Ngokwexesha eliNgaphezulu: uKen Burns Iziphumo

UKen Burns uhlala endiphulula ngendlela engeyiyo. Kodwa emva kokumamela intetho yakhe yokuQalwa kweYunivesithi yaseStanford; UYesu ozinikeleyo, ohanahanisayo, enika iNtshumayelo yaseNtabeni yokuthotywa kwengelosi ewayo esongela ukungcolisa iNdlu yaseLincoln, ndaqala ukucinga: Ngaba uKen uhambisa amandla aphezulu?

Yenza iintsana… ubongoze abafundi xa evala intetho yakhe (akuxelwanga kakuhle); uthabathe kumyalelo ophefumlelweyo weGenesis wokuba uvelise kwaye wande

Huh? Ndicinge; mhlawumbi ngokungalunganga kwezopolitiko ukuba unike abafundi abasandul 'ukuthweswa izidanga intetho ye-pep yokuzala, kodwa iyahambelana kakuhle nebali likaKen Burns, elixhomekeke kakhulu kwimibono yebhayibhile.

UKen Burns, njengabazalwana beBlues ngaphambi kwakhe, ukwimishini evela kuThixo.

Uyingelosi enkulu kwi-pantheon equka i-posse yeeNgelosi ezingcono kwaye ukuba awuyikholelwa jonga uMbutho weengelosi ezingcono, i-501 (c) 3 engenzi nzuzo ezinikele ngokukodwa ekukhuliseni imali kuKen Burns kunye nombono wakhe Ingcono iMelika; Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngokutsho kwesicatshulwa sendawo ngumbhali-mbali ongasekhoyo uStephen Burns, abantu abaninzi baseMelika bafumana imbali yabo kuKen Burns kunayo nayiphi na eminye imithombo.

Ndingasishwankathela isiphumo sikaKen Burns ngale ndlela: Umnqweno onamandla wokukholelwa ukuba ungathanda- nokuba uthanda - iifilimu zakhe, nangona ungathanda ukwenza enye into.

Kukho ifoto yeqela likaKen kunye neengelosi zakhe kwiwebhusayithi; I-lily-white, ubukhulu becala yindidi yamadoda e-execs ezisisiseko, abacebisi bezezimali kunye neendidi zabucala zabucala. Smack embindini unxibe-phantsi (ukuya kumax) ongakhethiyo uKen Burns edlalisa utyikityo lwakhe lwe-mop-top doo (leyo ibangelwe kukucinga ukuba ngaba impembelelo yayiyiPrince Valiant, Moe Howard, uKapteni Kangaroo, okanye, ngoku, uBoris Johnson).

Ukutshisa kunengxaki yomfanekiso; Ukuthetha ngokwasemzimbeni.

Uthi izinto ezinobunzima - izinto ezilungileyo ezivakala zilungile - kodwa ngaphandle kwentshebe asandula ukuyithatha ukuba ihlume, usabonakala njengeBoy Scout efriziwe ngexesha; nangona kuvakala njengenguqulelo ye-Leave it To Beaver's sycophant, Eddie Haskell. Ukuba uJon Heder ebezakwenza enye into uNapoleon Dynamite, bendizobona indima kaKen.

Ikratshi lihamba Phambi kokuwa, ngokweMizekeliso, kungcono kakhulu ukugcina uKen evela ekubonakaleni kakhulu, engathobekanga; khulisa nje umbono kawonke-wonke wokuba uKen - umphefumlo omdala osisilumko-uvelise uhlobo loxwebhu olunyusa umphefumlo waseMelika kwaye ukhuthaze ababukeli ukuba babe nomdla, bangapholi (obunye ubulumko awabunikayo ekupheleni kwentetho yakhe yaseStanford).

Andiqinisekanga ukuba zifuna ukwazi kangakanani ezi grads zeStanford; baqhwaba izandla ngentlonipho kodwa ndiyazibuza ukuba bangancama na Game of Thrones for a binge-watch of twelve hours of National Parks.

Ndingasishwankathela isiphumo sikaKen Burns ngale ndlela: Umnqweno onamandla wokukholelwa ukuba ungathanda- nokuba uthanda - iifilimu zakhe, nangona ungathanda ukwenza enye into.

