Imithombo yeendaba iyathanda ukugqobhoza yonke intsomi kodwa eyayo.Iipelisi Ukuba ubukade ubukele okanye ufunda iindaba mva nje, uyazi ukuba kufanelekile ukuba uphume. Ayisiyiyo kuphela ngoDonald Trump, kodwa malunga neendaba uqobo. Imithombo yeendaba iyahlaselwa. Umatshini wokushicilela wawa phantsi emsebenzini. Inkqubo yemithombo yeendaba yaphukile. Luya kusinda njani uluntu?
Inyani kukuba umatshini wokushicilela uhlala uhlala ezi zinto. Ihlala iphikisanayo. Ihlala isebenza njengomchasi kunye negalelo kumandla. Iimodeli zayo zeshishini zihlala zibonakala ngathi zisengozini yokuwa.
Oku kucacile nakwisiqalekiso Uvavanyo lwembali yeendaba -Into uninzi lwabantu olungenayo. Uninzi lwethu lubambekile, njengamajelo eendaba, kwinto enye ugqirha weengqondo awakhe wayichaza ubuntatheli njenge: isipho esikhethekileyo.
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphuma kuloo nto kukhupha i-TV yakho, uphume kwi-Twitter kwaye uthathe umzuzu ukujonga imeko ngokwembali nangokugxeka. Nabani na ozama ukuqonda ukuba zivela phi iindaba zabo, zeziphi izinto ezithandekayo kwaye isosi yenziwe njani, ezi ncwadi zilandelayo kufuneka zihambe umgama omde.
Jonga uBrass Ngu-Upton Sinclair Nangona iSinclair ’s Jonga uBrass iphantse yalityalwa ngokupheleleyo yimbali, ayisiyonto inomdla kuphela kodwa umbono ongaphelelwa lixesha. USinclair wayiqonda nzulu inkuthazo yezoqoqosho yobuntatheli bekhulu lama-20 kwaye ke ngenxa yoko wayenokuqikelela kwaye ahlalutye isiphumo sempembelelo esasinaso kwiNyaniso. Uziveza ezi zinto kanye njengoko wenzayo Ihlathi kwaye enye into yakhe yokuhlekisa iyabhengeza-kodwa kule meko, uyabakhathaza abo bahlekisayo. Namhlanje, inkuthazo kunye noxinzelelo olusebenza kwimithombo yeendaba zahlukile kodwa zilusongela ulwazi lwethu ngendlela efanayo. Phantse kuyo yonke intlawulo enkulu u-Upton abekwa ngokuchasene nomshicileli omthubi, unokuthi, namhlanje, ungene kwiiblogi kunye nomjikelo weendaba zekhebula kwaye uchaneke ngakumbi.
Umfanekiso: Isikhokelo sePseudo-Iziganeko eMelika NguDaniel Boorstin Ngo-1960, ngaphambi kokuba athethe unomathotholo, phambi kweFox News okanye iibhlog, u-Boorstin wabhala isimangalo esibuhlungu sokwenyani ngamabomu okwenziwe ngathi yinkcubeko yethu yeendaba. Cinga ngokuthetha rhoqo kwengxelo kwimidiya, indlela esigubungela ngayo ii-premieres kunye neenkomfa zeendaba. Ezi ayizizo izinto eziyinyani-ziyinyani kuphela ngokwendalo yemithombo yeendaba. Kwaye uluntu ludlala indima yalo kwi-farce. UBoorstin wayenjalo Umgcini wethala leencwadi kwiThala leeNcwadi leCongress -Uyayazi imbali yakhe kwaye uyazi into ebalulekileyo. Awunakho ukuyifunda le ncwadi ungaqalanga ukubona iindlela oqhutywa ngayo ngabapolitiki kunye nemibutho yonke imihla.
