UGeorge Chakiris noGeraldine James ababonakala ngemveliso yango Umnqweno weDracula eThe Queen’s Theatre eLondon.Ifoto nguSteve Burton / Keystone / Getty Kwiminyaka embalwa emva, kwakubonakala ngathi ngekhe uvule umabonwakude ngaphandle kokungqubeka kwenye yeemvampires ezininzi zenkcubeko ye-pop, kwizinto ezifana ne Ngorhatya uthotho, Blade, Udliwanondlebe neVampire kwaye Igazi lokwenyani . Ngelixa Buffy iVampire Slayer kwaye UAbraham Lincoln: UVampire Hunter usenokuba ufikile wadlula, ungalindeli ukuba umdlalo we-vampire uza kufa nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala-le ntsomi ye-folkloric ibisoloko isaziwa ukususela ngo-1897, xa uBram Stoker wapapasha IDracula .
Ngelixa uninzi lwabantu luza kucinga ukuba inoveli kaStoker yaqulunqa ii-vampire njengoko sicinga ngazo namhlanje, oku kuyinyani kuphela. IDracula ii-vampire ezithandwayo, kunye neenkalo ezithile zokuziphatha kwabo kunye nokukwazi kwabo-njengokuguqula ukuba lilulwane, ingcuka, okanye inkungu, ukunyuka ngeendonga ezithe nkqo njengesigcawu, esidinga ukulala imini yonke-Ngokuqinisekileyo uStoker wayengengowokuqala ukupapasha iakhawunti yintoni eyenza i-vampiric, kwaye uninzi lweempawu zika-Count Dracula azenzileyo uStoker.
Isichazi-magama i-Oxford English Dictionary sisebenzisa okokuqala igama elithi vampire kwisincoko esibizwa ngokuba Uhambo lwaMakhosi amaNgesi amathathu , yabhalwa ngo-1734 yaza yapapashwa ngo-1745. Nangona kwakusele kukho amaxwebhu abhaliweyo ukusukela ngo-1725, xa amagosa ase-Austrian axela ngesiko laseSerbia lokumba izidumbu ezingcwatyelweyo nokubulala izidenge. I-Vampire lore, nangona kunjalo, ibuyela umva ngakumbi, idlale indima kumabali abantu kumbindi nakwimpuma yeYurophu. Elona gama, vampire, linemvelaphi engaqinisekanga. Enye ingcamango idibanisa negama elidala lesiRashiya, upyri , Intsingiselo yokugxotha ngobundlobongela, eyakhankanywa njengesibizo kumbhalo ophakathi waseRussia Ilizwi likaSanta Grigoriy . Kodwa i-OED ayikukhathaleli ukukhankanya incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo echaza ukwenziwa kwee-vampires: Uzuko lweDuchy yaseCarniola , yapapashwa ngo-1689 . Umbhali yayinguJohann Weikhard Freiherr von Valvasor, isigantsontso saseSlovenia esihlala kwindawo eyayisakuba yiHabsburg Empire, sibhala ngesiSlovenia nangesiJamani. Wayefundwa ngokubanzi-ngokwaneleyo ukuba anikwe ubulungu obuhloniphekileyo beRoyal Society yaseLondon eyaziwayo.
Ke yayinguValvasor, ipolymath, umshicileli, isazinzulu kunye nomlobi wezinto, owabhala into ebonakala ngathi yeyokuqala ukushicilelwa kwizithunzela, kwaye yayingulo mbhalo owasebenza njengenkuthazo kwimithetho ye-vampirism eyayibhalwe nguBram Stoker ngo-1897 inoveli , IDracula . UValvasor wayenomdla wokurekhoda intsomi kunye nezithethe zelizwe lakhe, ingingqi ebizwa ngokuba yiCarniola kule ndawo ibizwa ngokuba yiSlovenia namhlanje, kwaye yayiyintsimi yeHabsburgs ngelo xesha. I-Valvasor imele i-fulcrum enomdla phakathi kokukholelwa ngokupheleleyo kumlingo nakwinto engaphaya kwendalo, kunye nomnqweno wokufuna inkcazo yesayensi, enengqiqo yeziganeko ezingenakuchazeka. Ngokwenene, wayekholwa ngentliziyo epheleleyo kwizinto ezinamandla angaphezu kwendalo, kwaye wayekholwa ngokupheleleyo (nto leyo efuna inkolelo eqinileyo kwinto engaphaya kwendalo), kodwa wafuna neenkcazo zenzululwazi zokucacisa into eyayiqwalaselwe jikelele njengesiphumo somlingo. Oku kucace gca kuphando oludumileyo lukaValvasor lwedike laseCerknica elinyamalalayo, elisiqingatha sonyaka lidlelo elomileyo, kunye nesiqingatha sonyaka esikhukula kwaye sibe lelona chibi likhulu eSlovenia. Ngokwesiko lalisithi iqela lamagqwirha elenza amasiko encotsheni yentaba yengingqi lalilawula izikhukula kunye nokufunxwa kwechibi. Kodwa ngelixa uValvasor ekholelwa kubugqwirha, wayezimisele ukufumana inkcazo yendalo. Kwaye wenza-isizukulwana okanye ezimbini ngaphambi koKhanyiso lwenza olu hlobo lophando luqhelekile.