I-bio kwiphepha lika-Ken lika-twitter libhengeza ubungcwele bakhe njengomnye wababhali abanempembelelo ngalo lonke ixesha -kunye noRobert Flaherty- kunye nezalathiso zomvavanyi weBaltimore Sun: IBurns ayisiyiyo kuphela eyona mbhali inkulu yosuku, kodwa ikwangoyena menzi wefilimu ixesha.

Ukwazi okuthile malunga nembali yexwebhu ndiza kuthenga uRobert Flaherty (uNanook waseMantla) kodwa xa kufikwa kumba wokufaka igalelo kubugcisa bohlobo endinokuthi uKen udlala kwiiligi ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa nabenzi beefilimu abanjengoAlex Gibney okanye U-Errol Morris kwaye wanqwala kwixa elidlulileyo, ubambelela phambi kwegalelo labenzi bezinto ezinje ngeRussia Dziga Vertov, iScotsman uJohn Grierson kunye nabantu baseMelika uRobert Drew kunye nabazalwana uMaysles.

Ukudityaniswa kweeyure kunye neeyure zeentloko zokuthetha, ezithungelweyo kunye nengoma ye-maudlin ye-banjo kunye nokubaliswa kwe-monotonish ayenzi ukuba uxwebhu lube lukhulu. Nkqu nakummandla wee-documentary eziqhutywa ngobude kunzima ukumbona uKen ekhuphisana kwibala lemidlalo elifanayo nelomFrentshi, uMarcel Ophuls, osengoyena mlawuli ubalaseleyo wehlabathi kuhlobo lwama-88.

Ngeliphandle, ndiyenzile inkuthalo yam efanelekileyo kwaye ndaye ndahlala nesiqendu seBurns okwemizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokuba ndixakeke kakhulu apho ndibeka khona kude kuye kwiBravo okanye kwi-HGTV ukuze ndonwabe ngakumbi, ndinamava erhafu encinci (Ndifumana u-Flip Out kaJeff Lewis iyeza elifanelekileyo kugqithiso kuKen Burns).

Ngaphandle kwento ebizwa ngokuba yiKen Burns, eyaziwa kubo bonke abasebenzisa isoftware yevidiyo ye-Apple njengesixhobo esivumela ukuba usondeze kwi-High School bully kwifoto yeklasi okanye intombazana yasekholejini kwi-prom snapshot obukhe wanayo. kubonakala ngathi ineengcambu kwiintsomi ezisekwe kwidijithi yeBurns. Isiphumo sikaKen Burns(Ifoto: Wikipedia)

Ngokomxholo, yayinguSteve Jobs ngokwakhe - echukunyiswe kukusetyenziswa kwezitayile zembali kwiMfazwe yamakhaya -owaya kuBurns ngesithembiso sokufumana igama lakhe. Kodwa kuyinyani kutyekelo lokungajonganga kwenza nzuzo umbhali wexwebhu wayengabonwa ethatha ingeniso engcolileyo ngenxa yezizathu zorhwebo, ngenxa yoko isivumelwano senziwa ngesibonelelo somrhumo wekhompyutha yeApple kwinkampani yefilimu engenzi nzuzo kaBurns.

Akunakunetha kwi-parade kaKen kodwa ngaphambi kukaKen Burns, sabiza le benching stills. Yayiyinto yangaphambi kwedijithali; ilizwe lokwenziwa kwefilimu elaliyiigiya zobudala bemizi-mveliso, i-sprocket, amabhanti kunye ne-16mm yokuguqula iseluloid. Ngaphantsi koqeqesho lweMarty Scorsese, malunga ne-1970 NYU yeSikolo seFilimu, sonke thina bafundi safunda ukwenza iifoto kwi-easel, ukufumana i-tripod yentloko enzima (ukuzinza) ukuba ibe nye nekhamera kwaye uzame ukwenza ezi ntshukumo ezifanayo, kakuhle, ngesandla.

Ndaya kuMnu Burns ukuba ndihlomle kodwa akavuma. Ngeli xesha, ummeli wakhe uzamile ukubulala esi siqwenga esithi u-Braganca uyithumele njengempindezelo kumazwi kaMnu Burns agweba uDonald Trump. Ngapha koko, umbono wam kaBurns uthathe iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uDonald Trump aqale ukusebenzela umongameli; Ndiqale ukuxoxa ngesi siqwenga kunye nommeli wakhe nge-Matshi 27, 2013.