Ukuzihlekisa ngokuFa: Incoko kaRhulumente kwiXesha loShishino lweShishini / Technopoly: Ukunikezelwa kweNkcubeko kwiTekhnoloji NguNeil Postman Ulandelelwano lokomoya ukuya Umfanekiso ngu Ukuzonwabisa ngokufa . UPostman uthi inkcubeko iyahambelana ukuze ilingane nezithintelo zesiko eliphambili lenkcubeko. Ngexesha lakhe yayingumabonwakude-oko kwakuthetha ukunyanzelisa imisitho yokubonwayo, ukuphuhlisa amabali ekufuneka uhlale umamele, oko kwakuthetha isimbo kunye nembonakalo kulwazi olusebenzayo. Uyaqonda ukuba eyona nto yokugqibela ekufuneka siyoyike ngumzi-mveliso weendaba okhohlakeleyo we-Orwellian, kuba le nto sinayo imbi kakhulu: inkcubeko ikhuthazwa ukuba ingabi nzulu, iyilwe kwaye ibenomtsalane kangangoko, ngendleko yoko kuyinyani okanye kuyinyani okanye inentsingiselo. Itekhnoloji , Incwadi elandelayo kaPostman, iyanyanzelisa ngokulinganayo; isixelela ukuba kutheni abasunguli betekhnoloji ingabona bantu babi kakhulu ukuba babamamele xa kufikwa kwisigqibo sokuyisebenzisa.
Iqokobhe lokucoca ulwelo NguEli Pariser Kwi Iqokobhe lokucoca ulwelo U-Eli Pariser ulumkisa ngomngcipheko wokuphila kumaqamza omntu owomeleza axhase umbono wethu wehlabathi. I-Pariser yingqondo enkulu yemithombo yeendaba kwaye ibhale nomsebenzi obalulekileyo kutshanje kwiindaba ezingezizo. Esona sigxina umntu anokuba naso kwiqamza lokucoca ulwelo kukuba indalo yakhe, iMoveon.org kunye ne-Upworthy linoxanduva olukhulu lokudala iinguqulelo zabo kwingxaki.
Ukuyifumana ngokuGwenxa: Elona Bali laBona baXelwa ngokuGwenxa kwiJenali yaseMelika Ngu W. Joseph Campbell Imithombo yeendaba iyathanda ukugqobhoza yonke intsomi kodwa eyayo. Nokuba zeziphi ezona ncwadi zixhaphakileyo kumajelo eendaba ziphinda-phinda ngokulula iintsomi ezinje nge-Hearst's oyinikayo imifanekiso, ndiza kuyinika imfazwe, u-Edward Morrow ethatha uMcCarthy, INew York Times ukucinezela i-Bay of Pigs kunye ne-LBJ besithi Siphulukene neCronkite, saphulukana noMbindi Merika. Ababhali bazisebenzisa njengabenzi beefilimu basebenzisa iingoma ezaziwayo kwiimuvi zokwenza i-nostalgic: kwangoko, iiseti zemood ezingenakulungeleka. Kodwa aziyonyani. Ukuthatha ixesha lokutshabalalisa le mifanekiso ingeyiyo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo. Iyakukhumbuza ukuba amajelo eendaba akanakufumana imbali yawo ngokuchanekileyo, kungasathethwa ke kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuzibona ikudlala indima eluntwini nakwinkcubeko engafanelekanga. Oku kuya kukunceda kwiindaba zakho zokutya namhlanje-kwaye ungeze umnxeba wetyuwa kuyo. Campbell's incwadi kubuntatheli obutyheli ikwayinto entle, enembali ngobomi bomzuzu ophikisanayo ngexesha losasazo.
Ngaphakathi kuMxholo wokungabikho komxholo kwaye Inkqubela-phambili yePilgrim yam: Izifundo zeMedia, 1950-1998 NguGeorge W.S. Umkhombe U-Rich Cohen uwuchaze umsebenzi kaTrow kum njengesiqingatha esiqaqambileyo nesiqingatha esiphambeneyo. Ndicinga ukuba kunjalo. Ngaphakathi kwala maphepha lolunye uhlalutyo olungqongqo lwama-50s, lwenkcubeko yethu yemithombo yeendaba, ukuba ilizwe libukeka kanjani xa isizukulwana sangoku sakhula kumabonakude wenkunkuma kwaye kungekho zithethe zibalulekileyo. Ngaphakathi kuMxholo wokungabikho komxholo Ekuqaleni yavela njengesincoko kwi ENew Yorker —Imeko enqabileyo yokuba iphephancwadi lenze isiqwenga esibalulekileyo kubhalo olunye — kwaye kamva lapapashwa liyincwadi. Ngowona msebenzi wakhe waziwa kakhulu kwaye uvavanya iziphumo ezonakalisayo zikamabonwakude kwinkcubeko yaseMelika; incwadi ibiyi kamva ichazwe njenge inkcazo ebandayo yokuba izinto ziyaphi. Akukho zincwadi zininzi ezingoyikiyo ukuba zibi. Inkqubela-phambili Yam ihlalutya imeko yenkcubeko yase-US ngo-1950 kwaye yincwadi ekunzima ukuyifunda, kodwa ndiyavuya ndiyenzile.
