Umjongi uthethe neengcali ezininzi ukunceda ukuqonda ikamva laseHollywood ngoku ekubeni iMithetho ePhakamileyo yeMvume iphelisiwe.Umzekeliso: Umjongi; Umthombo: American Stock / Getty Izithombe Kwiveki ephelileyo, emva kweminyaka engaphezulu kwama-70, iSebe lezoBulungisa lase-U.S lizimisele ukuphelisa iMimiselo ePhakamileyo yeMvume inikwe ngumgwebi waseburhulumenteni waseNew York. Imithetho ePhambili yeMvume isebenze njengorhwebo lwelayisensi yexesha elide. Yenziwe ekupheleni konyaka we-1940 njengelinge lokulwa ukungathembeki kwizitudiyo zefilimu, zazenzelwe ukuba ziqhekeze iimodeli ezihlanganisiweyo ezithe nkqo zexesha apho izitudiyo zefilimu zisebenza ngokuhambelana nemixokelelwane yesizwe yokulawula imveliso kunye nokusasazwa. Imiyalelo yayalela ukuba izitudiyo ezinkulu zeefilimu-ngakumbi iWarner Bros kunye neParamount-bazikhuphe kwimiboniso. Nangona le mithetho ibingagubungeli ii-studio eziza kukhula zibe ngabadlali abaphambili, abanjengoDisney, eli shishini lamkele ngokubanzi ezi zikhokelo zolawulo kwibhodi yonke.
Ukuqala ngo-Novemba ophelileyo, i-DOJ ibikhona ukutyhala Ukuphelisa imimiselo kwiinzame ezenziwa kwilizwe liphela kugxininiswa ukunciphisa. Njengakuyo nayiphi na into ephambili, kukho izinto ezinokubakho kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho kule ntshukumo, ngoku iqhubela phambili umphunga ogcweleyo.
Ubume bemakethi, obungekhoyo kwiMithetho ePhakamileyo, buya kubuyela kolo hlobo lokuziphatha gwenxa kweziMiselo ezazenzelwe ukuthintela. -Patrick Corcoran
I-DOJ kufuneka ijonge emarikeni kwaye ibone ukuba zeziphi iziphumo zokususa imimiselo, kwaye ziziphi iimpembelelo ezibashiyayo endaweni, uPatrick Corcoran, uMongameli weLizwi kunye neGosa eliyiNtloko lezoNxibelelwano le-National Association of Theatre Owner (NATO), uxelele uMqwalaseli . Uluvo lokuba ukhuphiswano ngakumbi luya kuchuma-ewe, oko sele kwenzekile. Siye sabona ubuchule obukhulu kunye notshintsho kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo, njengokunyuka kweNetflix, kunye neMigaqo yeMvume ekhoyo. Ubume bemakethi, obungekhoyo kwiMithetho ePhakamileyo, buya kubuyela kolo hlobo lokuziphatha gwenxa kweziMiselo ezazenzelwe ukuthintela.
Isizathu esinye sokuba uCorcoran aphike ukuba eli shishini lisadinga iMigqaliselo ePhambili yoQoqshozoqoqosho olusulungekileyo. Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yengeniso eyenziweyo kwimveliso yeefilimu ivela kwiinkampani ezisixhenxe zokuhambisa, ezintlanu zazo zizitudiyo eziphambili. Ngokufumana kukaDisney iFox, iViacom kunye ne-CBS yokudibanisa kwakhona, i-AT & T igxotha ixesha leWarner kunye nokudityaniswa okungaphezulu, oku kuya kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yeshishini. Uloyiko kukuba ukubhukisha iibhloksi, inkqubo yokuthengisa iifilimu ezininzi kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga njengeyunithi eyayikhutshiwe emva kweminyaka ye-1930, iya kubuya nokususwa kweParamount Consent Decrees. Umzekelo, iDisney inokunyanzela ngokwasemthethweni ukuba endaweni yokutshintshela i-Marvel blockbuster yamvanje, ababonisi kuya kufuneka bavume ukuqhuba ezinye iifilimu zeDisney.
