolide efakwe isifuba esine-lapis lazuli kunye ne-carnelian eqhotyoshelweyo ukuze iintaka, amehlo kaHorus kunye neentyatyambo-iisimboli eziphambili zase-Egypt-kabini ukufana nobuso. Akubalulekanga ukuba ibe ngu-2 ngo-2 intshi, ukanti iinkcukacha ziyamangalisa.
UKing Tut unokuba ngumntu odumileyo wobugcisa base-Egypt, nkqu nobuso bayo-kodwa kuthekani ngomzimba wayo?
Umboniso awuyi kuba nangxaki ekuhambiseni loo nto, ngakumbi kwezinye zeempawu zayo. Jonga nje Intloko ka-Amenemhat III , umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaFaro, olawulo lwakhe oluninzi luthatha njengexesha legolide loBukumkani boMbindi. Ulusu olugobileyo, iingxowa ezincinci phantsi kwamehlo-iintloko eziyi-1.5-ubude zisuka eCopenhagen zibonisa iimpawu zokwaluphala, ukukhula kunye nokunyaniseka ekubonakalisweni kobukhosi obungekhoyo kubugcisa be-Old Kingdom, apho ubukhosi buyi-17 ngonaphakade.
Uninzi lolwazi lobugcisa base-Egypt luqinile kakhulu, iTorkom Demirjian, umthengisi wezinto zakudala kunye nomnini we Iifoto zika-Ariadne , uxelele uMqwalaseli. Kodwa apha ufumana umbono wenkululeko. INtloko yeSitatimenti sobuThixo Bovine, (c. 2124-1981 B.C. (Ifoto: Louvre Museum)
Kukwakho nemizobo yosapho, ukuboniswa kwamaqela eshumi elinambini okanye lezizalwane eziqingqiweyo elityeni, kunye nemifanekiso emininzi enjalo yoomama nabantwana babo abancinci. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woMtyali uhleli phantsi. (Ifoto: Iimyuziyam zikaRhulumente zaseBerlin, iMyuziyam yase-Egypt kunye nokuQokelelwa kwePapyrus)
Phantse isinye kwisithathu sento eya kuba ngumbono uvela kwingqokelela ebanzi, eyaziwayo kwihlabathi. Imyuziyam yemba izinto zayo ezininzi zase-Egypt ngexesha le-20th century, yanika iMet isiseko esomeleleyo sokwakha umboniso omkhulu, utshilo uNkosazana Oppenheim.
Ngelixa indawo eguqukayo yobukumkani izakufumana icandelo layo, umYiputa mihla le ufumana ukukhanya apha-indawo edla ngokuhlala ngamanani afana noKing Tut noRamses. Amakhubalo enxitywa mihla le ukukhusela oomoya abakhohlakeleyo, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wokhuni owenziwe ngemibala okhusela abafazi kunye nabantwana, isitya esipeyintiweyo esiluhlaza esibonisa uhambo lomngcwabo-umboniso awuzukuhla kuloo mizi okanye kwizinto zesiko. Okuthakazelisayo ngokwaneleyo, akukho nanye yale nto yayithathwa njengobugcisa kumaYiputa-babengenalo nelizwi lobugcisa. AmaYiputa ayengabenzi ngokwenene ubugcisa ngenxa yobugcisa ngendlela esenza ngayo namhlanje, UNks Oppenheim uxelele uMqwalaseli.
Inkolo ka-Osiris, uthixo wobomi basemva kokufa, wayephila kwaye ephile qete, kwaye ubugcisa benziwa ngakumbi ngamehlo oothixo, hayi kuthi ngabantu abaphantsi, kungoko ukucokiswa kwezi ziqwenga kungasayi kuphoxeka. Oku akuyi kuba nesibheno sesini sika'King Tut, 'utshilo uMnu. Demirjian. Kodwa mhlawumbi ngaphezulu komtsalane kunye nemincili yokuqhekeka okutsha.