Winchell: Ukuhleba, Amandla kunye neNkcubeko yoDumo NguNeal Gabler Ndandilazi igama likaWalter Winchell kwaye ndandisazi ukuba yintatheli eyaziwayo, kodwa kunjalo. Khange ndiyazi ukuba ngokungathandabuzekiyo wayengoyena mntu udumileyo kwimithombo yeendaba kwinkulungwane ye-20 (2/3 yabantu abadala baseMelika bafunda ikholamu yakhe yonke imihla. Yadityaniswa kumaphephandaba angama-2 000. Nditsho ne-FDR yathatha ingcebiso yakhe). Bendingazi nokuba wayeyinyani. Le biografi yimbonakalo enomdla kwindlela amabhongo kunye namandla atya ngayo emphefumlweni womntu. Ikwasisikhumbuzo sokuba bekusoloko kukho iingxaki kwimithombo yeendaba kwaye iindaba ezingezizo azikho ntsha. (Ngapha koko, into efana ne-50% yekholamu yakhe ibingachanekanga okanye inxenye ayichanekanga). Kwakukho izinto ezintle kule ncwadi kwiMcCarthyism, ngoDamon Runyon, ngeeRs ezingama-20 nangeGolden Age yaseHollywood. Ndiyilandele ngokufunda ngobomi bukaWinchell, IWinchell ekhethekileyo . Kwakunomdla ukumbona esisiseko engqina zonke izinto ezimbi ezazithethwe ngaye kwibhayiloji — wayenempindezelo, ekhohlakele, engekho nzulu, ethanda ukuzicingela, kodwa kunjalo, wayeyila kwaye enyanzelisa. Zombini zibalulekile ukufundelwa nabani na kumajelo eendaba. Inkqubo ye- esinye isifundo samaStoyike mna kwezi ncwadi zimbini kwakufuneka ndifunde ngayo yonke intlebendwane kunye nehlazo labona bantu badumileyo emhlabeni… kwaye phantse ukuba akukho namnye kubo owaphendulayo waba yingxaki nakanjani. Isikhumbuzo esibalulekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo. Ukuba ufuna kufutshane ukufundwa eWinchell okuyintsomi mthathele kuye Ivumba elimnandi leMpumelelo: kunye naManye amaBali NguErnest Lehman mkhulu (mhlawumbi lolona fiction lusebenzayo lwentatheli okanye umntu we-PR naye-nangona ndiyakuthanda Kunzima ukuwa kwaye Onke amadoda oKumkani ). Le ncwadi ngokwenyani yingqokelela yamabali amafutshane, amabini kuwo angoHunsucker, intatheli ekhohlakeleyo nengcungcuthekisayo kunye nommeli weendaba owenza ukuthanda kwakhe. Ibhalwe ngokumangalisayo kuba ibibhalwe nguErnest Lehman, oza kuqhubeka nokubhala ii-screenplays zika-Hello Dolly, u-King kunye nam no-Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Iindaba ezivela ndawo: iThelevishini kunye neendaba ; Phakathi kweNyaniso kunye neFiction: Ingxaki yobuntatheli ; Umfanekiso Omkhulu: Imali kunye namandla eHollywood NguEdward J Epstein Kwi Ndithembe, ndiyaxoka Ndisebenzise izizathu zoqoqosho ukuchaza ukuba kutheni iibhlog zeblogger zisenza ngendlela abazenza ngayo. Ngekhe ndikwenze oku ngaphandle kotata wale ndlela yokucinga, u-Edward Jay Epstein. Ukusuka kwithisisi yakhe ye-Harvard ka-1973, eyapapashwa kamva njenge Iindaba ezivela ndawo , owaba nguvulandlela kwisifundo seendaba zenethiwekhi (umntu wokuqala nowokugqibela ukufikelela kwi-sanctum yabo yangaphakathi) kwiincwadi zakhe ezintle kwishishini leemovie, u-Epstein ufumanisa, abhence, kwaye acacise izinto ezifihlakeleyo zoqoqosho ezichonga izifundo zeshishini liphela. Ndalandela ezinyathelweni zakhe zencwadi yam phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Ndibe nethamsanqa lokudibana naye, nto leyo eyonyuse ukubhengeza kwam ngeendlela zakhe. Ndinyanzelekile ngokuziphatha ukuba ndicinezele iincwadi zakhe ezandleni zakho kanye njengoko zazicinezelwe kwezam ngabacebisi bam.
