Ukugculelwa kwetafile yeToshiba eyayilayishe i-Semtex eyaqhushumba iPan Am Flight 103 ngaphezulu kweLockerbie ngo-1988.Ifoto: Getty Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo kule veki, iPan Am Flight 103 yaqhekeka ngenxa yokuqhushumba njengoko yayihamba ngeenyawo ezingama-31,000 ngaphezulu kweScottish Lowlands, kwimizuzu engama-38 emva kokuba isukile kwisikhululo senqwelomoya saseLondon iHeathrow. Ukuqhekezwa kweBoeing 747, ebizwa ngegama Isicakakazi seziLwandle , yayisiya eNew York kodwa ayizange ifike apho iya khona, iwa ngamadangatye ajikeleze idolophu yaseLockerbie.
Akuzange kubekho basindayo. Le ntlekele yathatha ubomi babantu abamsulwa abangama-270: abakhweli abangama-243, abasebenzi abali-16, nabemi abali-11 baseLockerbie babulawa xa iphiko lomlilo lomoya wenqwelo-moya lahamba phakathi kwidolophu yabo. Ikhulu elinamashumi asithoba abafileyo yayingamaMelika, kubandakanya neqela labafundi beYunivesithi yaseSyrause baseSyracuse ababuyela ekhaya ngeKrisimesi emva kwesemester yaseYurophu phesheya.
Nje ukuba kucace ukuba akukho mntu usindileyo engozini, olona phando lukhulu kwimbali yase-Bhritane luqale, ngokukhangela indawo yokuhlala kunye nokwenza ikhathalogu ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezine ze-wreckage-kubandakanywa amawaka amalungu omzimba-asasazeka ngaphezulu kwe-850 yeekhilomitha ezisemaphandleni aseScotland. Kwisithuba seveki yentlekele, abaphandi bafumanisa umkhondo wokuqhushumba, beveza ukuba ingozi yeLockerbie ayenzekanga ngengozi.
Ibhombu yehlise i-747, kwaye uhlalutyo lwe-FBI luveze ukuba inqwelomoya enkulu yatshatyalaliswa sisikhombisi seplastikhi, ngakumbi uSemtex waseCzechoslovakia, epakishwe kwisutikheyisi yaseSamsonite ebekwe ngaphambili kwinqwelo-moya yomthwalo wasekhohlo. Isixhobo esineziqhushumbisi esifihliweyo sasifihliwe kumdlali wekhasethi yeToshiba kwaye saqhushumbiswa sisenzisi sebarometric esenzelwe ukufumanisa ukuphakama.
Esi sityhilelo samisa iintsimbi, kuba kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini phambi kohlaselo, amapolisa ase-Jamani asonga isisele sabanqolobi kufutshane neFrankfurt-apho uhambo lukaPam Am 103 lwe-transatlantic lwaqala-olwalusakha iibhombu, ngakumbi ibhombu yeSemtex efihlwe ngaphakathi kwikhasethi yomsakazo weToshiba . Isisele esasiphakathi kwePopular Front yenkululeko yePalestine-General Command, iqela elinamandla lama-Arab elikhokelwa ngu-Ahmed Jibril, owayesakuba ligosa lomkhosi waseSyria. Ubukrelekrele baseNtshona buqwalasele i-PFLP-GC njengokuncinci ukongezwa kweenkonzo zokhuseleko zaseSyria.
Ngaphaya koko, ngo-Okthobha u-1988 wabanjwa wagxotha igosa eliphezulu le-PFLP-GC, kunye ne-Jwananian yesizwe u-Marwan Khreesat, igqala elenza ibhombu ekukholelwa ukuba lidlale indima kuhlaselo lobunqolobi olungasombululwanga ngo-1970 olwehlise i-jetliner yase-Swissair, yabulala i-47. abantu. Kungekudala, u-Khreesat wakhululwa elugcinweni, ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokuba wayeyimpimpi ye-Jordanian intelligence.
Amapolisa aseJamani abamba iibhombu ezine kwiseli ye-PFLP-GC yaseFrankfurt, kodwa i-IED yesihlanu yalahleka. Iiarhente zobuntlola zaseNtshona zacinga ukuba inokuba sesona sixhobo simthathileyo phantsi uPam Am 103. Kwakungekho nokuba nzima ukuqonda izizathu zolo hlaselo. Kwiinyanga ezintathu kuphela ngaphambili, ngoJulayi 3, i-cruiser USS IVincent , kwisikhululo esikwiPersian Gulf, wadubula wabetha i-Iran Air Airbus, wabulala bonke abangama-290 ababekhwele apho, abangama-66 kubo babengabantwana. Yayiyingozi embi, kodwa iintloko ezishushu eTehran zathembisa ukuziphindezela. Ngaba bayifumene esibhakabhakeni ngaphaya kweScotland?
Yayingengombono ubhadlileyo lowo. Kwi-1980s, abagrogrisi abancediswa yiIran bashiya umkhondo wokuqhushumba eMiddle East nangaphaya, uninzi lwazo lwabulala inani elikhulu labantu baseMelika. Ungayichazanga eyokuba ulawulo lwaseSyria lwalunobuhlobo kunye nee-mullahs eTehran, kwaye ukukhuphela ngaphandle impindezelo ye-Iran ye-Airbus eyayihlisiwe eya kwi-PFLP-GC kwakubonakala kufanelekile kubalindi bamaxesha akuMbindi Mpuma.
