Isizukulwana ngasinye senza impazamo yokucinga ukuba izinyuko ezinyukayo zibaleka kuphela njengomgangatho wazo.Iipelisi Esi sisicatshulwa esivela Imbewu yoBomi : Ukusuka ku-Aristotle ukuya ku-da Vinci, ukusuka kwi-Sharks 'Teeth to Frogs' Pants, i-Long and Strange Quest yokufumanisa ukuba zivelaphi iintsana .
Kude kube ngo-1875, akukho namnye ehlabathini owayesazi apho zivela khona iintsana. Abantu abaqhelekileyo babengazi, kwaye noososayensi abancedisayo ekubumbeni ihlabathi langoku. ULeonardo da Vinci wayengazi, uGalileo wayengazi, uIsaac Newton wayengazi.
Babesazi, oko kukuthi, ukuba amadoda nabafazi babelana ngesondo kwaye ngenxa yoko, ngamanye amaxesha, iintsana, kodwa babengazi ukuba zenziwa njani ezo ntsana. Babengazi ukuba abasetyhini bavelisa amaqanda, kwaye xa ekugqibeleni befumene iiseli zedoda, babengazi ukuba ezo tadpoles zingxolayo zinento yokwenza neentsana kunye nokukhulelwa. (Ingcamango ephambili yayikukuba yayizizidleleli, mhlawumbi zinxulumene nezidalwa ezincinane ezazisandula ukufunyanwa ezazidada ngamathontsi amanzi echibi. Le yayiyimbono kaNewton.)
Ukuqala ngoLeonardo, malunga ne-1500, izazinzulu bezimisele ukusombulula le mfihlakalo inkulu. Babaleke ngokuzithemba ngokuzeleyo, kuba eli yayilixesha elikhulu lenzululwazi. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuzithemba kuya kuhlawula. Kwi-1600s kunye nee-1700s, izazinzulu zaqokelela uloyiso emva kolunye.
Babala ubunzima bomhlaba, balanda umkhondo wee-comets ezisika isibhakabhaka kube kanye ebomini, kwaye bahlukanisa imfihlelo yeMilky Way. Batyhile imathematika entliziyweni yomculo kwaye bafumanisa imithetho yokujonga izinto, ukuze umzobi oxhobileyo kuphela ngebrashi yepeyinti akwazi ukucofa ubunyani kwiseyile yakhe. 
Ngeminyaka yoo-1700, izazinzulu zazicinga ukuba isidoda ngasinye sinokuba nomgibeli omncinci.Umbhali unikiwe
Kodwa, kude kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1800, yonke into enokuthanani nokukhulelwa kunye nokukhula yayisongelwe ebumnyameni. ' Babengazi ukuba amawele azalwa njani. (Ininzi kakhulu isidoda? Izihlandlo ezibini zesini ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza? Ukwabelana ngesondo namadoda amabini ahlukeneyo?) Abazange bazi ukuba ukukhawulwa kunokwenzeka ngobusuku benyanga epheleleyo okanye ukuthwasa kwenyanga okanye ukuba ixesha lenza umahluko kwaphela. Babengazi, nangona bebecinga njalo, ukuba umntwana unoyise omnye kuphela, njengoko enomama omnye kuphela. Babengazi ukuba kutheni iintsana zifana nabazali babo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha omnye umzali ngaphezulu komnye.
Sivela phi? Buqala njani ubomi? Le yeyona mibuzo ingxamisekileyo kuyo yonke inzululwazi. Ihlabathi lihlotshiswe ngemfihlakalo kunye nommangaliso. Kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu okhe wazibuza ukuba kutheni iinkwenkwezi zikhanya okanye kutheni umhlaba ujikeleza. Wonke umntu owakha wabuza ukuba zivela phi na iintsana. Kwiminyaka eliwaka, abona bacinga nzulu (nawo wonke umntu oqhelekileyo) bebekhe bayicinga le mfumba.
Akukho mntu wayenomdla.