ULincoln kunye naMandla eendaba: Imfazwe yoLuntu nguHarold Holzer Rhoqo andifumani ncwadi edibanisa izinto ezimbini endizifundileyo ngomzamo omkhulu kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo: imithombo yeendaba kunye neMfazwe yamakhaya. Ndonwabe kakhulu kukufunda le ncwadi kwaye ndiyifumene inomdla (nangona ingenguye wonke umntu). Njengoko ubona kwifayile yam ixesha elide Umjongi qhekeza malunga nayo Zininzi izinto ezifanayo phakathi kwemithombo yeendaba yeLincoln kunye netyhefu esihlala kuyo namhlanje. Ke, njengangoku, ngamajelo eendaba azikhohlisayo kwaye rhoqo, umongameli olungileyo kufuneka abonakalise ukuba angayidlala njani, ukuze abuyele nje. Ukuba ufuna ukukhanya kancinci uthathe indima yemithombo yeendaba ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya, unokuyithanda kakhulu IJunius kunye neAlbert's Adventures kwi-Confederacy: Imfazwe yamakhaya iOdyssey emalunga nababhali beendaba zemfazwe yamakhaya ababanjwa ngexesha lokulwa eVicksburg.
Ayizondaba, KuyiFark: Indlela iMedia Media izama ngayo ukuGqitha ubuNgcono njengeeNdaba NguDrew Curtis Bambalwa abantu abafunde amabali eendaba ngakumbi kunoDrew Curtis, umseki we Fark.com . Ukudala nokuqhuba enye yeendaba zewebhu zokuqala kunye nezona zinkulu kakhulu zimnike ezona mbono zibalaseleyo onokuzithemba kwincwadi malunga nemithombo yeendaba. Ngaphezulu, uyahlekisa-hayi isidina, esidala kunye nokuzithoba izifundo zemithombo yeendaba nerd. Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokuzibona, ukuzibamba nokuzikhusela kwimithombo yeendaba kunye nokuziva ubukele kule ncwadi. Yifunde.
Izimvo Zoluntu nguWalter Lippmann Lo ngumbhalo wesemina kwizifundo zemithombo yeendaba kunye nendawo yokuqala yokwenza igama elithi 'ukwenziwa kwemvume. Injalo, njengeyeSinclair Jonga uBrass , isasebenza yonke le minyaka kamva-sikhona isizathu sokuba uJames Carey ayithathe njengencwadi esisiseko yobuntatheli bale mihla. Inkolelo kaLippmann yayikukuba izifundiswa kunye noorhulumente babenendima ebalulekileyo nebalulekileyo ekwakheni uluvo loluntu-kwaye ukuba ukuba bathe basilela emsebenzini wabo, uluntu luyawohloka. Kuninzi ukubuyela umva namhlanje ngokuchasene 'neelites'-Incwadi kaLippmann icacisa ukuba kutheni ibalulekile. Kwaye le nto siyibonayo ngoku ngumzekelo olungileyo wento eyenzekayo xa indima yabo incitshisiwe (sifumana isiphithiphithi).
Intatheli kunye noMbulali NguJanet Malcolm Le ncwadi idume ngokuvula ngayo Yonke intatheli engasosidenge kakhulu okanye igcwele kakhulu ukuba iqaphele okwenzekayo iyazi ukuba into eyenzayo ayinakulinganiswa nokuziphatha. Uluhlobo lomntu ozithembileyo, othanda into engento yabantu, ukungazi okanye isizungu, ukufumana ukuthembela kwabo nokubangcatsha ngaphandle kokuzisola. Ndingaphikisa ukuba le yincwadi yokuqala yokuzazi nokuzigxeka endikhe ndadibana nayo kuyo yonke into endiyenzileyo malunga nemithombo yeendaba. Sifuna ngaphezulu njengaye.