Kwelinye icala, oku kunganikeza ukhetho oluncinci kubathengi, utshilo uCorcoran. Sele ikhona i-blockbuster mentality phakathi kwe-moviegoers, kodwa bekukho malunga ne-700 yeefilimu ezisasazwa kwilizwe liphela hleze unyaka. Eminye yale yayiyimifanekiso emincinci ye-indie esasazwa kumaqela amancinci elizwe. Oku kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi ukuba izitudiyo zinokunyanzelisa ukuba zeziphi iithiyetha ezibekwa kwizikrini, eziza kuthi zikhokelele kwigumbi elincinci lezihloko ze-indie. Kukho inkxalabo kwi-NATO yokuba iithiyetha ezizimeleyo ziya kucinywa zingabikho kwaye imakethi iya kulungelelaniswa kakhulu kunye nokufikelela okuncinci kwizihloko ezincinci kunye nokufikelela okuncinci kwiinkampani ezincinci.
Ukususwa kweMithetho ePhambili kuya konyusa kuphela amandla emarike iNetflix kunye neDisney ngaphezulu kokuhanjiswa kokuyila. -UPaul Juni
Ayizizo zonke izitudiyo ezibotshelelwe yiParamount Decree, utshilo uCorcoran. Kodwa into abayenzileyo kukuseta amasiko kunye nemigaqo yendlela, benze imarike enemida kumandla angakanani anokuhanjiswa ngumthengisi omnye. Kwaye oko kube luncedo. ISebe lezoBulungisa lithi ukhuphiswano luzonyuka kwaye luza kuba ngcono kuba sitsho njalo. Kodwa ukuba uyayijonga ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukubonile ukukhula kweenkampani ezininzi ezazingekho ngexesha leziQinisekiso eziPhambili. Sihambile saya kwiziphinda-phindo ezininzi, indawo yokuhlala ibala, i-recliners, indawo yokutyela kunye neenkonzo zebar. Iyasebenza.
Ngaphambi kobhubhane we-coronavirus, Disney kwaye iNetflix ngokuqinisekileyo yayizezona zimbini zinamandla zokuzonwabisa kwimithombo yeendaba emhlabeni. Ngelixa iDisney ikhubekile ngenxa ye-COVID, iNetflix iqhubekile nokuchuma, isongeza i-26 yezigidi zababhalisi ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sokuqala sika-2020. Kukho inkxalabo yokuba ukususwa kweParamount Consent Decices kuyakwandisa umsantsa phakathi kweHave kunye ne-Have. Ininzi zeshishini.
Ukususwa kweMithetho ePhambili kuya konyusa kuphela amandla emarike iNetflix kunye neDisney ngaphezulu kokuhanjiswa kokuyila, uPaul Jun, umphathi weFilmocracy, inkonzo ezimeleyo yokusasaza imovie. Njengokuba iCongress iphindaphinde ilibeke iliso kwimfama, i-Disney ngokukodwa yenze umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokudibanisa umxholo oxabisekileyo ube luphawu olunye lwehlabathi.
Njengoko iinkampani zetekhnoloji ziyaqhubeka nokujika zibe ziinkampani zosasazo, kukho ulindelo lokudityaniswa okukhulu kunye nokufunyanwa okunokubakho phakathi kwezintlanu ezinkulu (i-FAANG), eziya kuzama ukudibanisa amandla ngokuthenga amatyathanga oxinzelelo emidlalo yeqonga. Enkosi ngobhubhane, amarhe oku IAmazon ifumana iAMC zikhule rhoqo kulo nyaka. I-Hypothetically, kwi-post-Paramount Decree world, yintoni emisa iAmazon, iNetflix kunye neDisney ekufumaneni uninzi lweethiyetha zaseMelika?
Ngenxa yokuba kukuziqhelanisa neshishini elibi kakhulu, uCorcoran uthe inyani.