Ngelixa uKen engazange ayile isiphumo sikaKen Burns, wonwabe ngakumbi ukwamkela ityala.

Njengombhali oneminyaka engamashumi amane anesihlanu, ndibone iziphumo zeKen Burns zisondela emsebenzini kwiindawo ezinjengePBS; ecoca iidesika nanini na kukho uthotho olutsha olunamagama akhe, imiqobo yesiqhelo yexesha eligwetyiweyo. Unikwe ukufikelela okungalawulekiyo kumaza kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yinqwelwana eqhelekileyo, apho zonke izikhululo zikamabonwakude zikawonkewonke, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamaxesha, zonke zisasaza ii-epics zakhe, kwangolo suku lunye.

Amandla kaKen Burns anamandla kangangokuba xa ucela amagqabantshintshi avela kubalingane bakho, konke kodwa kwanyamalala. Aba ngabantu abaqhele ukuqengqisa amehlo nanini na xa kukhankanywa igama likaBurns kodwa impendulo ekuhambeni esidlangalaleni yinto ehambelana nesiluleko sikaOmerta: hlala uvale umlomo okanye kungenjalo.

Kwenye indawo? Yiya esidlangalaleni ngephulo elibi lomlomo elitshisayo kwaye unokufumana isindululo sakho esilandelayo senkxaso mali yamaxwebhu kwindawo enje ngeNational Endowment yaBantu abafileyo ekufikeni.

I-National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) esekwe nguLyndon Johnson yayilelwe ukukhuthaza ubufundi kunye nophando ngendlela ethandekayo kubemi abahlala bebhalwe ngabagxeki abanjengo-HL Mencken njengo-Boobus Americanus. Ngelixa yayisasaza inkqubo yayo yemithombo yeendaba ngoo-1970, yaba yindawo yokufumana inkxaso-mali kumaxwebhu kwaye ngexesha uRonald Reagan waba ngumongameli ezinye zeefilimu ezixhaswe ngemali zabangela ukungahambelani kwezopolitiko okanye ezimbini. Kwimisebenzi ye-NEH kuye kwanyanzeleka ukufumana umenzi wefilimu abanokukholelwa kuye; umntu onokuthi abhekane noqhwithela kwezopolitiko nokuba wenza ntoni na.

KuKen Burns, bafumana indoda yabo.

Ngokwesithethi se-NEH iziko linike uKen ishumi elinesihlanu leegranti ezahlukileyo ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-9.1 yezigidi zeedola ukusukela ngonyaka we-1979. Xa ebuzwa ukuba uKen wakha wakhatywa na ngemali yesibonelelo, isithethi sakhankanya ukugcinwa kwemfihlo njengesizathu sokungakwazi ukuphendula.

Akukho ndawo yayingu-NEH ka-Ken Burns obubungqina obungaphezulu kuka-Meyi ophelileyo, xa wayemenywa liziko ukuba ahambise i-Jefferson Lecture yonyaka, elona wonga liphezulu le-NEH, elinikwa impumelelo yengqondo (ekwahamba nayo ngembeko elishumi epholileyo) .

Yonke yayiyinto entle kunye neemeko kwiZiko laseKennedy: umkhosi wamajoni onogada wangena ngaphakathi, wabanjwa ngasemva yiflegi enkulu yaseMelika ejikeleza kwiscreen esingasemva. Usihlalo wangoku we-NEH uWilliam Adams unikeze intshayelelo ngokuzonwabisa kangangokuba ukuba uBurns, u-Honest Abe, angabonakala ngesiquphe, ucinga ukuba yeyakhe. Umenzi wefilimu uKen Burns uthetha eqongeni ngexesha lenkomfa yeendaba 'kaJackie Robinson', ifilimu kaKen Burns.(Ifoto: Frederick M. Brown / Getty Izithombe)