Inxalenye yesizathu sokuxakeka yayicacile. Sivame ukulibala indlela elimangalisa ngayo ibali lobomi. Siyivile inkcazo rhoqo kangangokuba siyithatha njengengqondo eqhelekileyo. Wonke umfundi webanga lesine uyazi apho iintsana zivela khona . Kodwa inyani sele ihambile-kancinci kunye nokukhukhumala kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo kuvelise ukukhala, umntu ophethe iiponti ezintandathu namhlanje?! - ukuba kuyamangalisa ukuba nabani na uyakholelwa.
Kwiingxelo zeencwadi zezifundo zesayensi, abaphandi abakubona kude bacwangcise inyani kwaye bazifaka kwiinqaba ezomeleleyo nezomeleleyo. Ibali lokwabelana ngesondo kunye neentsana alifani nolo linyathelo eliqinisekileyo lokufikelela kwinjongo. Oososayensi abagqibe ukusombulula eli tyala baphumile kwikhosi amashumi eminyaka ngexesha. Babalekela ngesantya esiphezulu bezantsi, iindawo ezimnyama zokuleqa abarhanelwa abathe bafumana i-alibis yomoya. Baqulunqa iimeko ezicacileyo eziwele kumnandi. Bazulazula ngokungathi badakile, baboniswa kukuqwalaselwa abanakulunga nakweyiphi na ipateni. Bafumene imikhondo ngophando olunzulu nolunonophelo kwaye abanye babakhubekisa njengoko babebalekela kwicala elingalunganga ebumnyameni.
Inkqubela phambili iza ngokulingana kunye nokufika, kodwa leyo yindlela kunye nazo zonke iimfihlakalo eziyinyani. Kuphela kungumabonwakude wesikolo esidala apho ukuqonda kufikelela khona, kanye ngexesha lokuvala iikhredithi. Ingxaki yayingekokuba oososayensi babengenabuchule-babenobuntu kwaye benesiphako, kodwa uninzi lwabo lwalukrelekrele ngokumangalisayo, kwaye phantse bonke babekhuthele-kodwa ke inyaniso yayifihliwe.
Yonke into yokwenza ne-anatomy yayinzima kwaye ingaqinisekanga, kubaqalayo. Kude kube maxesha akutshanje ukufunda komzimba kufuna ukuthenga izidumbu kubaphangi, okanye ukunyoba abantu abaxhonywayo ukuze bajike imizimba emitsha emthini. Umtsalane kunye noloyiko lujijile ngeenxa zonke. Unokupheliswa kukucekiseka kwakho, wabhala njalo uLeonardo da Vinci, nokuba unomdla kangakanani, kwaye ukuba oko akukuthintelanga, mhlawumbi esoyika ukuchitha iiyure zobusuku ekunye nemizimba efileyo, ikhutshiwe kwaye idanyazisiwe kwaye eyoyikisayo ukubona.
Ngokukodwa kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-anatomy, ngaphambi kwee-microscopes, amaqhina ezesondo ayephantse afikeleleke. Isidoda kunye neqanda, nokuba ubusazi ukuba uzijongile, zazifihliwe kwaye azikho lula. Iqanda lomntu, nangona lelona seli likhulu emzimbeni, bubungakanani bexesha elisekupheleni kwesi sivakalisi. Iiseli zedoda zezi incinci emzimbeni, kude kakhulu ukuba ungaboni ngamehlo. (Iqanda likhulu kunesidoda sesidoda esisisichumiso esisigidi kuye, umahluko phakathi kweTurkey yokuBonga kunye nempukane yasendlini.)
Zididekile kodwa zizimisele, izazinzulu zajonga macala onke zikhangela imikhondo yokufumana isisu nokukhula. Inokusebenza njani? Baye bazama ezona ndlela zingalindelekanga. Bafunde izinambuzane ngononophelo olukhulu, umzekelo, ngethemba lokuba ezo nguqu zimangalisayo- Umbungu ophakathi kwiqombothi uvela njengebhabhathane elinamaphiko egossamer! - kunokuphosa ukukhanya kwiintsana nakwiintsana.