Ayenzi ingqiqo enkulu yemali kubahambisa, abaya kuqhubeka nokubeka iifilimu kumaqonga abo akwi-Intanethi, ukuze batyale imali kumatyathanga ezobugcisa. Kukwasebenza ngokungasebenziyo kwizitena nodaka kwizitudiyo kwaye, njengoko ubhubhane uqinisekisile, ubashiya bexhathisiwe kwimikhosi engaphaya kolawulo. Izitudiyo ezinkulu nazo azikaxhotyiswa ngenkonzo yabathengi kunye nemisebenzi yokuthengisa kwakhona eyimfuneko yomboniso. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, sibona i-Disney kunye neWarnerMedia pivot ekujoliseni ngqo kubathengi ngokubheja ngeebhiliyoni ezininzi kwiDisney + nakwiHBO Max, ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba mhlawumbi iithiyetha ezinkulu aziyi kubakho kwintengiso yamawaka emidlalo yeqonga emva kwayo yonke loo nto.
Isikhundla se-NATO kukuba ii-studio ziya kuxhamla ngakumbi ngokunika iimuvi kuluhlu olubanzi lweendawo zemidlalo bhanyabhanya ngokwemiqathango yokhuphiswano. Izitudiyo ezingagutyungelwanga kwiMithetho ePhambili yeMvume zikhululekile ukuba zifumane iithiyetha ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye zihlala ngaphandle kweshishini ngesizathu.
Endaweni yokucinga ngeendawo zemidlalo bhanyabhanya njengamaziko amadala, kuthekani ukuba yayiyindawo esekwe kwindawo yokonwabisa apho kukho imidlalo kunye nokutya? UDave kunye neBusters baphindaphindwe ngamashumi amabini. -UChristopher Hamilton
Okwangoku, ukupheliswa kweMithetho ePhambili yeMvume sisiphumo sokugxininisa ngokungaguquguqukiyo kummiselo kuwo onke amacandelo eshishini. Iyahambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kule minyaka ingama-20 ukuya kwengama-30, ngokukaNjingalwazi uJ.Christopher Hamilton, unjingalwazi oncedisayo eSyacac's SI Newhouse School yoNxibelelwano loLuntu egxile kumabonakude, unomathotholo, ifilimu kunye nemithombo yeendaba edijithali ebisebenza ngaphambili. ILionsgate, iTurner kunye neViacom. Ubona ixabiso elinokubakho ekuvuleleni iingcango kwinto entsha kushishino lwefilimu.
Inkampani efana noGoogle okanye iAmazon ephethe ikhonkco yemidlalo yeqonga inikezela ngesindululo esitsha sokusetyenziswa kunye nokuzibandakanya kwabathengi babo, uHamilton uxelele uMbonisi. Endaweni yokucinga ngeendawo zemidlalo bhanyabhanya njengamaziko amadala, kuthekani ukuba yayiyindawo esekwe kwindawo yokonwabisa apho kukho imidlalo kunye nokutya? Amava emidlalo yeqonga? Khawufane ucinge nge-mini-Disneyland apho usapho lunokuya khona, okanye cinga nje ngoDave noBusters baphindaphindwe ngamashumi amabini.
IAmazon ingumnini womdlalo wevidiyo osasazwayo iTwitch kwaye inokusebenzisa iithiyetha ukuba zingabonisi imiboniso bhanyabhanya kuphela kodwa kunye neziganeko zemidlalo zamanye amazwe, ezinomtsalane kubemi abancinci abangazibandakanyi namava emidlalo yeqonga. I-Disney inamandla okubonelela ngamava eVenkile yeDisney + yeTheatre, ungasathethi ke ngobunini be-ESPN kunye nokukwazi ukudlala iminyhadala yemidlalo kwizikrini ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, oku kugxininisa inyani yokuba iinkampani ezizimeleyo ngaphandle kwesibonelelo sexabiso elongeziweyo ziya kunyanzelwa ukuba zithengise kwenye inkqubo okanye enye. Inkcaso, nangona kunjalo, ithi iifilimu ezizimeleyo zimela icandelo elincinci kakhulu kwintengiso iyonke kwaye isigqibo seParamount besingacetywanga ukubeka umda kulo lonke ishishini ngokusekwe kwipesenti encinci yentengiso iyonke.