Ukuthetha-ntetho kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo eBurns; ukunyaniseka okungaze kuphakame kwinqanaba lokuthetha ngomlilo, kodwa akufuneki. Ngentloko ekhutshwe kancinci phezulu, ngokungathi kukuhambisa amandla ashiyekileyo eeNgelosi eziNgcono, isiphumo kukunika abaphulaphuli umbono wokuba ukumamela nje xa bethetha -kodwa ukubukela iifilimu zakhe-kuya kubenza babe ngabangcono baseMelika. Kwaye ukuze uqiniseke ukuba uyayazi indlela abaluleke ngayo umntu, uzakuthetha iintetho zakhe ngokubhekisa kubo bonke abo bantu abalulekileyo abaziyo buqu (xa ndabuza imbongi nombhali wenoveli uRobert Penn Warren…)

Ngexesha lokwazisa iAdams uxwebhu ngequbuliso lwavela kwiscreen. Yayisisicelo sokuqala sikaKen se-NEH, circa 1979. Yayiyimisongo yoLwandle oluFileyo kakhulu efana nayo, endicinga ukuba yayiyimpembelelo ekujongwe kuyo.

I-1979 ikwangunyaka omnye esathi safumana isibonelelo sethu sokuqala se-NEH (xa ndithetha njalo mna kunye nomsunguli weefilimu zePacific Street, uSteven Fischler) Inkxaso-mali yayiyeye-documentary, Anarchism eMelika ; ukuphononongwa kweentambo ezahlukeneyo ezichasene negunya - ngasekhohlo nangasekunene- ezizidibanise nembali yeli lizwe. Siye kwindlela yokubhala ama-anarchist okufika aphelileyo- amaJuda, amaSpanish, amaTaliyane- ababengabalingane bakaEmma Goldman, kodwa iikhamera zethu zaya eWest Virginia ukuya kudliwanondlebe ne-libertarian icon, uKarl Hess (ngokudumileyo, umbhali-ntetho kaBarry Goldwater wajika) Ukubonakala okukhwankqisayo, kunye ne-anarcho-syndicalist anarchist, uMurray Bookchin, kwinkomfa yeLibertarian Party yowe-1979; Zombini zixoxa ngeendlela apho iindlela ezisekhohlo nasekunene zidibana (uEd Clark noDavid Koch, babaleka kwitikiti kulo nyaka). I-19^thInkulungwane yefilosofi yomhleli wephephandaba u-Benjamin Tucker (ii-anarchists zingaqinisekiswanga ziJeffersonian Democrats) kunye nohlaziyo lwezabasebenzi olunamandla, uLysander Spooner, bobabini ababethethe i-libertarianism yabo njengokubuyela kwixabiso elilahlekileyo laseMelika, yayikwayimisonto ebalulekileyo edlula kwifilimu egqityiweyo.

Yonke le nto ibonwa ngathi yiradicalism inike ityala elibi ku-agita kusihlalo ozayo we-NEH, uBill Bennett (otyunjwe nguRonald Reagan), owayenabasebenzi abasicela ukuba sisuse igama leziko (salile).

Emva koko, inkqubo yokulinga uthotho lomthetho, obizwa Umthetho kunye neNkululeko yezeSondo- mhlawumbi, owokuqala ukujongana namaLungelo eSini- walaliswa ebhedini ngumlandeli ka-Bennett kunye ne-SLOTUS yexesha elizayo, uLynne Cheney. Indawo yokuvula, efotwe ngo-1981, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yatywina ikamva lethu. USergeant we-NYPD, uCharles Cochrane, enxibe iyunifomu, wazazisa kwikhamera njengoko wayesele ephumile kwigumbi lokulala kwaye eziqhayisa ngokuba li-gay. UCochrane, owasungula i-NYPD's Gay Officers Action League, wahlaselwa ngumhlaza ngo-2008, kodwa namhlanje uthathwa njengeqhawe (unesitrato esinegama lakhe).

UKen Burns ubambe iThelevishini kaRhulumente njengoko i-turf yakhe kunye ne-PBS zinganikezeli. Iifilimu zakhe ze-rock-the-boat azilungelanga ukukhuthaza ezo zithembiso zingenakulinganiswa zekomityi yekomityi.

Ngaphandle kokunikwa iziqinisekiso zemfundo kwiGuggenheim Fsocis (ngelo xesha, 1978, abenzi bemiboniso bhanyabhanya abancinci ukuba bahlonitshwe) zange siphinde sinikwe naluphi na uhlobo lwemali epheleleyo yemveliso ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwezicelo ezininzi ze-encyclopedic kunye nabacebisi bezemfundo abafunekayo. (I-NEH ikwenza ukuba ulandele iphepha emva kwesibini kuphela kwi-Harvard Law School).