Bafunde iintlanzi kunye namasele kunye nezinja kunye namaxhama ukubona ukuba babelana ngantoni kwindlela ye-anatomy kunye nokuziphatha kokukhwelana. Baphendule eyona mibuzo imxinwa— Imigibe, enamalungu angasese angamadoda nabasetyhini, ahlela njani ukuba ngubani oza kwenza ntoni kubani? - kunye nemixholo ebalaseleyo- Ngaba izinto eziphilayo zinamandla okubenza baphile?
Rhoqo ukufuna okuqale kwicala elinye kwaphela kwindawo ende, kwindawo yokumisa kungekho mntu wayeyilindele. Ukukhangelwa kwamandla abalulekileyo, umzekelo, kukhokelele kulingo olungaqhelekanga noluyingozi ngombane kunye nombane, kwanokudibana noGqr. Frankenstein nesilo sakhe esikhulu.
Kuyalinga ukujonga ookhokho bethu abanengqondo kunye nokumomotheka ngokubabukela. Hayi indlela abazizidenge ngayo ukuba bakhethe ukuhlala kudala. Kodwa kufuneka sixhathise isilingo. Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki inkulu kwaba vulindlela bezenzululwazi kukuba babezimisele ukucacisa ukuba baphi entsha Ubomi buvela kwaye bazifumana sele bexhonyiwe kumbuzo onxulumene noko kodwa kunzima, yintoni ngu ubomi? Umbuzo othe ngqo malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kunye ne-anatomy uzitshintshe wazenza iqhina lokutyibilika lefilosofi.
Kithina, ibiya kufana nokuba izazinzulu zizama ukwenza imephu yengqondo zizifumana zizama ukucacisa, livela phi ithemba? zivela phi izimvo? Asikayazi nangoku. Siyiqonda kakuhle into yokuba ubuchopho bunika ingqondo; Ingxaki kukuba asinakucacisa ukuba kuthetha ntoni oko. Izazinzulu ezisokola neemfihlakalo zeentsana zaziqonda kakuhle ukuba izinto ezithile zaziphila kwaye ezinye zazingaphili; ingxaki yayikukuba babengenako ukuhlela ukuba inokwenzeka njani loo nto.
Abazange baqonde ukuba inokwenzeka njani ukuba, ukuba yonke into yenziwe ngokulula izinto , ezinye iingxaki kwaye ziphela zihlala nje njengamaqhuma kwaye ezinye zithatha ukumila kweengwe ezixhuma ngamazinyo. Yintoni evuselela amanye amaqhuma ebomini? 
'Imbewu yoBomi' ngu-Edward Dolnick.Iincwadi ezisisiseko / Iincwadi zePerseus
Ngoku siyazi, nangona amawaka eminyaka abona bantu bacinga nzulu emhlabeni bebeqikelela. Kwaye namhlanje wonke umntu oneminyaka elishumi ubudala uyazi apho zivela khona iintsana. Yinkqubela phambili leyo, kodwa akufuneki sibe smug kakhulu. Isizukulwana ngasinye senza impazamo yokucinga ukuba izinyuko ezinyukayo zibaleka kuphela njengomgangatho wazo. Ayikho njalo. Sinokuqiniseka ukuba kwiinkulungwane ezizayo, inzala yethu iya kujonga emva kuthi kwaye icaphule iinkolelo zethu ezinyanisekileyo kwaye banikine iintloko zabo ngokumangaliswa.
U-Edward Dolnick ngumbhali wangaphambili wezenzululwazi kwiBoston Globe kunye nombhali we Imbewu yoBomi: Ukusuka ku-Aristotle ukuya ku-da Vinci, ukusuka kwi-Sharks ’Teeth to Frogs’ Pants, the Long and Strange Quest to Discover Ape Babies Baby .
