Idonga isitalato. (Ifoto: Spencer Platt / Getty Izithombe) Khumbula ukuba zazinkulu kangakanani ii-80s? Owasindayo yayiliqela hayi umboniso kwaye sasingadingi ukuba iSebe lezoBulungisa likhuphe izikhokelo ezizodwa ezibhengeza ukuba izaphuli mthetho zekhola ezimhlophe ziya kohlwaywa, babenjalo.
Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo kweli hlobo, UDennis Levine , umlawuli olawulayo eDrexel Burnham Lambert, wabanjwa kwindawo yokurhweba ngaphakathi eyayiza kuthi ekugqibeleni ixhase amanye amagama amakhulu eWall Street. Wagwetywa iminyaka emibini entolongweni, wavalwa ekuthengiseni ubomi, wanyanzelwa ukuba alahle i-11.5 yezigidi zeerandi kwinzuzo, okanye phantse zonke iimpahla zakhe zolwelo. Wagwetywa iminyaka emibini entolongweni.
Ukusukela ngo-2005, igalelo lika Mnu.Levine kwimbali yezemali yaseMelika ibingumthombo wengxoxo eyoyikisayo kodwa ethe cwaka ngaphakathi kwiWikipedia. Lilonke, iinguqu ezingama-225 zenziwe kwiphepha likaMnu Levine okoko laqala ukwenziwa, ngabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo beWikipedia abangama-104. Ngaphezulu kwesithathu sabahleli abangaziwa. Utshintsho lwedijithali lubonisa indlela ebaluleke ngayo imithombo yolwazi ebekelwe bucala.
Ngelixa kungekho ndlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abasebenzisi abangaziwayo bathambise iphepha lika Mnu.Levine kunye neqela lakhe bakwenza oko ngokuyalelwa kwabo, siyazi ukuba abanye benze njalo. Ngeli hlobo, i-Sunshine Sachs, inkampani ye-PR, ivumile ukuba abanye babasebenzi bayo bebepholisa ithoni yokungenayo malunga nabanye abathengi bayo kwi INew York Times ibali .
Ukungena kuka-Mnu.Levine kwiWikipedia kucaphula uMsebenzi wobugcisa wePulitzer kaJames Stewart ka-1991, Umhadi wamasela Ukutyhubela iminyaka, u-Levine wakha uthungelwano lweengcali kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo zeWall Street ezazirhweba ngaphakathi. Abathathi-nxaxheba batshintshiselana kwaye bathengise ngolwazi lwangaphakathi abalufumene ngomsebenzi wabo. Incwadi ichaza uLeviine njengoyena mntu ophakathi kwibhanki yotyalo-mali - uyagxothwa nguMnu. Stewart njengomntu otyebe ngokugqithisileyo, otyebe kakhulu, ozithobayo, noDennis Levine ongasebenziyo. Kodwa iincwadi zithi unaso esinye isakhono: ukugaya abalahlekileyo abangamalolo kwiibhanki ezikhuphisanayo kunye neefemu zomthetho ezinxulumene noko, nokuzilungisa ukuba zihambe ngamaphepha eboss yabo ebusuku ukuze babelane ngeemfihlo zabo naye. Ngoku, kukhangeleka ngathi kukho uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwabasebenzi olusekiweyo- iqela lokucoca iWikipedia licutha phantsi irekhodi kumadoda anxulumene neli xesha leempazamo zemali.
Akunakwenzeka ngokwenene ukufihla utshintsho kwiWikipedia. Yonke into ebhaliweyo yombhalo wephepha igcinwe. Bonke abantu ekufuneka bekwenzile ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni etshintshileyo kukuthelekisa enye inguqulelo kwenye, kwaye le nkqubo yenza kube lula ukuyenza, nkqu nokuqaqambisa iindawo apho iinguqulelo zahlukile khona.