Imvume yokuThengisa nguNoam Chomsky Le ncwadi ifana nemisebenzi ye-Ayn Rand-ukuba awuqhubeki phambili emva kokuyifunda, ibamba ukukhula kwakho. Ingqondo ebaluleke kakhulu kaChomsky nantsi into ayibiza ngokuba yiTacit Collective Action. Iindawo zemithombo yeendaba, nokuba zithini izikhundla zazo, zibunjiwe ngakumbi ngokufana kwazo njengamashishini nanjengeqela lezentlalo. Ngale ndlela, bayasebenzisana kwaye benze iyelenqe kunye, nokuba abazi ukuba benze njalo. Yisenzo esakha umgqatswa weTrump-nokuba bathi bayagxekwa yiyo. Yiyo le ehambisa izinto ezingenamsebenzi kulwazi lokwenyani, okanye yenza ukuba umatshini wokushicilela ngokubanzi usebenze ngamandla (balangazelela ukufikelela). Ngapha koko, le yincwadi ebalulekileyo, kodwa ndiyidwelisile okokugqibela kuba kufuneka idityaniswe nabanye.
Ukuqhubela phambili, ufunda ngakumbi:
Ngokwezifundo ezimfutshane ezinxulumene noko, ndicebisa Inkohliso kwiJenali yaseMelika NguMax Sherover, oneminyaka eyi-100 yemanifesto yokugxekwa kwimithombo yeendaba emi kakuhle kakhulu. Oku Scribner ’s inqaku malunga nemfihlo kunye nobuntatheli ibalulekile-yayikhankanyiwe yiBrandeis kwi Inqaku lakhe elidumileyo leLungelo leMfihlo . UMichael Schudson Ukufumanisa iindaba Mkhulu kwaye unjalo Ukwenza iindaba NguMark Fishman. Eric Alterman kaThixo incwadi ngokunyuka kweklasi yeengcali ulungile-nokuba ngekhe ayichaze kwangaphambili inzala yabo eyoyikisayo yokubathuma. Kukwafanelekile ukufunda iJonah Berger incwadi yokuba kutheni izinto zisasazeka ngokuchanekileyo (umzekelo, inani elinye elixela kwangaphambili intsholongwane INew York Times amanqaku ngomsindo abenza ngawo umfundi). Iingcebiso zam zokugqibela ziya kuba zii-biographies zeendaba zeendaba. UKumkani ongavalwanga , malunga nephephandaba iminyaka kaWilliam Randolph Hearst ilungile. Kunjalo Bennett's INew York Herald emalunga nengqondo yemithombo yeendaba elityelweyo ethi iphepha leHerald Square kwisiXeko saseNew York libizwe ngegama.
URyan Holiday ngumbhali othengisa kakhulu Ndithembe, ndiyaxoka: Ukuvuma koMlawuli weendaba . URyan ungumhleli-omkhulu we-Braganca, kwaye Uhlala eAustin, eTexas.
Udibanise nalento Uluhlu lweencwadi ezili-15 ukuba awuzange uve ukuba iya kutshintsha umbono wakho wehlabathi, ikuncede ugqwese kwikhondo lakho kwaye ikufundise indlela yokuphila ubomi obungcono.
Kwakhona nguRyan Holiday:
Lixesha lokuba amajelo eendaba enze into ethile ngoncedo lwawo olunentloni
Indlela i-Intanethi 'yamaPolisa oMahluko' azoyisa ngayo, kwaye asishiye konke okubi kakhulu
Siphila Kwilizwe Elinamahloni — Kwaye Ayisiyonto Ilungileyo
Asinangxaki yeendaba zeNkohliso-SiyiNgxaki yeendaba zeNkohliso
Ngaba ufuna ukuYenza nyani iMelika kwakhona? Yeka Ukufunda Iindaba.
Udliwanondlebe olukhethekileyo: Le Wing yasekunene 'iTroll' ifikelela njani kubantu abayi-100M ngenyanga
Isizathu sokwenyani ekufuneka siyeke ukuzama ukukhusela iimvakalelo zomntu wonke