Eso yayisisiphelo sobukrelekrele base-US, ngakumbi xa i-Arhente yoKhuseleko kaZwelonke ibonelela ngemfihlo efihlakeleyo ebonisa ukuba iTehran igunyazise i-PFLP-GC ukuba iye ezantsi ePan Am 103, ixelwe $ 10 yezigidi. Elinye igqala lomhlalutyi we-NSA wandixelela kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ukuba iqela lakhe lokulwa ubunqolobi alithandabuzi ukuba i-Iranian ingenatyala. UBob Baer, igosa le-CIA eligqala, uchaze ukuba iarhente yakhe bakholelwa ngokufanayo ukuba iTehran yayingasemva kwebhombu. Kwisithuba sonyaka wohlaselo, uLuntu lwethu loBuntlola luvavanye ngokuzithemba ukuba iLockerbie yayingumsebenzi waseIran owenziwa ngabanqunyulwa baseSyria, kwaye olo lwabiwo lwabiwe ngamahlakani aliqela anolwazi olomeleleyo lweMpuma Mpuma, kubandakanya ubukrelekrele base-Israeli.
Iintlola zaseMelika ke ngoko zothuka kakhulu ngo-Novemba ngo-1991 xa oorhulumente baseMelika nabaseBritane babekek 'ityala abantu ababini baseLibya malunga nokuqhushumba kwabo. Kuthathe iminyaka esithoba ukuba ityala liqale, kuba iLibya yayithandabuza ukunika abantu bayo, kwaye yaqala ngoMeyi 2000 eNetherlands, nangona inkqubo yayiqhubeka phantsi komthetho waseScotland. NgoJanuwari 2001, mnye kuphela ummangalelwa, u-Abdelbaset el-Megrahi, oxelwe ukuba ligosa lezobuntlola laseLibya, wagwetywa ngezityholo zokubulala ezingama-270.
UMegrahi wathi umsulwa kwaye wabuyiselwa kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa ngehlobo lowama-2009 ngenxa yemfesane kuba wayenomhlaza wesibeletho ongapheliyo. Usweleke ngoMeyi ka-2012, kungekude emva kokuba inguquko yaseLibya iwisile umphathi wakhe wangaphambili, uzwilakhe uMuammar Gaddafi. Ngo-2003, njengenxalenye yomzamo wakhe wokuzuza ukuthanda kweNtshona, uGaddafi walwamkela uxanduva lokuhlaselwa kweLockerbie kwaye wahlawula imbuyekezo kwiintsapho zamaxhoba, kodwa akazange avume ukuba wayalela ukuba kuqhushumbe.
ILibya, nayo, yenza uhlaselo lobunqolobi ngeminyaka yoo-1980, kwaye abanye babo babulala abantu baseMelika, ke zange ibengakholeleki ukuba uLockerbie wabulawa yingqondi yaseLibya. Ewe, ubukrelekrele base-US abuzange bukhuphe ngaphandle kwelokuba iintlola zaseLibya zidlale indima kolo hlaselo. Ukusebenzisana okunjalo kwamazwe amaninzi kubunqolobi kwenzeka kwilizwe lokwenyani, ngeentlola zisebenzisa abagrogrisi bamanye amazwe, ngamanye amaxesha abavela kumaqela amaninzi, njengokunqunyulwa. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina be-Megrahi njenge-terrorist Lockerbie abuzange buqine ngokukodwa, kwaye ityala liye lancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko amabali atshintshile.
Ngelixa amagqala ezobuntlola aseLibya ibango ukuba uGadaffi wayesemva kweLockerbie, amagqala ezobuntlola eIran nje ngokufanayo wakhomba umnwe eTehran. Ngokutyhilayo, uJim Swire, ugqirha oliNgesi owaphulukana nentombi yakhe kuPam Am 103, uzinikele kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu edlulileyo ekumeleni amaxhoba e-Lockerbie, esiba ngumkhuseli we-vehement ongasekhoyo u-Megrahi, ekholelwa ukuba i-Libyan ibiyi-patsy. Njengawo onke amacala kule mfihlakalo, uSire uhlanganisene Ityala eliqinisekileyo, ukuba ekugqibeleni liyimeko Kwithiyori yakhe yolwaphulo-mthetho.
Inani labantu abayaziyo inyani malunga neLockerbie liyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kuyaphazamisa ukuba ubukrelekrele base-US babukholelwa ngokuzithemba malunga nolu hlaselo aluzange luguqulwe lube ngumthetho okanye isenzo sezopolitiko. Ubundlobongela obenzeka eScotland kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo buhlala buyeyona nto ibulala abantu baseMelika ngaphandle kwe-9/11. Ngo-2014, uMarwan Khreesat wayehlala ngokukhululekileyo eJordani, ukuthumela imifanekiso kuFacebook Ngokuqhushumba uPam Am 103 kunye nomfuziselo webhombu omthathe wamlahla. Usweleke kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo kunye nentombi kaKhreesat Kutshanje uxelele amajelo eendaba ukuba utata wakhe washiya ubungqina bokuba wayenoxanduva lweLockerbie ngenxa yokujongana neIran. Ixesha liyaphela ukwazisa uluntu ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye Isicakakazi seziLwandle kunye nabantu abamsulwa abangama-270.