Nalu ulwahlulo lokuhlela kumaphepha azinikezelwe kubalinganiswa abane abaphambili kwezo ntshutshiso:
| Umrhwebi | Ungeno lokuqala (ii-byte) | Ungeniso lwangoku (byte) | Ulungiso | Abasebenzisi | Ipesenti engaziwayo | Iintlawulo nge-SEC |
| UDennis Levine | Iindidi: 3,856 (6/14/05) | 11,360 | 225 | 104 | 37.5 | $ 362,000 |
| UMichael Milken | 596 (12/21/2001) | 31,682 | 1640 | 675 | 51.1 | $ 200 yezigidi |
| UIvan Boesky | 1,230 (4/5/2004) | 11,800 | 316 | 204 | 38.7 | $ 100 yezigidi |
| UMartin Siegel | 325 (3/12/2005) | 3,547 | 65 | 37 | 27 | $ 9 yezigidi, izohlwayo zoluntu |
Ukugxila kuMnumzana uLevine, uphando lwakhe olukhokelele ekuweni kwabanye, siyabona ukuba iphepha malunga naye yaqala ukusebenza ngoJuni 14, 2005. Iphepha lokuqala labhalwa ngu umsebenzisi ongaziwayo obonakala ngathi uyasebenza ukusuka kwiHewlett-Packard Corporation ePalo Alto, California (ngokusekwe kwidilesi ye-IP yomsebenzisi). Iphepha lasekuqaleni lalifutshane ngokufutshane, iyonke ingama-3,856 byte. Idilesi ye-IP enxulunyaniswa noyilo lokuqala yayisebenza ukusukela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2009, ukuhlela amaphepha ahlukeneyo.
Ukusukela ngoko, iphepha belingumbandela wemfazwe ehleliweyo eqhutywa ikakhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi abajikelezayo abachongwe kuphela ziidilesi zabo ze-IP kunye nomhleli omnye ozinikeleyo, Ukulenga , uphuma eMantla Carolina. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeedilesi ze-IP zinobunzima ngexesha le-imbroglio. Uninzi lwazo lubonakala ngathi lusebenzisa iiakhawunti ezifihla indawo ezihlala kuyo, nangona kwangoko kubonakala ngathi zibekwe eLong Island. Emva kwexesha, ukuhlela kuvela kumaseva avakala ngokungaqhelekanga abeka abasebenzisi kwiindawo ezinje ngeZurich, eTexas naseCalifornia, kodwa banokusebenzisa iinkonzo ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo be-IP.
Kula maqela mabini aphikisayo, i-HangingCurve yayiyeyokuqala ukulinganisa kwiphepha lika Mnu. Wenza igalelo lakhe lokuqala NgoSeptemba 18, 2007 , ubeka ibali ngokulandelelana ngakumbi kwaye ungeze ulwazi oluvela kwimbali yesifundo, Ngaphandle nangaphakathi.
Ifayay yokuqala
Iakhawunti engaziwa okwangoku ibelwe iVerizon FiOS IP eHewlett , eLong Island, wenza ilinge lokuqala lokucoca iphepha likaMnu.Levine ngoJulayi 23, 2008, ukuqala nge olu hlaziyo , esusa ingxelo yokuba izakhono zakhe zezibalo zazingaphantsi kakhulu.
Iseti yesibini yomsebenzisi yokuhlaziywa ngaloo mini inomdla ngakumbi, nangona kunjalo. Okokuqala, ngaphandle kokugwetywa kuka Mnu. Levine, yafaka izityholo kwinkcazo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Yongeze inani lokuhlela ukomeleza ukubaluleka kwakhe, njengokumbiza njengeyona nto iphambili yokuthengisa kunye nokuchaza umsebenzi wakhe njengemeteoric. Nye hlela encinci utshintshe ibinzana kwiingeniso ezingekho mthethweni kwinzuzo yokurhweba. Okokugqibela, kodwa mhlawumbi okona kubalulekileyo, yiyo izilungiso kwintshayelelo yakhe ukwenza ukuba kucace ukuba uMnu. Levine wayesebenza kunye UMichael Milken , ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Junk Bond King.
Idabi lihlangene
NgoSeptemba 18, 2008, I-Moe99 isusiwe ukongezwa kwe-hagiographic ekungeneni kukaMnu. Levine, kubandakanya nesityholo. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, Wikiscriber1 , iakhawunti esele ivaliwe ngoku, iya kuyibuyisela yonke. I-Moe99 ikhethe ukuphuma ngo-Okthobha, kodwa i-HangingCurve iqhubekile.
Inqaku elinye leWikipedia elinokwenza ukuba imfazwe yokuhlela icace gca kukukwazi kwawo nawuphi na umsebenzisi ukuhlengahlengisa ukuhlela kwangaphambili, ngokufanelekileyo ukubuyisela iphepha kurhulumente ngaphambi kokuba umntu asebenze kulo. Ngapha koko, umsebenzisi angalibuyisela iphepha nakuphi na ukuhlela kwangaphambili nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngokucofa, umntu angabuyisa iphepha likaMnu Levine kwisimo sokungena okokuqala ukusukela ngo-2005.