UValvasor urekhoda ibali le-vampire yase-Istrian egama linguGeorge (okanye iGiure, ukuba siyachaneka). Izithethe zeentsomi ze-vampire, ngakumbi indlela yokubulala i-vampire, zivela ngqo kwiitekisi zakhe. Wabhala ngomzekelo othile ukusuka ngo-1672, ityala likaGiure Grando.
Kwidolophu yase Krinck, ngobo busuku emva kokungcwatywa kweGiure esandula ukusweleka, umbingeleli ogama lingu-Father George wayesonwabela isidlo sasemva komngcwabo noMhlolokazi Grando kunye nezihlobo. Xa umfundisi wavula ucango ukuba ahambe, wathi wambona umfi ehleli emva komnyango, wabaleka. I-Giure yabonwa ngabantu ababekade beqhelene nabo kwezi veki zilandelayo, zihlala zingena kwindlu ngendlu, zinkqonkqoza kwiminyango kuyo yonke idolophu. Abahlali bezindlu awankqonkqoza kwiingcango zabo baqala ukusweleka, kwaye abahlali bengonwabanga ngayo. Nkqu noMhlolokazi uGrando wathi wambona — kwaye walala naye — ngaphambi kokuba ajike kwinkundla yamatyala, uMiho Radetič, ukuze amkhusele. Oko kwenza uSherrif Miho umzingeli wokuqala we-vampire orekhodiweyo. Wahamba kunye neqela labamelwane abathandathu abanesibindi, bomelezwa yimimoya enamandla, bephethe izibane ezimbini kunye nomnqamlezo. Bavula ingcwaba likaGiure kuphela ukuba bafumane ubuso besidumbu bushushu bubomvu; ujike wawajonga ngoncumo, wakugqiba wavula umlomo. Bonke abazingeli be-vampire batyhafile (kuyaqondakala, kufuneka kuthiwe) kwaye babaleka. Unothimba weza ezingqondweni kwaye (uValvasor wagqabaza) wayecaphukile akufumanisa ukuba amadoda asithoba aphilayo awakwazi ukuphatha umntu ofileyo, kwaye aguqulwa aba yimivundla ngokujonga nje kube kanye.
Kwakukho, ngokucacileyo, iindlela ezininzi zesiko zokubulala izidumbu ze-vampire. Eyokuqala eyazama ukuba nguSheriff Miho kukubethelela isidumbu esisolisayo (kunye neselfowuni) esiswini ngesibonda esenziwe nge-hawthorn. Kodwa iGiure yangqina yomelela kakhulu: Isibonda saphuma esiswini sakhe, kwaye abakwazanga ukusigqobhoza.
Ixesha lePlani B. Unothimba uMiho ubize umfundisi owenze isiko lokukhupha iidemon (elona liphefumlelweyo ngokuqinisekileyo Umgxothisi , nangona kungakhange kufunyanwe), ebambe phezulu emnqamlezweni ngokukhanya kwesibane ekhwaza, ephindaphinda, Nanku uYesu Kristu, owasisindisayo ekugwetyweni waza wasifela! Isidumbu sikaGiure saqala ukulila. Elinye ilungu leqela lazama ukunqumla intloko yeGiure ngegaba legadi, kodwa waya kuyo ngentliziyo engaphelelanga. Wangena kwigunya lendawo, uMarshall Milasič, wasebenzisa igaba ukuthumela intloko yendoda efileyo ibhabha (uValvasor wayengenantloni ngokuchaza amalungu omzimba weprojekti). Ngokukhawuleza xa kunqunyulwa, intloko yaqala yakhala ngokungathi usaphila, kwaye ingcwaba ligcwele ligazi. Ngomcimbi we-coda omangalisayo, uValvasor uqukumbela isiqendu esithi, Kwaye ukusukela ngelo xesha, uGrando washiya umfazi wakhe kunye nabanye abantu ngoxolo.
Ngelixa intsomi ye-vampire ibuyela umva kudala, kunye nezilo ezinjenge-vampire ezichazwe kwiintsomi zamandulo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zehlabathi, sinokubonisa ukuba uValvasor onomdla ngokumangalisayo ngokuba ngowokuqala ukwenza ibali le-vampire, ebhalwe njengeyinyani, incwadi eprintiweyo . Ke le Halloween, mhlawumbi cinga ngokwenza iGiure Grando, endaweni yeDracula, imyuziyam yakho.
UGqr uNowa Charney ngunjingalwazi wembali yezobugcisa kunye nombhali othengisa kakhulu, ozinze eSlovenia. Iincwadi zakhe zamva nje zibandakanya ISlovenology: Ukuphila nokuHamba kwelona lizwe liBalaseleyo kwiLizwe kwaye Umqokeleli woBomi: UGiorgio Vasari kunye noNgeniso lobuGcisa . Mfumane apha www.noahcharney.com .