Imodeli yeqonga-ukungenisa imihlambi yabantu kwigumbi elimnyama amaxesha amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka-kuhlala kungatshintshanga amashumi eminyaka. Isibonelelo esinokubakho kotshintsho kukuba umthengi unokufumana onke amajelo ahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezintsha xa kusenziwa ukuhanjiswa komxholo.
Inye into eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukuba ii-conglomerate ezinkulu zikhuphisane kuyo nayiphi na indawo yeshishini kukuqina kwabo kunye nokuqunjelwa kwabo, uHamilton uxelele i-Braganca. Kufana nokuhambisa i-liner yolwandle, kwaye bayacotha ukwenza oko kuba ulwakhiwo aluvumeli olo hlobo lubhetyebhetye. Icala lolu tshintsho linokufumana indlela yokuyila inkqubo entsha ethi ithathe iGen Zs kunye nemillennials, ekhule ngokuqhubekeka inxibelelene nezixhobo, ezingamelwa kumava emidlalo yeqonga yemveli
Iinkxalabo zokungathembeki ziyancitshiswa zezi ndlela zintsha zokuhambisa apho umxholo wedijithali ukhutshwa kwaye ngokukhawuleza ifumaneke kumaqonga akwi-Intanethi. -UDavid Reischer
Okwangoku, inkxalabo enkulu kukuba iinkampani zikhula kakhulu kwaye zilawula zonke iinkalo zonikezelo, ziyabenza bakwazi ukulawula amaxabiso. Kananjalo, umndilili wemihla ngemihla ohamba nomdlalo bhanyabhanya ngekhe ubone ukwehla kwamaxabiso okwamkelwa . Ngaphandle kokuba, ewe, ukwanda kokuhanjiswa kwemikhosi kuhlawula iindleko zemidlalo yeqonga phantsi. Umbono wokhuphiswano lokuzalisa iimeko ezingcono kumthengi yeyona nto iqhuba emva kokucutha.
Ukunyuka kwebhokisi yokuthengisa iofisi kugutyungelwe kukunyuka kwamaqonga osasazo lwedijithali enza ukuba kube lula kubathengi ukufumana nokukhuphela imithombo yeendaba yedijithali kumaqonga akwi-intanethi, uDavid Reischer, igqwetha kunye nomphathi omkhulu weLegalAdvice.com, uxelele uMbonisi. Iziphumo zale meko, ezinokuthi ziqhubeke nokukhula, kukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi kunangaphambili zokuhanjiswa komxholo wemidiya yedijithali, kwaye abathengi bayazuza ngokuthe ngqo kule ndlela intsha yokuhambisa. Isigqibo seParamount siphelelwe lixesha kuba iinkxalabo zokungathembeki ziyancitshiswa zezi ndlela zintsha zokuhambisa apho umxholo wedijithali ukhutshwa kwaye ngokukhawuleza ifumaneke kumaqonga e-intanethi ukubonelela abathengi ngokukhetha okungakumbi.
UReischer uphikisa ukuba iMithetho ePhakamileyo ayisayi kuphinda isebenze ngenxa yokuza kwetekhnoloji eyomeleleyo kunye ne-burgeoning yokusasaza. Ubuninzi beenkonzo zokusasaza ezikhoyo ngoku kwindawo yentengiso kule minyaka idlulileyo zivumela abathengi ukuba bafikelele kumxholo ongazange ubekho kwimbali. Njengoko inani leendlela ezisebenzayo zokuhambisa zikhula, ithemba kukuba amaxabiso aya kuhla ngokwenene.
Imeko ekungasetyenziswanga kuyo apho izithintelo zokungabikho kwemvume ejikeleze ubunini bazo zombini imveliso kunye nokusasaza amashishini zikhululekile zilungele iteknoloji kunye noshishino lokuzonwabisa, utshilo.