Idabi elibi lokulungisa nokuphinda lenze ukuhlela laqala ngo-Okthobha u-2008 ukuya kuSeptemba ka-2009. Ngokusisiseko, abasebenzisi abohlukeneyo babuyela umva bengena kwaye bekhupha ulwimi olwenza ukuba uMnu Levine avakele njengobalulekileyo, umgcini-bhanki onobuchule kunye nokudlala ityala lakhe.
Nasi isicatshulwa iiakhawunti ezingaziwayo ezilwile nzima ukuzigcina. Ibonakalisa umsebenzi wakhe akuba ephumile entolongweni, kwaye unomgangatho webio ekupheleni kokukhutshwa kweendaba:
Ekugqibeleni, u-Levine wabuyela kwilizwe lezemali njengomongameli weqela le-ADASAR, inkampani ecebisa ngezemali. Kwindima yakhe njengomcebisi wezezimali kunye nomnxibelelanisi weshishini, u-Levine unceda iinkampani ukuba ziphuhlise iimodeli zeshishini ezikhuphisanayo ngelixa zisakha ubudlelwane obunobuchule ngokufikelela kwakhe okungalinganiyo kunye nendlela.
Iinguqulelo ezininzi kolu dabi zenziwa IP ebhalisiweyo ngoku kwenye iakhawunti ye-FiOS, eGreat Neck, eNew York.
Le skrini iluncedo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqaphele apha ngamanani anemibala ezantsi embindini wesikrini. Amanani amele ii-byte-ingakanani idatha etshintshiweyo kwiphepha. Olubomvu kuthetha ukuba zingaphi ii-byte, kwimali eseleyo, ezisuswe kuhlelo olunikiweyo. Oluhlaza kuthetha ukuba zingaphi ii-byte, ezilinganisiweyo, ezongeziweyo. 
Ukusuka kwiphepha lentetho lokungena kuka-Mnu. Levine kwi-Wikipedia. Oko kukuthi, iphepha elilanda lonke uhlengahlengiso. (Umfanekiso: iWikipedia Screenshot)
Qaphela indlela amanani ajikeleza ngayo malunga ne-1,100 byte. Umsebenzisi omnye uya kongeza kwi-1,100. Omnye wayezakukhupha. Amanani ahlala enexabiso elifanayo ngokuchanekileyo, elithetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umsebenzisi olandelayo ukhetha ukurhoxisa kuhlelo lokugqibela.
Umsebenzisi ohamba ngu-Elm-39 ujoyine ukungqubana ngeli xesha, nditsho nokutyelela iphepha lentetho leakhawunti engaziwayo bacebise ukuba bangongezi uhlalutyo lomntu kumangenelo. NgoSeptemba 2009, i-HangingCurve yayanele. Usebenzise inqaku leJavaScript leWikipedia ebizwa ngokuba Ukudanyaza Ukukhusela iphepha, ukubhala inqaku elilandelayo kunye nolo luhlengahlengiso, kubandakanya nokuvuma ukukhetha kwakhe: Amalinge amaninzi nge-IP-hopping anon yokuguqula inqaku libe sisiqwengana. Ndiyathandabuza malunga nokuzikhusela ngokwam, kuba ndibhale into elungileyo kwinqaku. Ukuvuma ityala Kwagxilwa kwiiakhawunti ezingaziwayo zatshintshwa ngo-2011. Kuya kwenziwa amalinge amaninzi okususa inxenye yokungena ebhekisa kuMnu. Levine elivuma ityala lokurhweba ngaphakathi. Ukufumanisa ukuba ukususwa ngokuthe ngqo akunakusebenza, Nge-6 kaDisemba ngo-2011 , umsebenzisi ongaziwayo uthathe indawo yelo candelo ngenxalenye echaze ukuba bangaphi oobhanki abahlukeneyo ababebandakanyeka kurhwebo lwangaphakathi ngelo xesha, njengoko kubonisiwe kule skrini: Olu hlengahlengiso lwenziwe ngu umsebenzisi kwiseva eZurich, eqhutywa yiRiphabhlikhi yePanama inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiCandelo loBucala, Inc. Ukugquma kwe-IP Ukuhlelwa ngokukrakra kwenzeka Ngo-Meyi 25, 2012 . An umsebenzisi ongaziwayo uthathe ithuba lobuchwephesha