UKen Burns ubambe iThelevishini kaRhulumente njengoko i-turf yakhe kunye ne-PBS zinganikezeli. Iifilimu zakhe ze-rock-the-boat azilungelanga ukukhuthaza ezo zithembiso zingenakulinganiswa zekomityi yekomityi. Umbono wakhe ukwisithungelwano somfanekiso wobungangamsha we-PBS, omnye obangele ukuba i-kerfuffle ibuyele ngo-2011 xa inika uGoldman Sachs ithuba lokuthenga umyalezo ngenkxaso-mali wesibini kwi-15-30 kwimicu efana neFrontline kunye noMsebenzi wobugcisa, obangela ukuba ababukeli bakhalaze xa phezulu, kumgangatho osezantsi. waphazanyiswa sisibhengezo seGoldman . Umenzi weefilimu uKen Burns uthetha ngeqonga ngexesha leengxoxo zephaneli kwinxalenye ye-PBS yohambo loMbutho wabaGibanisi beThelevishini ngo-2014 eLangham Hotel ngoJanuwari 20, 2014 ePasadena, California.(Ifoto: Frederick M. Brown / Getty Izithombe)

Iingelosi ezingcono zikaKen ziye, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zithintele nakuphi na ukugxekwa okungqonge amahlakani abo, aquka i-US Trust (i-Bank of America yolawulo lobutyebi lobuqu). Ulawulo olunomceli mngeni / oluphambili kwiBhanki yaseMelika ibophele inkanuko yayo kuKen Burns 'I-Roosevelts kwaye yamisela iphepha lewebhu licula iindumiso zikaKen kunye nenkampani.

Ngelishwa okushiyekileyo kuthi kudala-ukwenza abenzi be-doc besazama ukufumana uluvo okanye ezimbini ngokusebenzisa umabonwakude woluntu ziimvuthu kwaye kwanokuba kunzima ukuzifumana. Ukuba unokukholisa enye yeentambo ezimbalwa ze-PBS ezinje nge-POV okanye i-Independent Lens ukuba uvume ukuthatha ngasekhohlo okanye ngasekunene kwefilimu ebhaliweyo, ngokungafaniyo noKen, unokuyifumana icwangciswe ngexesha lokutya kulungiselela ukulala (kwizikhululo ezizodwa, hayi i-PBS, yenza izigqibo zosasazo kolu ngcelele).

UGordon Quinn - iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kwishishini; umseki kunye nomlawuli wezobugcisa weeKartemquin Films, kwaye ukhaliphile ngokwaneleyo ukuba angabamba umatshini weBurns-uyibeke kakuhle:

Ndicinga ukuba inqaku limalunga neyantlukwano. Ngokubeka imali eninzi kwiBurns kwaye bethanda yena kusasazo banika inkxaso encinci kunye nengqwalaselo kukwahluka kwamazwi ayinxalenye yaseMelika kwaye kufuneka ixhaswe yi-NEH kwaye iboniswe kwi-PBS. Ngexesha apho imithombo yeendaba ephambili ijolise kubemi ekujoliswe kubo kunye neembono zezopolitiko i-PBS kufuneka ibe yenye indlela.

Uninzi lweyantlukwano ethi uQuinn ubhekise kuyo ilahlekile kwii-epics zikaKen Burns.

UGoogle Ken Burns / amaXwebhu / iingxaki kunye nokusilela okuninzi kuyavela, kubandakanya nokushiywa kweLatin Jazz kwiiyure ezilishumi elinesithoba zeJazz. Kwakukho imibuzo enzulu ephakanyiswe ngamaqela amaNative American kunye namaLatino awathi uKen weqa ngaphezulu kwendima eyadlalwa ngamagqala emidlalo kwiziqendu ezisixhenxe zeMfazwe. Kubi kakhulu ukuba amalungu eCongressus Hispanic Caucus azise ukungabikho kwi-PBS, exhasa iBurns, ibangela ukuba uSenator Robert Menendez (DN.J.) aphawule ukuba indlela i-PBS ephathe ngayo lo nto ukusukela oko umba uphakanyisiwe ushiye okuninzi ukunqweneleka.

Omnye umbhali-mbali, uMartin Blatt, owayesebenza kwiNkonzo kaZwelonke wabamba umjikelo woogxa bakhe ukuhlalutya iingxaki Iipaki zeSizwe: Eyona Idea yaseMelika kwaye phakathi kwezigqibo ezininzi bekuqwalaselwe into yokuba amaMelika aseMelika ngekhe abelane ngoluvo ngesihloko, ngenxa yokuba bagxothwa kumazwe abo obuzwe ukuze benze ezona zimvo zibalaseleyo. Akukho nto ingako malunga neeyure ezilishumi elinambini zexesha lokubaleka.

Injalo ke impembelelo kaKen Burns nokuba xa umbhali-mbali ezabalazela ukucel 'umngeni ukunyaniseka kukaBurns baziva kunyanzelekile ukuba balale ukugxeka ngengubo yokucela uxolo yokuncoma ngomzimba wakhe jikelele.

Ukuphonononga iRoosevelts, umzekelo, umbhali-mbali uHarvey Kaye, ingcali ye-FDR, wenza kancinci ukuba andikufanelanga ukuguqa nokukhuhla ngaphambi kokuba aqalise kwisigxeko esinzulu.

IBurns kunye neWadi azivelisanga imbali esiyifunayo. Abazihoyi iindlela abathi abantu abasebenzayo kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi babumba ngayo 'amaqhawe' abo okucinga kwaye baqhubela phambili isenzo sabo. Bayakuqaphela ukungenelela kukamongameli we-TR kuqhankqalazo lwamalahle ngo-1902, kodwa basilele ukuthetha ngendima yabasebenzi kwimilo yamaqela oSoshiyali kunye namaqela aqhubela phambili kwimfazwe yangaphambi kweGilded Age capital (umanyano lwabasebenzi kunye nenkokeli yamaSoshiyali kunye nomgqatswa kamongameli u-Eugene Debs akaze abizwe ngegama).

Kodwa damn torpedoes, umphunga opheleleyo phambi kweeKen's Angels eziqhubeka nokongeza imirhumo yemali ye-NEH ngoonondaba abapheleleyo benkxaso mali yabo.

Ngo-2014, ngokwefom yabo ye-IRS 990, iiNgelosi ezingcono zifakwe ngaphezulu kwe- $ 12 yezigidi kwaye kuninzi kakhulu kwipleyiti yakhe yangoku, kubandakanya: uMculo welizwe (mhlawumbi ii-fiddles / banjos zidlala ingoma eyahlukileyo); IHemingway (ngaba uKen uzakubaleka neenkunzi zeenkomo ezizayo uPamplona?) Kwaye, oyintandokazi yam: Ukuchasa ubuNazi: Imfazwe ye-Sharpes, malunga nesibini esimhlophe esimhlophe esathunyelwa eYurophu ekuqaleni kwembambano ukunceda ukugcina i-kinfolk yam (Ukuveza: Bobabini abazali bam basinda eAuschwitz. Ndazalelwa emva kwemfazwe eJamani). Zonke zibhalwe kwimveliso. Umlawuli-co-director / umvelisi olawulayo uKen Burns uthetha ngeqonga ngexesha 'lokuchasa amaNazi: Iphaneli yeMfazwe yeSharps' ngoJulayi 28, 2016 eBeverly Hills, California.(Ifoto: Frederick M. Brown / Getty Izithombe)

Kodwa zininzi izinto uKen afuna ukuzenza kwixesha elizayo kwaye, ngokwewebhusayithi, amathuba enkxaso-mali ayafumaneka ke ngoko cinga ngokutyala imali: UWinston Churchill (khange enzelwe ekufeni?); Imfazwe ebandayo (ayenzelwanga oku ekufeni?) Kunye neeMormon (Ndiyazi ukuba oku kwenziwe ekufeni, ngothotho lwee-PBS zeminyaka eliqela).

Ngaba ikhona into ethintelweyo kuKen?

Hayi nyani… Kukho nomdlalo weKomidi eliPhakame kwikamva lakhe.

UJoel Sucher ngumseki weeFilm Street zePacific, ezivelisileyo Ndiyathembisa ukukhumbula: Ibali likaFrankie Lymon kunye naBafikisayo kwaye Ukusuka eSwastika ukuya kuJim Crow .