bokufihla i-IP yeWiTopia. Kulo mjikelo othile, abasebenzisi abangaziwa bazakuzama ukususa ulwazi malunga nobungakanani besohlwayo sika Mnu.Levine kwi-SEC, inyani yokuba wayeyekisiwe ngokusisigxina kurhwebo kunye nengxelo malunga nokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuguqulwa kwamaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Ingasusa imihlathi emihlanu epheleleyo malunga nophando kuMnu. Levine. Nangona umsebenzisi atshintshele kwidilesi eyahlukileyo ye-IP kade emfazweni (okanye omnye umntu angayithatha), baya kubuyela umva kunye neHangingCurve ukusukela ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba 2012 ngaphezulu kwee-1,848 byte ezifanayo, ukuhlehlisa nokuphinda wenze kwakhona. Lo mjikelo ufikelele esiphelweni ngoSeptemba 23, 2012, ngokujikeleza okuninzi kuseto olunye lokuhlelwa kwangolo suku. Okokugqibela, omnye umsebenzisi, Xymmax , uya kuba kwicala le-HangingCurve kwaye uphawule ungeniso lokhuseleko ekonakalisweni. Kutshanje kugciniwe Abathathi-nxaxheba baka Mnu.Levine bathula cwaka ngenxa yentloni yonyaka omnye. Idilesi efanayo ye-IP eyenza ukuhlela kokuqala ngoMeyi 25, 2012 iya kubuya yenze isally encinci yamabhongo Nge-18 kaSeptemba 2013. Kule nzame, yasusa iinkcukacha malunga nezityholo uMnu. Levine athembisa ukuba unetyala kuzo, etshintsha uluhlu ukusuka kubuqhetseba bezokhuseleko, ukurhweba ngaphakathi kunye nokubaleka ukuhlawula irhafu kwizityholo ezinxulumene nokuthengisa ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zephepha lakhe. Ikwakucime umhlathi omnye owawususwe kwakhona kaninzi amaxesha amaninzi ngaphambili. Inyaniso yokuba sisiqendu esinye sokuzama ukubulala kweli linge lokugqibela lokuphefumla icebisa ukuba kukho into ebaluleke ngakumbi kuyo. Nantsi: Emva koko, u-Levine watyhola ngamandla umlamli UIvan Boesky , kwaye ulwazi oluvela kwityala lika-Boesky lukwanyanzelisa omnye umdlali obalaseleyo ekudibaniseni nasekujikelezeni izinto, UMartin Siegel . Bobabini uBoesky noSiegel emva koko balivuma ityala. Ngenxa yenxalenye yale ntsebenziswano, ijaji yomdibaniso UGerald Goettel wagweba iminyaka emibini entolongweni kunye nesohlwayo seedola ezingama-362,000. Nangona kunjalo, kuba uLevine wayehluthwe phantse zonke iiasethi zakhe ezingamanzi yi-SEC kwaye I-IRS , UGoettel akazange ayenze le ntlawulo, oko kuthetha ukuba akazukubanjwa indelelo yenkundla ukuba uphume entolongweni engabahlawulanga. Kwisigwebo, uGoettel wathi u-Levine uncede ekuboniseni indlwane yamarhamba eWall Street. [7] Kuhlaziyo, uMnumzana Boesky wayeza kuvuma ityala, kunokuba abandakanyeke kwimisebenzi kaMnu. Olu tshintsho aluzange luthathelwe ingqalelo ngumkhuseli ophambili wephepha phantse unyaka, xa ngoSeptemba 7, 2014 I-HangingCurve iphinde ithathe indawo yolwazi oluchaziweyo. Ngo-Okthobha, waphinda wachukumisa ulwimi kwiindawo ezithile eziphambili. Kuncinci okutshintshileyo okoko kwagqityelwa ukulungiswa. Umbonisi uzamile ukuqhakamshelana neHangingCurve, iXymmax kunye nezinye iidilesi ze-IP ezingaziwayo ngokusebenzisa amaphepha entetho yeWikipedia. Asifumananga mpendulo.
Ukutshintsha indawo malunga nokuvuma ityala. (Umfanekiso: Isikrini)
